(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)
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Transcript of (CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 1
(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT
& FUTURE(An Overview)
Alan CarterCertification Programme Manager
Aircraft Certification Department
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 2
SummaryPAST…
A few notable steps Responsible Bodies Concept of ‘Type Certification’ Certification Code Development
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 3
Summary (cont)PRESENT…
Elements of Certification• Type Certification
• Process• Certification Basis• Codes• Example Requirements• Compliance demonstration• Compliance ‘finding’
• Organisation Approval (Design & Production)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 4
Summary (cont)FUTURE…
(Likely/possible)
regulatory
developments
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 5
PAST…. (i)Notable steps
1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/D’Arlandes
[& Gas Balloon Charles]
1853? Glider; Cayley Cayley’s ‘assistant’
1903 Powered aeroplane; Flyer Wright
1924Gyrocopter; Cierva C6 [1936 Helicopter; Focke-Achgelis FA-61
Hanna Reitch]
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 6
PAST… (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK)
[1909Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics] 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept. 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.)
1937 Air Registration Board (Civil)
1972 Civil Aviation Authority 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities
(1970 UK,F,D,NL only)
2003-European Aviation safety Agency
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 7
PAST… (iii) Concept of ‘Type Certification’
1910s Self regulation 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval 1937 (ARB) intro. of ‘Approved firms’ 1945-6 First ‘type approvals’/AANs [1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation (Chicago):
1949 Annex 8 ‘A/w of aircraft’, Pt.II Ch. 1 ’Type Certification’]
1968 First UK TCs: (Beagle Pup & Slingsby T53)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 8
PAST… (iv)Type Certification Code development
1926 AP 1208 ‘A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air Ministry)
1945 BCAR D ‘Des. & Constr.’ (ARB) 1948- BCAR Sections• examples: D ‘Large Aeropl.’1948, C ‘Eng. & Prop’ 1949, G ‘Rotorcraft’ 1954, K, ‘Light Aeropl.’ 1966 (ARB)
1969 TSS Standards (ARB & SGAC) 1974 JAR-25 ‘Large Aeroplanes’ (JAA) 2003 EASA Certification Specifications
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 9
PRESENT… (i)Three related, required approvals
Type Certification (type design approval)
Design Organisation approval Production Organisation approval
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 10
PRESENT… (ii)TC: The elements of the process
APPLICATION
CERTIFICATION BASIS
SUBMISSION OF REPORTS
AA EVALUATION
RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION
COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION
•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....
APPLICATION
CERTIFICATION BASIS
SUBMISSION OF REPORTS
Agency EVALUATION
RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION
COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST
TYPE TYPE CERTIFICATIONCERTIFICATION
•Analyses•Structural Test•Flight Test•Flight Manual etc....
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 11
PRESENT… (iii)The ‘Certification Basis’
Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16]
• Reversions [Use of ‘older’ reqs.]• ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD],
Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF])• Exemptions [Non-applic. of req.]• ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’ [Not specified AMC]• Environmental Standards [Noise & emissions]
Elect to Comply Requirements
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 12
PRESENT… (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes
Aeroplanes: CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility & Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22 (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg)
Rotorcraft: CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light Gyroplanes/600kg)
Lighter than air: CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30 (Non-rigid airships)
Other: CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 13
PRESENT… (v)Cert. Code layout & content
General Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl.,
Misc.) Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond.,
Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo
Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.)
Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.)
Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 14
PRESENT… (vi)Example requirements:
Factor of Safety’ (for the strength of the aircraft structure)
CS-VLA.613 & 619: … “probability of material being under strength is extremely remote” (for composites, x 1.5 if not tested ‘hot & wet’ & x 1.0 to 1.55 for production variability)
CS-31HB.25(b): … “at least x 5 for envelope design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 15
PRESENT… (vii)Example requirements (cont)
(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft
CS-23.333: …The aircraft is assumed to be subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level flight “… of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd …
BCAR S.333: …No gust loads…
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 16
PRESENT… (viii)Example requirements (cont)
Seat & harness provision
CS-23.785(b): “… must consist of a seat, safety belt & shoulder harness, that is designed to protect the occupant … dynamic test conditions of 23.562 …”
CS-31HB.63: “… there must be handholds of adequate strength and number”
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 17
PRESENT… (ix)Compliance demonstration
(Your bit!)
‘Load cases’/design cases Analysis
• Aerodynamic• Airframe loading• Systems safety (FMEA/SSA)
Test• Ground (Structural, func. & reliability, GVT)• Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 18
PRESENT… (x)Compliance demonstration (cont)
‘Compliance checklist’
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 19
PRESENT… (xiii)Compliance ‘finding’ (or ‘our bit’)
Why?• Independent check (on whether compliance
achieved)• Legal ‘finding’ requirement
How?• Sample• Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s
‘approval’
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 20
PRESENT… (xiv) Approval of Organisations
Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise
Authority/Agency has responsibility The two are satisfied by: ‘approval’
(accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or produce (with a POA)
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 21
PRESENT… (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA)
Organisation must be able to:• Demonstrate competence in chosen
fields• Comply with regulatory requirements• Carry out privileges assoc. with approval
Both initially & through continued auditing
Safety Regulation Group
Southampton A/c Design Assignment; October 2006
Slide 22
FUTURE… (iii)Regulatory developments
Features: EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS
Tilt Rotor: BA609, ‘Composite’ of CS-25/29
Civil/military programmes: A400M
Civil UAVSs: CAP 722; TC (using existing codes), DOA, POA
Environmental; Alt. fuels, blended wing-body Plus … Single ‘Worldwide’ certifications?