civicus | #7
32
civicus marti 2016 #7
description
Â
Transcript of civicus | #7
c i v i c u s
marti 2016 #7
03 redaqtoris sveti
levan lorTqifaniZe
04 Cven da erovnuli yriloba
08 qalTa moZraoba saqarTveloSi
11 sqesi da profesiuli arCevani
15 sabavSvo baRebi da qalTa emansipacia
sandro tabataZe
16 aris Tu ara qarTveli qali gandegili?
20 margaret etvudi: mxevlis wigni Teona gelaSvili
24 bibi aiSa
mzeona kaxniaSvili
26 interviu nino beqiSvilTan
SoTa narsia
sarCevi
02 | CIVICUS#7
kato miqelaZe
zura gamTenaZe
Temo beJaniZe
mariam guliaSvili
03 | CIVICUS#7
redaqtoris sveti
levan lorTqifaniZe
wyals asxamen is aqtivistebi, romlebic mx-
olod klasobriv uTanasworobasa da Cagvras
amCneven, da meorexarisxovan problemebad
miiCneven, magaliTad, seqsualur Zaladobas.
igive SegviZlia vTqvaT im adamianebzec,
romlebic araekonomikur Cagvras mudam, yov-
elTvis saerTo ekonomikuri usamarTlobis
gamoricxvis safuZvelze ganixilaven.
mjera, rom saqarTveloSi ramdenime wlis
win gaaqtiurebuli samoqalaqo moZraobebi
Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili
elitebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros ar daivi-
wyeben saukunis win naTqvam sityvebs: 'ar
arsebobs socializmi qalTa gaTavisuflebis
gareSe da ar arsebobs qalTa gaTavisufleba
socializmis gareSe"."
2015 wlis ukanasknel nomerSi gamoqveynebu-
li statiebis avtorebma Cemi mosazreba dami-
dastures. isini sabavSvo baRebis, qalTa
moZraobebis, feministuri literaturis, mt-
kivneuli statistikis, klasikuri literaturisa
da msoflioSi aqtualuri portretebis Sesaxeb
weren. marTalia, statiaTa nawils sizarmace
etyoba, magram faqtia, rom Cveni avtore-
bi adastureben TavianT mzaobas genderuli
demokratiis damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT. isi-
ni kato miqelaZis memkvidreobas iziareben,
memkvidreobas, romelic man saqarTvelos yri-
lobaze dablokili sityviT Semogvinaxa.
hainrih biolis fondis samxreT kavkasiis
regionul biuros Tavisi feministuri veb-
gverdi aqvs (http://www.feminism-boell.org/). fondis TanamSromlebma vebgverdisaTvis
patara postis dawera SemomTavazes. cxadia,
didi sixaruliT davTanxmdi da Sevecade pa-
suxi gameca kiTxvaze: vis eSinia feminizmis
saqarTveloSi?
maSin davwere: "me ar mesmis saerTod
ratom unda eSinodes adamians feminizmis,
miT umetes, Tu qalis Cagvra aseTi upirobo
da martivad SesamCnevia. vis interesebSi
Sedis feminizmisadmi SiSis gaRviveba? vin
sargeblobs sazogadoebaSi danergili amgvari
SiSiT?
feminizmi mxolod politikuri da ekono-
mikuri Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mcire-
ricxvovani, usamarTlod dawinaurebuli jgufe-
bisTvis aris saSiSi. daqvemdebarebisgan
gaTavisuflebuli, emansipirebuli adamianebi
mxolod Cagvris xarjze dagrovebul simdidresa
da gavlenas uqmnian safrTxes, mets arafers!
ra aris namdvili antifeministebis mTa-
vari iaraRi?
saqarTveloSic da mTel msoflioSic isi-
ni erTsa da imave taqtikas iyeneben. maTi
mizania, rom emansipatorulma (socialisturi,
qalTa, ekologiuri) moZraobebma saerTo ena
ver gamonaxon. maT wisqvilze yvelaze metad
"aRsrulda didi xnis natvra da saqarTveloSi moqmedma poli-tikurma partiebma 19 noembers
q. TbilisSi gadadges istoriuli nabiji, moxda morigeba didi xnis sadao sakiTxze da icvnes mtrisgan ganawamebi samSoblo misma vaJebma mzrunvelobis Rirsad. es yriloba iyo erTgvari konsiliumi mkur-vnel vaJebisa, romlebic dRemde sxvadasxva diagnozs uyenebden avadmyof dedas da romlis gamo amdeni ayal-mayali da ganxeTqileba sufevda maTSi.
19 da 20 noembers dostaqrebi SeTanxmdnen amave diagnozis day-enebis dros da gamouweres maT erTnairi wamali e.i. is, rom mas
sWiria Tavisufleba da am Tavisu-flebis kanonis ZaliT dacva. miiRes da cvnes saWiroT saqarTvelos teritoriuli avtonomia, anu maTi sityviT rom vsTqvaT, aRiares misi kanonmdeblobiTi TviTmmarTve-loba. dReidan yvela moqmed par-tiebs saqarTveloSi aqvs saerTo sazrunveli sagani da es sagania Cveni moxuci de
da - saqarTvelo. amdens azrTa sxvdasxvaobaSi qarTvels ers dae-bada erTi rwmena, romelic ixsnis maT daqsaqsulobisgan da romelic xdeba safuZvlad Cveni sazogadoe-brivi ZalTa gaerTianebisa da es rwmenaa movla da patronoba Cveni samSoblo qveynisa.
kato miqelaZe (1878-1942)
Cven
da erovnuli yriloba
04 | CIVICUS#7
ra unda yofiliyo ase martivad da advilad gasagebi da misaRebi, rogorc imis Segneba, rom TiTeuls qveyanas, rogorc TiTeuls ojaxs, sWiria Tavis SvilTa da wevrTa mier dacva da Wirisufloba, magram 15 weliwadze metia, rac aseTs bunebriv da ubralo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad Cven Zmebs erTi Cxubi da aliaqoTi hqondaT, ramac Tanamedrove saqa-rTvelos udides mgosans "deda da Svilebi" daawerina, romelSi-ac, sxvaTaSoris, Semdegi sityvebi aTqmevina:
"sanam ugunur maCxubrebsa,
vai hqondaT da vaglaxi,
didma mgelma Seupovrad
amoagdo ojaxi"
da am suraTis danaxvaze gamwarebu-li dedis piriT mas Semdegi natvra aRmoskda:
"RmerTo Cemo, radgan bedma,
me SvilebSi momatyua,
SviliSvilebs mainc miec,
SeZleba da meti Wkua"
mgosnis survili axda axla ufro adre, vidre is moeloda da sanam SviliSvilebi moeSveleboden, TviT Svilebma, roca dainaxes, rom eg didi mgeli aramarto ojaxs ungre-vda, aramed yvelas erTad SeWmas emuqreboda, gamoiCines Tavdasacve-lad eg mgosnis mier nanatri Wkua da am didi mglidan Tavisuflebis saWiroeba erTnairad dainaxes da
05 | CIVICUS#7
daadastures q. TbilisSi 19 da 20 noembers.
ai, dedaazri pirveli qar-Tuli erovnuli yrilobisa. arsebiTad, es yriloba iyo ara erovnuli, aramed vaJuri, sad-ac Tavi moeyaraT saqarTvelos sxvdasxva kuTxis vaJebs, sadac 5 qali Zlivs eria. vaJebi Cxubobden. vaJebi Serigden da am Serigebas erTi meores ulocavden. qarT-vel qals araTu monawileoba ar miuRia am yrilobaze, aramed mas Tavis sixarulis gamoTqmis nebac ar misces. 20 noembers, rodesac batonma noe Jordaniam politi-kur Sinaur TviTmmarTvelobaze moxseneba waikiTxa da aRiara saqarTvelos teritorialuri avtonomia, kreba 15 wuTiT Seswyda da Tanac gamoacxada, rom, visac si-tyvis Tqma surdaT, Caweriliyvnen. amdens momlocvel da Tanxmobis gamomcxadebel mamakac oratoreb-Si erTi qali aRmoCnda sityvis gamRebi, romelmac werilobiT mimarTa mdivans, rom CaeweraT igi. miuxedavaT adre gancxadebisa, oratorTa siaSi igi rogorRac sul bolo moxvda. es qali vi-yav me, kato miqelaZe, delegati quTaisis qalTa interpartiul organizaciisa. ilaparakes aTma mamakacma stumrebma da partiis wevrebma, ris Semdeg sia daxures. mdivanma maniSna, rom sityvis Tqmis ufleba mospobili maqvs.
me vfiqrobdi: marTalia, arc stumari var da arc ama Tu im fraqciis saxeliT molaparake, magram me var qarTveli qali dRemde politikur cxovrebas mowyvetili. dRes ki revoli-ucionurma demokratiam, roca me da Cems samSoblos politikuri ufleba mogvaniWa da saqarTve-losTan erTad, qarTveli qal-
ic monobidan ganTavisuflda, me, rogorc warmomadgenels qalTa organizaciisas, ufleba maqvs da Tanac sababi, rom gadavsce qarTvel erovnul yrilobas (Tu rom erSi Cven, qalebic viTvlebodiT) Cemi amomrCevelTa maTdami madloba da maTi fiqrni da zraxvani Sesax-eb momaval qarTuli politikuri cxovrebisa. rodesac aseTi mwveli survilis gamoTqmis SesaZleblo-bas mispobden da sulier Sewuxe-bas ganvicdidi, mirCies im dros, rodesac kreba ramodenime wuTiT xelaxla Seswyda, avsuliyavi baton CxenkelTan, romelic im dRes Tav-mjdomareobda da meTxova misTvis sityvis warmoTqmis neba. mec avdeqi da mivmarTe mas, romelmac Cems winadadebaze Semdegi pasuxi momca: "Cven qarTul organizaciebs sityvis Tqmis uflebas ar vaZlevT".
- Cven amas ise gavigebT, rom Tqven pirvel erovnul yrilobaze qa-rTvel qals Tavisi sixarulis gamoTqmis neba ar mieciT!
- mase ar SeiZleba amis gageba!- Cven sxvanairad amas ver gavigebT
- vupasuxe mas da gamovbrundi. ras vizamdi, davmorCildi ufrosTa siZlieres da guldawyvetili miva-Sure Cems skams, magram Cemi sulieri Sewuxeba miT ufro mwveli iyo CemT-vis, roca erTi TanamgrZnobi ver vipove amdens mamakacebSi. iseni ise gatacebulni iyvnen erovnul sakiTxSi SerigebiT da imis warmodgeniT, rom momavali erovnuli cxovreba maT yvelafers pirdeboda da aZlevda, rom maTTvis sakiTxi qarTveli qalis uflebisa, Tu ra adgils moiTxo-vda is momaval erovnul SenobaSi, roca am Senobas saZirkvels uyriden guSindeli maCxubari Zmebi da dRes ki Serigebulni, sruliad ar agon-debodaT da arc ainteresebdaT. maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT kmayo-
06 | CIVICUS#7
filebas grZnobden qalTa uflebis mterni da baton akaki Cxenkelisadmi madlobasac, rom maTi yurTasmena ar Seawuxa ukanasknelma qalis mier politikuri da moqalaquri uflebis moTxovnis mosmeniT.
erTi mxriT, qalTa mcirericx-ovanma delegatebma da meore mx-riT, qalTa umetyvelobam am dids istoriul yrilobaze iseTi Sedegi gamoiRo, rom erovnul sabWos arCevis dros erTi qalic ar iyo dasaxelebuli, garda qalbatoni minadora toroSeliZisa, romelic arCeuli iyo ara rogorc qalTa warmomadgeneli, aramed rogorc fraqciis wevri da isic ukandidatoT.
amgvarad, erovnul sabWoSi qa-rTvel qalebs Tavisi specialuri dedakacuri interesis damcveli aravina yavs. qarTvel qalebs amis saSvaleba mouspes orma cnobil-ma socialistma - noe Jordaniam, yrilobis mier qarTvel beladaT aRiarebulma da akaki Cxenkelma.
Cven kategoriulad vacxadebT, rom arcerTi qveynis social-istebi, romel qveyanaSiac qals SesZleboda erovnul yrilobaze delegataT Sesvla, ar mouspobda qalebs sityvis Tqmis saSualebas, Tu rom aseTs survils romelime maTgani gamocxadebda. arcerT qveyanaSi, sadac ki SesaZlo iqnebo-da qalis arCeva, erovnul sabWoSi socialistebi qalTa organizaciis warmomadgenelT aurCevlad ar dastovebda da Tu es CvenSi moxda, mxolod misTvis, rom batonebma, Jordaniam da Cxenkelma TavianTi socialisturi misia ukve daasrules da socialistur saqmeTa sawarmooT maTi astavkac moaxlovebulia, rom eg ori beladi dRes aseTs ideur xanaSi Sesuli brZandebian. amas ara Tu bolSevikebi, aramed TviT maTi Tanamoazre menSevikebis didi nawi-
li aRiarebs CvenTan erTad. batoni Jordania odnavac ar SemkrTala im SekiTxvaze, romelic misma amxanagma cercvaZem dauyena: "yvelaferi kar-gi, magram risTvis qalebs Tavisi warmomadgeneli ara yavT erovnul sabWoSi, rad dagaviwydaT qarTveli qalio" gaisma darbazSi mWeqare xma moxuci socialistisa.
- Cven qalebi gvyavs - upasuxa Jor-daniam.
Cven viciT, rom mas qalebi yavs, ma-gram ar viciT ramdenaT misi qalebi daicaven qalTa uflebas damfuZneb-el krebaze da gabedaven partiul CarCodan gamosvlas. diad baton Jordanias qalebi yavs, magram misi wyalobiT qarTvel qalebs Tavisi interesis damcveli dRes aravina yavs.
win kidev dro gvidevs vnaxoT, ras auwyebs qarTvel qalebs moma-vali adgilobrivi damfuZnebeli kreba, sadac erTaderTi kanon-mdebelni mamakacebi iqnebian. Cven SegviZlia mxolod vauwyoT maT, Tu rom qalebi qveynis marTva-gamgeo-bidan gamoricxuli darCen, amaoT fiqroben qarTveli eris beladni, rom qarTveli qalebi maT mier ga-mocemul kanonebs daemorCilon".
wyaro: TamTa melaSvilis publikacia "kato miqelaZe: feminizmis ucnobi istoria"
07 | CIVICUS#7
qalTa moZraoba’””’’’’’’ saqarTveloSi
zura gamTenaZe
08|CIVICUS#7
1789 weli, parizi, safrangeTi. aTasobiT frangi quCaSia gamosuli da skandirebs “Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmoba”, Tavisuflebas absolutizmis-gan da Tanasworobas politikuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis miRebisas. SeZlebisdagvarad warmatebasac miaR-wies. Tumca, Tavisufali da Tanaswori yvela erTdroulad ar gamxdara. safrangeTis revoluciis warmatebaSi uzarmazari wvlilis Setanis Semdeg, sazogadoebis naxevari, qalebi, faq-tobrivad, kvlavac revoluciamdel mdgomareobaSi darCnen. TiTqosda sakuTari “wilis” miuReblobis gamo, swored am dros Caisaxa pirveli qa-lTa moZraobebi, romlebic Semdegi ori saukune grZeldeboda da dRemde grZeldeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom is ukve TiTqmis mTel msofli-oSia gavrcelebuli.
qalTa pirveli moZraobebidan moyolebuli dRemde, brZolis xasiaTi icvleboda imisda mixedviT, Tu ra problemuri sakiTxi iyo sazogadoeba-
Si aqtualuri, romeli epoqa idga, Tavad sazogadoebis kultura da struqturac ki ganapirobebda miznebis misaRwevad brZolis meTodebis arCevas, dRis wesrigSi dasayenebel sakiTxebsa da a.S. yvelaferi daiwyo politikuri sakiTxebiT. erTsaukunovani brZo-lis Semdeg es problema nawilobriv gadawyda, sufraJistebis mier. qalTa Semdegi moZraobebi, ufrodaufro, farTovdebodnen masStabiTa da ar-siT. sakiTxi saojaxo sferosac Seexo. miuxedavad politikuri uflebebis Tanasworobisa, ojaxi da, zogadad, genderuli gaazreba qalisa da kacis rolebis Sesaxeb, sakmaod arasaxarbie-lo mdgomareobaSi ayenebda Cagrul identobas. metic, xSirad mamakacebis mxridan sakuTari uflebebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebis gadameteba iwvevda femicids, qalebze Zaladobis Sedegad maT sikvdils. aRniSnulma garemoebebma warmoSva qalTa axali moZraobebi, romlebic swored e.w. privatul sakiTxebSi cdilobdnen qa-
09 | CIVICUS#7
lsa da kacs Soris maTi uflebebisa da movaleobebis mniSvnelobebis xelaxal, aradiskriminaciul gadaazrebas.
saqarTveloSi qalTa moZraobebi ise farTod ar yofilan gaSlilni, rogorc es maTi warmoSobis adgileb-Si. Tumca, pasiurobiT arc Cven gamo-virCeodiT. Tavdapirveli qarTuli feministuri gamosvlebi, romelic XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze SeimCneoda, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleboda pub-licisturi werilebiT. publicistebi qalebisTvis politikuri uflebebis mopovebisken iltvodnen. maTi brZo-lis Sedegi aisaxa 1918-1921 wlebis pirveli demokratiuli respublikis arCevnebzec, rodesac damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi qalebic iRebdnen monawileobas. metic, krebis 130 dep-utatidan xuTi iyo qali. es sakmaod didi warmateba iyo qalsa da kacs So-ris Tanasworobis sakiTxebSi. Tumca, warmateba gaaqarwyla sabWoTa okupaciam, romelic Tavisi, TiTqosda egalita-ruli ideebiT, genderul Tanaswo-
robas qadagebda, magram realurad, swored sabWoTa kavSiriSi gacilebiT ufro saSineli mimarTulebiT ganvi-Tarda qalTa mimarT ukve arsebuli stereotipebi.
Tumca, cvlileba, raoden gasak-viric ar unda iyos sabWoTa daSlis Semdeg daiwyo. ukiduresi ekonomiku-ri da socialuri gaWirvebis fonze, swored qalebma SeZlebs situaciasTan adaptireba da garkveulwilad ojax-uri problemebis mogvarebac, ramac stimuli gauCina maT, rom ufro metad gamxdariyvnen socialurad aqtiurebi. aRniSnuli stimulis etapobrivma zr-dam gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia mamakacebis mxridan, romelic xSirad qalebze saSineli ZaladobiT “mTavrdeboda” (rom damTavrebuliyo, problemac naklebi iqneboda). situacia ufro da ufro mZimdeboda, qalebi ufro metad izRudebodnen ojaxSi, xSirad poli-tikaSic. Zaladoba mizanmimarTulad iyo qalebis winaaRmdeg, romelic sistemur xasiaTs iRebda, maSin roca
maRalganviTarebul demokratiebSi, es sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, aRarc iyo dRis wesrigSi. saqarTveloSi gen-deruli sakiTxebis problemuroba aSkara iyo da iqmneboda kidec mravali arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelic aRniSnul sakiTxebze muSaobda, Tumca, erT-erTi, rogorc misi erT-erTi damfuZnebeli, baia pataraia amtkicebs, spontanurad Seqmnili organizacia, “qalTa moZraoba”, swored 2014 wels femicidis xSiri miyolebiTi SemTxvevebis Semdeg Seiqmna, romel-mac, faqtobrivad, yvela feministuri organizacia gaaerTiana. saqarTvelos “qalTa moZraobam”, gansxvavebiT sxva organizaciebisgan, ar airCia erTi profiliT muSaoba, aramed, ro-gorc qalbatoni baia ambobs - “qalTa moZraobas” ainteresebs yvela aspeqti qalis ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri cxovrebisa. prioritetebs varCevT simwvavisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. vmsjelobT da virCevT mimarTulebas, imas sadac vTvliT, rom raimes Secvla xelgvewifeba. es logikuricaa, radgan “moZraoba” mrava-li feministuri jgufis gaerTianebis Sedegia, amasTan erTad, genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli mxolod erT sferoSi ar iCens Tavs, aramed isini erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare da kompleqsuria mTlianad sazoga-doebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, arc is garemoeba unda gagvikvirdes, rom “qa-lTa moZraoba”, absoluturad yvela socialuri fenis qalebisgan Sedgeba da qalebTan TanamSromlobs, romelTa ricxvi ramdenime aseulia, Sesabamisad, rogorc aRvniSneT, “moZraoba” yvela socialur fenasa da yvela sferoSi arsebul problemebs ganixilavs da cdilobs maT mogvarebas.
qarTuli feminizmi saintereso fem-onemia. gasakviri arc unda iyos, rom Tavdapirvelad termini “feminizmi” uaryofiT konteqstSic ki moixsenie-
boda, Tumca, yvelaferi etapobrivad Seicvala, rodesac qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave organizaciebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebebiT ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis Sedegad, moxarxes gen-deruli problemebis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba. dRes ukve absoluturi umrav-lesoba aRar davobs am sakiTxze, magram problemuria, Tavad problemis mog-varebis gzebi. “qalTa moZraoba”, ro-gorc baia pataraia irwmuneba, cdilobs yvela qalaqSi gamarTos proeqtebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba qalebis uflebebis detaluri gacnobisken, qalebze Zaladobis sawinaaRmdego aqciebiT Tu sxva RonisZiebebiT. amasTa-nave “moZraoba”, ZiriTadad, atarebs ramdenime dRian kampaniebs, erT-erTi ukanaskneli kampania eZRvneboda adreul asakSi gogonebis iZulebiT gaTxovebis sawinaaRmdegod. sazogadoebasTan komunikaciis garda, qalTa sakiTxebze momuSave jgufebis gaerTianeba aqtiurad TanamSrlomlobs gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirebTanac.
qarTuli feminizmi ar xasiaTdeba konsolidirebuli da stategiuli qmedebebiT, aramed is ufro danaw-evrebuli da spontanuria, rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebis xasiaTi. albaT, swored es aris imis mizezi, rom miuxedavad uamravi mcdelobisa, genderul sakiTxebSi progresi arc Tu ise swrafad igrZnoba. axlad dafuZnebuli "qalTa moZraoba", SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored qar-Tuli feminizmis konsolidaciis mcdelobaa, romelic yvela so-cialur fenasa da urTierTobis yvela sferos moicavs da iltvis problemebis mogvarebisken. mok-levadian periodSi "moZraobis" Sedegebis danaxva cota rTulia, Tumca, konsolidaciisa da moq-medebis erTiani xedvis SemuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, warmatebebi genderul sakiTxebSi ucilobliv iqneba.
10|CIVICUS#7
arsebobs garkveuli profesiebi, sad-ac sazogadoeba qalis dasaqmebas ufro optimalurad da bunebrivad miiCnevs, sqesis niSniT profesiaTa diferen-ciacia dRemde miRebuli da sakmaod gavrcelebul stereotipad iTvleba. saqarTveloSi gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi Catarda kvleva "sazogadebrivi damokidebulebebi genderul Tanasworobaze politi-kasa da biznesSi“, romlis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, qalisTvis Sesaferisad Semdegi profesiebi ganixileba: ped-agogi, farmacevti, eqimi, Jurnalisti, bankis operatori. aRsaniSnavia, rom pedagogikis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sazogadoebrivi aRqmis doneze pedagogi qali moma-vali Taobis aRmzrdelia. am kuTxiT igi axdens ojaxSi sakuTari rolis gadmotanas ufro farTo masStabiT. kvlevam aCvena, rom sazogadoeba qalis mTavar saqmed ojaxis movlas aRniSnavs (ix.cxrili #16)
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom kacisTvis kariera ufro mniSvnelova-nia, vidre qalisTvis. Tumca, gamokiTx-ulTa sakmaod didi nawili aRniSnavs, rom arc kacisTvis da arc qalisTvis kariera ojaxze ufro prioritetuli ar unda iyos, rac isev da isev qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ojaxis institutis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze miu-TiTebs. (ix.diagrama #21)
kacobriobas orive sqesi sWirdeba, miuRebelia profesiaTa dajgufeba sqesis mixedviT. is, rom mdedro-biTi sqesis warmomadgenlebisTvis garkveuli profesiebi miuReblad aRiqmeba pirdapir kavSirSia aras-wor aRzrdasTan. qalis kacisadmi
sqesi da profesiuli arCevani
Temo beJaniZe
11|CIVICUS#7
12 | CIVICUS#7
13 | CIVICUS#7
negatiuri ganwyobebis Secvlas cdi-loben evropuli da amerikuli sagan-manaTleblo sistemis mkvlevarebi. mimdinareobs aqtiuri socialuri kampaniebi, romelic miznad isaxavs gogonebis dainteresebas im pro-fesiebis mimarT, romlebzec didi moTxovnaa dasaqmebis bazarSi. ilus-traciaze naCvenebia qali policielebi. policieloba erT-erTi Seusabamo profesia aRmoCnda qalisTvis, sazo-gadoebis warmodgeniT.
• gadaiWras xarvezebi anazRaure-baSi
zogadad, qalebi 25%-iT naklebs gamoimuSaveben, vidre kacebi. magram mizezi, Tu ratomac gamoimuSaveben kacebi mets, ari samuSaos tipebi. sain-tereseoa, rom samuSaos tipis mixed-viT icvleba gamomuSavebis saSualo maCvenebli.
kidev erTi stereotipuli xedva aCvena kvlevam. sazogadoebis 60%-ze meti eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom kaci ufro ambiciuria da amis gamo is ar daTanxmdeba dabalanazRaurebad sam-saxurs. (ix. cxrili #22) sazogadoeba valdebulia xeli Seuwyos arsebuli stereotipebis Secvlas.
wyaro: gaeros ganviTarebis fondi. kvleva "sazogadoebis damokidebule-bebi genderul Tanasworobaze poli-tikasa da biznesSi
daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba gan-pirobebulia ara bunebiT, aramed socialur garemoSi aRairebuli wese-biT.
"qalebi yvelgan am savalalo mdgo-
mareobaSi arian, radgan maTi umankoe-bis – rogorc Tavazianad uwodeben umecrebas – SesanarCuneblad maT WeS-maritebas umalaven; isinic iZulebulni arian, ukve manamde moirgon xelovnuri xasiaTi, sanam maTi unarebi gaZlier-deba. maT bavSvobidan aswavlian, rom silamaziT miiRweva Zalaufleba da maTi gonebac sxeuls ergeba; da Tavis mooqrovil galiaSi gamomwyvdeuli, mxolod imasRa eswrafvian, es sapyro-bile gaalamazon. mamakacebis yuradReba mimarTulia sxvadasxva saqmianobisa da miswrafebisken, romlebic maT gonebas ayalibebs. xolo qalebis ZiriTadi sazrunavi erTi raRacis garSemo tri-alebs da isini gamudmebiT fiqroben imaze, rac maTSi yvelaze umniSvneloa. amitom maTi Tvalsazrisi iSviaTad scildeba uSualod awmyo interesebs. magram, Tu maTi azrovneba odesme gaT-avisufldeba im monobisgan, romelSic isini Caagdo, erTi mxriv, mamakacebis ampartavnebam da avxorcobam, da, meo-re mxriv, sakuTarma SezRudulma mis-wrafebebma maSin, albaT, maT sisusteze aRar visaubrebT.“
meri uolstonkrafti (qalis ufle-bebis dacva, 1792)
mdedrobiTi sqesis profesiuli SesaZleblobebis mimarT winaswari
14 | CIVICUS#7
sabavSvo baRebi da qalTa emansipacia
sandro tabataZe
15 | CIVICUS#7
termini emansipacia XIX saukuneSi gaCnda da asaxavda qalTa moZraobas arsebuli genderuli uTanasworobisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. tradi-ciulad, qalebi mijaWvulni iyvnen sao-jaxo saqmeebs,isini mxolod dedebad da diasaxlisebad miiCneodnen da moklebulni iyvnen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis umetes sferos. swored es gaxda mTavari mizezi qalTa moZ-raobis dawyebisa, romlis ZiriTadi moTxovna uflebrivi Tanasworoba gaxldaT.
amave periodSi, 1837 wels fridrix foebelma daarsa pirveli sabavSvo baRi. mas miaCnda, rom skolamdel asakSi bavSvis gonebrivi, fizikuri da sulieri aRzrda mniSvelovnad gansazRvravda mis momavals, arsebiT rols iTamaSebda aRsazrdelis xas-iaTis formirebaSi.
ra kavSiri SeiZleba hqondes am or movlenas?
germaniaSi sabavSvo baRebis gavrcelebam sxva evropul saxelmwi-foebzec moaxdina gavlena, skolam-deli ganaTlebis es forma ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg aSS-Sic gaCnda. am procesma qalTa emansipacias Seu-wyo xeli. foebeli miiCnevda, rom sabavSvo baRebis daarseba xels Seu-wyobda qalTa dasaqmebis zrdas. misi mtkicebiT, saukeTeso aRmzrdelebi dedebi iyvnen, amitom maTi nawili am sferoSi dasaqmdeboda,Sesabamisad maT eqnebodaT saSualeba socialurad ufro aqturebi gamxariyvnen.
SesaZlebelia erTi saintereso sakiTxis gamokveTa. radganac arse-bobda sabavSvo baRebi, qalebs saSualeba miecaT aramxolod saojaxo saqmee-biT dakavebuliyvnen, aramed met-nak-lebad CarTuliyvnen sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. swored am periodSi Cndeba xedva imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi socialurad damokidebulebi ar unda iyvnen mamakacebze, isini sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevrebi arian, amito-mac genderuli niSniT diskriminacia dauSvebelia. moZraoba gamodioda mniSvnelovani socialuri reforme-bis moTxovniT sikvdiliT dasjis, omebis, cixeebis, alkoholis da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. SemdgomSi Camoy-alibda sufraJistuli moZraobebi, romlebic iTxovdnen qalebisTvis xmis micemis uflebis miniWebas.
Tu qalebi isev iqnebodnen daka-vebulebi sayofacxovrebo saqmee-biT, ramdenad eqnebodaT maT Sesa-Zlebloba gamoexataT TavianTi pozi-cia, yofiliyvnen samoqalaqo aqtiv-izmis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala da ebrZolaT arsebuli genderuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg? garda imisa, rom qalebis nawili dasaqmebuli iyo sabavSvo baRebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom skolamdeli dawesebulebis Camoyal-ibebam da gavrcelebam ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina. man xeli Seuwyo qalebis aqtiurobis zrdas sazogadoe-brivi cxovrebis sferoSi da biZgi misca qalTa emansipacias.
dResdReobiT, sabavSvo baRebis qalebis dasaqmebis erT-erT xelSe-mwyob pirobad iqca. isini samuSao saaTebis periodSi itoveben bavSvebs da amiT dedebs saSualebas aZleven aqtiurad CaerTon sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.es, erTi mxriv, skolam-del asakSi aviTarebs aRsazrdelis zogad unarebs da umartivebs gzas zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebisken da meore mxriv, saSualebas aZlevs dasaqmebul qalebs ar miejaWvon mxolod sayofacxovrebo saqmeebs.
aris Tu ara qarTveli qali ““
gandegili”?
domenika erisTavis istoria
Tanamedrove qarTveli qali metad saintereso da amavdroulad mravalferovani subkulturaa, masSi SevxvdebiT rogorc aqtiur, karieraSi warmatebul qalbatonebs, amavdroulad iseT adamainebsac, romelTa warmatebac "ojaxis qalis“ funqciis kargad SesrulebaSi gamoixateba.
sakiTxis sazogadoebrivi ganxilvis safuZveli amave sazogadoebaSi myarad damkvidrebuli problemaa. 21-e sakunis dasawyisSi, jer kidev vebrZviT ojaxuri Zaladobis, qalis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisgan mowyvetis, ojaxSi, samsaxursa Tu ubralod quCaSi genderuli niSniT adamianis diskriminacias. daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win, igive problemebiT iyvnen Sewuxebulni qarTveli qalebi, Sesabamisad, igive problemebis arseboba xdeboda am sakiTxis sayovelTao ganxilvisa da qarTveli qalebis feministuri aqtivizmis safuZveli. maSin rodesac, msoflios danarCen nawilSi jer kidev aqtiurad mimdinareobda brZola qalebisTvis saarCevno
16 | CIVICUS#7
mariam guliaSvili
17 | CIVICUS#7
xmis mosapoveblad, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriT gamoirCeoda meore feministuri talRa, romelic ibrZoda, rogorc samoqalaqo da politikuri, aseve socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis feministuri aqtivizmi moicavs ramdenime aqtivistisa da ramdenime sazogadoebriv-politikuri gaerTianebis saqmianobas. SeuZlebelia yuradRebis miRma dagvrCes 1919 wels damfuZnebel krebaSi arCeuli 5 qali deputati, erT-erTi maTgani qristine (Cito) SaraSeniZe sakanonmdeblo organos prezidiumis wevris statusiTac sargeblobda. 1916-1917 wlebSi aRsaniSnavia quTaisis qalTa politikuri klubisa da pirveli qarTuli feministuri gazeTis "xma qarTveli qalisa“ saqmianoba , romelic ZiriTadad kato miqelaZis saxels ukavSirdeba . meores mxriv, ki 1914 wlidan moqmedia "qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba", romlis damaarsebladac miiCneva domenika erisTavi, sazogadoebis wevrebi iyvnen aseve efemia mesxi, nino nakaSiZe, nino
18 | CIVICUS#7
gadaarCines samSoblo da misi azriT, swored aseTi asulni sWirdeboda imdroindel saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. amave werilidan vigebT sityva gandegilis mniSvnelobas, romelsac igi saqarTvelos uwodebs. qalis saogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebas gandegili cdilobs "saxalxo gazeTSi" gamoqveynebul statiaSi :
,, ...dedakaci erTaderTi utyuari sazomia eris sulieri Zlierebisa, ramdenad mTliani Tavisufali pirovnebaa dedakaci, imdenad saRia azrovneba. es wveTia kacobriobis okeaneSi. yoveli didi SemoqmedebiTi niWi iq warmoiSobis, sadac dedakaci mona ki ar aris, aramed Tavisufali adamiania. Tu ki ram sakacobrio Seqmna mamakacma, es dedakacis nebis da uneblie gavleniT. mospeT dedakaci rogorc pirovneba da moispoba TviT mSveniereba."
gandegili miiCnevda, rom sazogadoebrivad gariyuli da Tavisuflebas moklebuli deda ver SeZlebda aRezarda Tavisufali, Sromeli moqalaqe. aseTi moqalaqeebi, Tavisufali da sazogadoebrivad aqtiuri qalbatonebi ki sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisani iyvnen imdroindeli saqarTvelosTvis.
domenika erisTavis sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba 1914 wels ,,qarTvel qalTa sazogadoebis" daarsebas ukavSirdeba. organizaciis daarsebidan maleve daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi, ramac gamoiwvia domenika erisTavis mier frontis xazis dasaxmareblad aqtiuri moRvaweoba. saWiro saxsrebis mosapoveblad awyobdnen koncertebsa da literaturul saRamoebs, Tumca, Semosavlebis simciris gamo, maT saWirod miiCnies gaexsnaT saloni-saCaie ,,Zmuri nugeSi", romelic
maWavariani da a.S. nino nakaSiZis saqmianoba dakavSirebuli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebasTan, "wiTeli jvris" muSaobasTan da mravali sxva saxis samoqalaqo aqtivizmTan.
rogorc Cans, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi feministuri aqtivizmisa da qalTa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTulobis done sakmaod maRalia, Tumca, saintereso sakiTxia Tavad is motivi, rac maT aqtivistur suliskveTebas aZlevda dasabams. am mxriv, mniSvnelovania, domenika erisTavis saqmianoba da Sexedulebebi. domenika erisTavma moRvaweoba qalTa uflebebis dacviT daiwyo, is saubrobda qalTa Cagvrasa da Tavisuflebis SezRudulobaze, rac cnobili frangi mwerlis JorJ sandis ideebis gamoZaxili iyo. amitomac qarTuli sazogadoeba mas uwodebda "qarTvel JorJ sands". sakmaod rTuli iyo axalgazrda qarTveli mwerlisTvis literaturul asparezze Tavis damkvidreba da gansakuTrebiT Zneli iqneboda es gza Tu is ar gamoacxadebda Tavis Tavs, rogorc uflebrivad Tanaswors mamakacTan da Tanabari sargeblis momtan personad sazogadoebisTvis. domenika erisTavis Sexedulebebi qalTa uflebebisa da misi sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani funqciis Sesaxeb gadmocemulia werilSi "patara eris didebulni asulni". werili 1929 wels, Jurnal "saxalxo frontSi" daibeWda, am weriliT domenika erisTavi cdilobda erovnuli TviTSegneba gaeRviZebina qarTvelebSi da gansakuTrebiT qalbatonebSi. werilSi axsenebs saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobil "didebul asulebs" : wminda nino, Tamar mefe, qeTevan dedofali. is fiqrobs, rom warsulSi maT
19 | CIVICUS#7
maleve gadaiqca imdroindeli qarTuli literaturuli wris Sekrebis adgilad.
gandegilis saqmianoba, mxolod feministuri aqtivizmiT ar Semoifargleba, gandegili dainteresebuli iyo saqarTveloSi marganecis damuSavebiT. misi, rogorc patriotis mizans warmoadgenda arsebuli sakiTxis irgvliv Seeswavla problemebi, raTa marganecis sabadoebi ar aRmoCeniliyo ucxo qveynidan mosuli kapitalistebis xelSi. is fiqrobda, rom amiT wvlils Seitanda saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.
gandegili aqtiurad iyo CarTuli me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTul JurnalistikaSi. wlebis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda sapolemiko-samecniero, saliteraturo gazeTs - ,,nobaTi“, Tumca, mis statiebs SevxdebiT sxva Jurnal-gazeTebSic. domenika erisTavi iyo pirveli koreqtori qali, romelic muSaobda gazeT ,,iveriaSi“, is asworebda iakob gogebaSvilisa Tu sxva qarTveli cnobili moRvaweebis Semoqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri arcaa, rom gandegili didi pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT sargeblobda imdroindel qarTul saliteraturo wreebSi.
marTlac sainteresoa, ratom SeiZleba adamianma sakuTar Tavs uwodos gandegili, imitom rom Tavs marTlac gandegilad miiCnevs? Tu imitom , rom sazogadoebas agrZnobinos Tavisi danaSauli misi nawilebis mowyvetasa da gariyvaSi? qarTveli qali marTlac iyo gandegili, erTi saukuniT adre, rodesac mis mTavar Rirsebas sazogadoebaSi saojaxo funqciis warmatebiT ganxorcileba gansazRvravda, magram ras vityviT
imaze, rom mTeli erTi saukunis gasvlis Semdegac, sazogadoebis udidesi nawili saqarTveloSi am arguments iyenebs genderuli uTanasworobis, ojaxur Tu sazogadoebriv sferoSi qalsa da mamakacs Soris inteleqtualuri disbalansis dasasabuTeblad. sazogadoeba, romlis udides nawilSi mTavar Rirebulebas stereotipi qmnis, yovelTvis iqneba Tavisufali azrovnebis mCagvreli, magram Cagvra mxolod maSin aris warmatebuli saqmianoba, roca moqmedebis Tavisufeba eZleva mas. qali ar aris meorexarisxovani moqalaqe, qali arc mamakacis nawilia, es yvelaferi mxolod normatiuli aqtis doneze ar unda darCes, amisaTvis ki saWiroa Taavd qalbatonebma daayenon sazogadoebaSi uflebrivi Tanasworobis sakiTxi, rogorc es gaakeTa domenika erisTavma erTi saukunis win. ,, qarTvelo qalebo! qarTveli eris momavali Cvenzea damokidebuli: ,,Cven unda vSvaT myobadi, Cven unda mivceT momavali xalxs .."
domenika erisTavi , 1915 ,,saxalxo furceli"
margaret etvudi: „mxevlis wigni“
Teona gelaSvili
XVIII-XIX saukuneebidan qalebi sakuTari uflebebis mosapoveblad ibrZodnen, risTvisac Zalisxmevas ar iSurebdnen. isini sxvadasxva manifestaciiTa da gamosvliT cdilobdnen sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebas sazogadoebaSi, sadac imJamad mxolod kacebi iyven gabatonebulni. amgvari ideebis gaCenas mohyva feministuri talRebis dawyeba, romlebic gangrZobiTni aRmoCnd-nen da drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi gansxvavebuli moTxovnebiT iyvnen gajerebulni, dawyebuli saarCevno uflebebis mopovebiT da damTavrebu-li sruli genderuli Tanasworobis moTxovniT. saerTo Zalisxmevamac ar daayovna da qalebma miiRes im uflebaTa nawili, romlebic manamde mxolod kacebis privilegia gaxldaT. dReisaTvis ki isini sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi arian warmodgenilni da wamyvan Tanamdebobebsac ikaveben, rac manamde SeuZlebeli iyo.
saukuneebis ganmavobaSi gaweuli Zalisxmeva SesaZloa warsuls Cab-ardes da qalebi kvlev uufleboni aRmoCnden. es swored maSin SeiZleba moxdes, rodesac garkveuli Zalebi Seecdebian xelisufleba daamxon, liberaluri demokratia gaauqmon da diqtatura daamyaron religiur wignebze dafuZnebiT. swored viTare-bis cvlilebaze amaxvilebs yuradRe-bas margaret etvudi "mxevlis wignSi", romelic mkiTxvels gulgrils nam-dvilad ar datovebs.
mas Semdeg, rac margaret etvudma 1958 wels "mxevlis wigni" (Handmaid’s Tale) gamoaqveyna, misma popularobamac ar daayovna. gaiyida wignis milion-ibiT egzemplari, iTargmna uamrav enaze da damatebiTi tiraJebiT ga-mocemac ar Sewyvetila. Tumca, wignSi moTxrobilma ambavma sazogadoebaSi garkveuli miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia, amitomac skolebSi wignis kiTxva aikrZala. mxolod internet sivrcesa Tu xvadasxva blogze ganixileboda nawarmoebSi aRwerili qalTa emansi-pacia. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wignis popularoba mas Semdeg gaorkecda, rac wignis siuJetze dayrdnobiT ga-
21 | CIVICUS#7
daiRes filmi da dadges opera. "mxevlis wigni" erTgvari winas-
warmetyvelebaa, romelic SesaZloa erT mSvenier dRes dadges, yvelaferi ki katastrofiT daiwyos, sadac xe-lisuflebas daamxoben, liberalur mmarTvelobas gaauqmeben, daxuraven yvelanair dawesebulebas, gazeTebs cenzuras dauweseben, qalebs qonebas CamoarTmeven da Zvel aRTqmaze da-fuZnebul diqtaturas daamyareben. galaadSi (sadac moqmedeba viTardeba) yvelaferi ganadgurebulia, rac re-Jimisadmi Seuferebladaa miCneuli. adamianis dasaxiCreba, koloniebi, CamoxrCobebi, iZulebiTi fexmZimo-ba da segregacia galaadis savizito baraTia. reJimis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kastebad dayofil qaleb-zea gadatanili, romlebic sruliad uufleboni arian. maT arafris floba ar SeuZliaT, maT Soris saxelisac ki. Tumca sistemis mmarTvelebma bo-lomde ar daCagres qalebi da maT TavianTi saqmianobis Sesaferisi bib-liuri wodebebi moufiqres. qalebi Semdeg jgufebad dahyves: "mxevlebi", romlebsac bavSvis Soba evalebaT; "marTebi", romlebic ZiriTadad saojaxo saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni, "deidebi"- e.w "dedaoebi", romelTa movaleobasac mxevlebis aRzrda da swavleba warmoadgens.
wignSi "mxevali qali" fredisa mTavari personaJia, romelsac reJimi daaSorebs ojaxs da monad aqcevs. misi Tavgadasavali, gancdebi da fiqrebi ukeT warmoaCens galaad-Si mxovrebi qalebis yofas, reJi-mis sisastikesa da daundoblobas. arsebulma sistemam fredisa iseT adamianad aqcia, romelsac sakuTari grZnobebze fiqri codvad da miaCnia. igi sakuTar samossac ki ver uwodebs sityvas "Cemi", vinaidan es reJimisaTvis Seuferebelia. miuxedavad, arsebuli realobisa mweralma personaJebs ukan mosaxedi gza dautova da ro-gorc yovelTvis xdeba xolme Seuqmna "maisis Tve" da "miwisqveSa rkinigza" ukeTesi cxovrebis imedad.
mxevlis wignSi gadmocemuli siuJeti
22 | CIVICUS#7
asakSi myof qalebze modis, eseTebi ki swored mxevlebi arian, romlTa flobis uflebac maRali statusis mqone adamianebs aqvT.
sainteresoa, ram miiyvana adamianebi am mdgomareobamde?! droTa ganmav-lobaSi mosaxleobis moqalaqeo-brivi interesi TandaTan iklebda, Zaladobaze aravin iRebda xmas. maSin rodesac galaadis mkvidrT es ambavi daatydaT Tavs, arc erT maTgans ar gauprotestebia arsebuli viTareba, piriqiT cdilobdnen saxlidan ar gamosuliyvnen, damaluliyvnen an saerTodac gaqceuliyvnen qveynidan. am yvelafers ki mxolod kerZo in-teresebi ganapirobebda. SesaZloa wignSi gadmocemuli ambavi relurad arc arasodes axdes, magram mTavari is gaxlavT, rom Tu didxans davxuWavT Tvals Zaladobaze, patara SemTx-vevas sazogadoebriv problemad ar aRviqvavT, ar davafiqsirebT Cvens azrsa da ar SevecdebiT problemebis mogvarebas, SesaZloa Cvenc mogviwios iseT sazogadoebaSi gaRviZeba, ro-melic saukuneebis win qars gavataneT.
mwerlis mier gamogonili ar aris. mas ar surda iseTi rame daewera, rac manamde ar iyo gamogonebuli an naTqvami. adamianebis dasaxiCrebas, saxrCobelebs, kastebisa da klase-bisTvis specifikur tansacmels, iZu-lebiT fexmZimobas, reJimebis mier bavSvebis gatacebas, ganaTlebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis warTmevas da sxva SemTxvevebs waawydebiT evropis istoriaSi, yvelafers ipoviT ara sxva romelime kulturasa da religiaSi, aramed dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi, Tavad "qristianul" tradiciaSic ki. galaadi aSS-s axali saxelwodebaa wignSi. albaT, Cndeba kiTxva ratom amerika? imitom, rom mwerals ufro metad surda liberaluri demokrati-isasTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesi warmoeCina, romelic xandaxan dromoWmuli Rirebulebebis tyveo-baSia. am romanis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi aris is, rom Sobadobis maCvenebeli industriul dasavleTSi safrTxis winaSe dgas. tendencia gan-pirobebulia imiT, rom sasurveli servisebis saukeTeso wili swored Sobadobis unaris/reproduqciis
ilustraciebi: Balbusso Sisters
27 | CIVICUS#6
24 | CIVICUS#7
da, Tumca fsiqologTan konsulta-ciebis Semdeg Zalebi moikriba, daiwyo xelnakeTi nivTebis Seqmna.
TavSesafarSi yofnis periodSi aiSas mama estumra, romelmac scada Svilis darwmuneba saxlSi dab-runebis Taobaze, Tumca uSedegod.
marTalia, bibim daaRwia Tavi ,,jojoxeTs"-, magram es sulac ar niSnavs bednier dasasruls, radgan misma umcrosma dam es ver SeZlo da aravin icis, ra pirobebSi uwevs arseboba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es foto dai-beWda qalaq niu-iorkis yoveldRi-uri gazeTis, ,,niu iork Taimsi"-is, garekanze, rasac didi rezonan-si mohyva sazogadoebis mxridan. adamianis uflebaTa damcvelma organizaciebma daiwyes diskusia imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad eTiku-ri iyo es gadawyvetileba. gazeTis redaqtorma riCard stengelma gamoaqveyna werili, sadac bodiSi mouxada yvela mkiTxvels, maT So-ris, bavSvebs, romlebzec aRniSnul-ma fotom didi gavlena moaxdina, Tumca man aseve dasZina, rom es sura-Ti aris fanjara realobaSi, rome-lic arsebobs da omSi, romelSic CarTuli varT.
fotoze gamosaxuli pirovneba ganasaxierebs avRaneTSi ojaxuri Zaladobisa da monobis qveS Cumad myofi aTi aTasobiT qalis saxes.
yvelaferi mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac bibi aiSas biZam momavali siZis naTesavi mokla, sisxlis sanacvlod mxverplis ojaxs aiSas ojaxma ori qaliSvili, aiSa da misi umcrosi da, gadasca. rodesac bibim garkveul asaks miaRwia, Talibanis mebrZol-ze daaqorwines, Tumca amas araferi Seucvlia. aiSas da mis das ise epyro-bodnen, rogorc monebs. biZis dan-aSaulis gamo xSirad fizikuradac uswordebodnen. aiSam mudmiv tan-jvas, wamebasa da Seuracxyofas veRar gauZlo da gaiqca kandaharSi, Tumca misma qmarma miagno, ukan daabruna, oruzganis provinciaSi da mTis ferdobze ganaCenic aRusrula, moaWra cxviri da yurebi da iqve datova. rogorc bibi SemdgomSi aRniSnavs,mas arc ki axsovs, Tu ro-gor moaxerxa daxmarebis moZebna. provinciis saswrafo daxmrebis samsaxurSi momuSave amerikelebma igi qabulSi, avRaneli qalebis Tav-SesafarSi, gadaiyvanes. miRebuli tramvis gamo Tavdapirvelad mas laparakis unaric dakarguli hqon-
25 | CIVICUS#7
bibi aiSamzeona kaxniaSvili
2015 wlis nobelis premia literaturis
dargSi belorus rusulenovan mweralsa da
Jurnalists, svetlana aleqseeviCs mieniWa.
is me-14 qali mweralia, romelmac nobelis
premia miiRo. rogorc SvedeTis akademiis
gancxadebaSia aRniSnuli, "aleqseeviCs premia
misi polifoniuri prozisa da Cveni drois
gmirobisaTvis gadaeca". mas sxva araerTi
prestiJuli literaturuli premiac aqvs miRe-
buli. maT Soris premia "triumfi" (ruseTi,
1997), r. gaiSendorferis premia (germania,
2000w.), remarkis premia (germania, 2001w.),
amerikel kritikosTa premia (aSS, 2006w.),
germaniis wigniT movaWreTa gaerTianebis
mSvidobis premia (frankfurti, 2013w.),
mediCebis premia da wlis saukeTeso wignis
premia (safrangeTi, 2013w.), centraluri
evropis literaturuli premia "angelusi"
(poloneTi, 2013w.). svetlana aleqseeviCi
sabWoTa epoqas "wiTeli adamianis epoqas"
uwodebs. mas gamocemuli aqvs wignebi "oms
qalis saxe ar aqvs" (1985), "TuTiis biWebi"
(1991), "sikvdiliT mojadoebulni" (1993-1994),
"Cernobilis locva"(1997) da "seqend hendi
- dro" (2001). am xuTi wignisagan Semdgar
cikls avtorma "utopiis xmebi" uwoda. aleq-
seeviCis wignebi araerT enazea Targmnili.
misi erT-erTi wigni "Cernobilis locva"
qarTulad nino beqiSvilma Targmna, romelic
gamomcemloba "artanujma" gamosca. Cven,
swored, aleqseeviCis Semoqmedebis qarTvel
mTargmnelTan, qalbaton ninosTan, CavwereT
interviu.
interviu nino beqiSvilTan
SoTa narsia
26 | CIVICUS#7
qalbatono nino, pirvelad ro-dis da ratom gagiCndaT survili, rom svetlana aleqseeviCis erT-erTi wigni, "Cernobilis locva", geTargm-naT?
survili, rom wigni meTargmna, gam-iCnda wakiTxvisTanave, Tu ar vcdebi, 2011 wels, Tumca, 2015 wlamde es ver moxerxda. gamiCnda imitom, rom mgo-nia, rom qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis da gansakuTrebiT qarTveli axalgaz-rdebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu rogori qveyana iyo sabWoTa kavSiri... da me vTvli, rom amas Zalian kargad asaxavs aleqseevi-Cis wigni. is sabWoTa kavSiri, ro-melsac dRevandeli axalgazrdebis mSoblebi moeswrnen, namdvilad aRar iyo usastikesi reJimis qveyana, iseTi, rogoric iyo sabWoTa kavSiri stalinis sicocxleSi. am qveyanaSi iyo garkveuli socialuri daculoba, erTi SexedviT iyo sakuTari Tav-is realizaciis saSualebac. Tumca, is, rasac aleqseeviCi aRwers Tavis wignebSi da maT Soris "Cernobilis locvaSic", yvelaze naTlad asaxavs sabWoeTs mTlianobaSi da imas, Tu Tundac SedarebiT rbili totali-taruli reJimi ras uSveba adamians, romelsac, erTi SexedviT, arc Sia, arc sciva, samsaxuric aqvs da minimal-uri socialuri dacvac.
rogorc iciT, aleqseeviCma Tavis 5 wigns "utopiis xmebi" uwoda. ra sax-iT ismis mis SemoqmedebaSi sabWoTa utopiis xma?
mis SemoqmedebaSi da mis am 5 wignSi zustad ai, am sabWoTa adamianis xma ismis da Zalian kargad Cans is, Tu ramdenad utopiuri iyo komunizmis idea da ra emarTebodaT adamianebs. sxvaTa Soris, Zalian niSandoblivia erTi ram, rom 70-80-iani wlebis qar-
27| CIVICUS#7
Tuli konteqsti, romelic me maxsovs, Zalian gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac svet-lana aleqseeviCma aRwera; imitom, rom am dros, 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi, saqarTveloSi gulanTebuli komu-nistebi ukve aRar iyvnen. maTi umrav-lesobac ki, vinc partiul samuSaoze iyo, Zalian cinikurad uyurebda sabWoeTs. amis damadasturebelia, Tundac, is, rom rogorc ki sabWo-Ta kavSiri damTavrda, komunisturi partiac damTavrda masTan erTad (griSa onianis "komunisturi partia" raRac Zalian marginaluri da Zalian sasacilo ramea). rac ar momxdara ruseTSi, belorusSi, ukrainaSi. iq sabWoTa reJimi, rogorc Cans, gac-ilebiT ufro mZime iyo. mZime iyo imis gamoc, rom es CrdiloeTis qveynebia, sadac bunebrivi pirobebis gamo bevrad ufro mZimea cxovreba da amasTan, centri iyo iq da, albaT, ufro kontroldeboda. rac Seex-eba saqarTvelos, saqarTvelo (ar vici, ramdenad Rirs amaze saubari am intervius farglebSi) raRac sxvanai-rad gaxrwna komunisturma reJimma. Cven korufcia SevisisxlxorceT, Zvalsa da rbilSi gagvijda. koruf-cia totaluri iyo da karg tonad iTvleboda. Tu saxelmwifos para-vdi, ar iyo sircxvili. da raRac-nairad, yvelaze cudi, rac 60-iani wlebis Semdeg komunisturma reJimma saqarTvelos gaukeTa, zustad is iyo, rom adamiani gaixrwna, adamianma if-iqra, rom SeiZleboda mogepara da es moparuli Segergeboda. Zalian sainteresoa, raRac kargi ambaviviT dadioda saqarTveloSi, roca erT-erT cekas mdivans aCvenes axalaSenebu-li saxlebi samegreloSi da uTxres, rom ai, es saxlebi engurhesidan mo-paruli cementiTaa aSenebulio, da man
28 | CIVICUS#7
am oms aRwerda, rogorc mxolod da mxolod gmirobis ambavs (da, ra Tqma unda, es iyo gmirobis ambavic), magram is, rasac aleqseeviCi aRwers, erTi SexedviT, Zalian naturalisturi da Zalian tragikulia. is ar erideba arafers, ar alamazebs arafers. qa-lebis monaTxrobi ki Zalian mZimea. am wignSi aris naCvenebi is, Tu rogor gamousadegars xdis omi qals mSvi-dobiani cxovrebisTvis. es adamiani ukve normaluri cxovrebiT veRar cxovrobs, umZimesi travma aqvs miRebu-li, rasac axla, dRes ukve viciT, rom Sesabamisi reabilitacia, fsiqoTera-pia esaWiroeba, rom adamiani amxela travmis mere daubrundes cxovrebas... magram sabWoTa dros sabWoTa qveyana-Si aranairi reabilitaciis saSualeba ar iyo...
rogor fiqrobT, aleqseeviCis Semoqmedeba Jurnalisturi namuSe-varia, Tu literaturuli?
me minc mgonia, rom literaturaa. gansxvavebuli literaturaa, ara iseTi, rogoric aqamde Cven vicodiT, magram mainc aris literatura da ara - pub-licistika. Cven ar viciT, ras cvlis aleqseeviCi im mzepiri istoriidan. namdvilad namdvili ambavia, magram is, Tu rogor aris dawerili es ambavi, ramdenad zustia es monaTxrobi, ar viciT. zepiri istoriis Janri, rome-lic istorikosebs kvlevisTvis sWir-debaT da gamoiyeneba, gulisxmobs zust gaSifvras da am teqstebis kvlevisTvis Senaxvas. rac Seexeba aleqseeviCs, Cven ar viciT, ras cvlis da ras ara, es erTi. meorec, misi wignebi moqmedebs, rogorc literatura da arsebobs iseTi literatura, romelic ar aris zepiri istoriis meTodiT daweri-li, magram namdvil ambebs efuZneba. Cven viciT, rom is aris literatura,
Tqva - Zalian kargi, Tu qarTvelebs didi da kargi saxlebi eqnebaTo.
mokled rom SevajamoT, ras etyo-diT ufrosi Taobis im warmomad-genlebs, romlebic miiCneven, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi "kargi cxovreba" iyo?
me maT verafers vetyvi, imitom, rom es aris im adamianebis axalgaz-rdoba da axalgazrdobas adamiani yovelTvis romantizmiT uyurebs. albaT, umetes SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa kavSiris nostalgia sakuTari ax-algazrdobis nostalgiaa da aq ra unda uTxra adamians, verafersac ver vetyvi.
davubrundeT isev svetlana ale-qseeviCis Semoqmedebasa da cxovre-bas. ras gamoarCevdiT aleqseeviCis cxovrebidan?
am adamians sabWoTa adamianisTvis Zalian Cveulebrivi biografia aqvs. misi cxovrebidan raimes gamorCeva namdvilad miWirs. daibada ukrain-aSi, imitom, rom deda ukraineli hyavda (TviTon mama - belorusi) da mama msaxurobda ukrainis erT-erT provinciaSi. Semdeg Jurnalistikis fakulteti daamTavra da didxans muSaobda, rogorc Jurnalisti... da sadRac 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo wera. Zalian gauWirda pirve-li wignis gamoqveyneba. misi pirveli wigni Seexeba me-2 msoflio omSi me-brZol qalebs, ufro sworad, am qa-lebis monaTxrobia. didi xani wigns ar ubeWdavdnen, magram ramdenadac ucnauri iyos, mainc SeZlo am wignis gamoqveyneba. sabWoeTSi arsebobda raRac gzebi cenzurisTvis gverdis avlis, imitom, rom is, rac am wignSia, raRacnairad, mTlianad angrevs sabWoTa adamianis warmodgenebs me-2 msoflio omze. sabWoTa propaganda
e.w. non fiqSen, romelzec dRes Zalian didi moTxovnaa da Zalian popularulia, anu, ara gamonagoni, aramed namdvil faqtebze dayrdno-bili literatura.
am wignSi, "Cernobilis locva", ale-qseeviCi ambobs, rom Cernobilis Sem-deg Cven sxva samyaroSi vcxovrobT. rogoria es sxva samyaro?
es sxva samyaroa im adamianebi-saTvis, romlebsac Cernobilis tragedia piradad SeexoT. es aris ukrainisa da belarusis mosaxleoba. saqarTveloSi sxva epoqa Cernobil-is Semdeg, bunebrivia, ar damdgara da adamianebis cxovreba ar Secvlila. Tumca, samyaro Cernobilis Semdeg ara mxolod belorusebisTvis, ar-amed mTeli msofliosTvis Seicvala im mxriv, rom miTi mSvidobian atom-ze damTavrda da yvelam dainaxa, rom Turme SeiZleba, es mSvidobiani atomi erT mSvenier dRes katastrofis mizezi gaxdes. magram yvelaze metad es SeexoT im konkretul adamianebs, romelTac dakarges yvelaferi, da-karges axloblebi, dakarges, janmr-Teloba, Svilebi uCndebaT umZimesi daavadebebiT da a.S.
svetlana aleqseeviCisaTvis nobelis premiis miniWebis gad-awyvetilebis miRebisas riTi xelmZ-Rvanelobda komiteti?
nobelis komitetma aRniSna, rom "misi polifoniuri Txzulebebi Cve-ni drois tkivilisa da gambedaobis Zeglia".
Jurnal Civikus-is axali nomeri genderul Tanasworobas eZRvneba. ras etyodiT saqarTveloSi mcx-ovreb qalebs?
qalebs ar unda gveSinodes imis, rom davrCeT sakuTari Tavis erT-guli da davicvaT Cveni uflebebi,
29 | CIVICUS#7
SevecadoT, rom vibrZoloT Tanas-worobisTvis yvelgan, sadac Cven es SegviZlia.
da bolos, gegmavT Tu ara ale-qseeviCis sxva wignebis qarTulad Targmnas?
diax, axla gamomcemloba "arta-nujma"Seisyida ufleba, aleqseeviCis ukanaskneli romanis, "seqend hendi - dro", gamocemaze. romani Seexeba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom periods. sxvaTa Soris, am romanis wakiTxvis Semdeg Zalian cxadi xdeba Tundac is, Tu ratom uWers mxars, ruseTis mosaxleobis amxela pro-centi putins. sabWoTa kavSiris daS-lis Semdeg sxvadasxva respublikaSi, rogorc viciT, Zalian aboboqrda da gaRvivda eTnikuri nacionalizmi, rac saqarTvelosac Seexo. sabWoe-Tis daSla saqarTvelosTvis sakma-od tragikulad damTavrda - ori omiT da samoqalaqo omiT. belo-rusebi da gansakuTrebiT rusebi, adamianebi, romlebic sabWoTa uto-piaSi cxovrobdnen, magram hqondaT yoveldRiuri saarsebo minimumi, aRmoCndnen sruliad daucvelebi, sruliad mitovebulebi saxelmwifos mier. cnobilia, Tu rogori velu-ri meTodebiT wavida privatizacia da rogor gaRatakda mosaxleobis Zalian didi nawili. aleqseeviCi wers imaTzec, visac eTnokonfliqtebis gamo mouwiaT sakuTari saxlebis datoveba da am wignSi aRwerilia is dro, romelic Zalian mZime iyo postsabWoTa teritorize. es dro mZime iyo saqarTveloSic, Tumca misi seriozuli mxatvruli gaazreba, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac mcde-lobebi aris, ar momxdara. am wignis Targmnas vapirebT da imedia, 2015 wels gamovcemT.
redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe
proeqtis xelmZRvaneli: Tamar qaraia
teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe
nomerze muSaobdnen:
Temo beJaniZe
zura gamTenaZe
sandro tabataZe
Teona gelaSvili
SoTa narsia
mzeona kaxniaSvili
mariam guliaSvili
c i v i c u s
http://www.cela.ge/ge/civicus
https://www.facebook.com/celageo
am eleqtronuli Jurnalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxardaWeriT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID-is) meSveobiT proeqtis saarCevno procesebis gaZliereba (SEP) saqarTveloSi farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saarCevno
sistemaTa saerTaSoriso fondis (IFES) mier.masalis Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes samoqalaqo
ganaTlebis leqtorTa asociaciis (CELA), IFES-is,USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis
Sexedulebebs.
