Christian Civilization 122 (2nd Long Exam reviewer)

Scientific RevolutionSituation: Worldwide spread of the Protestant reformationCurrent time period: 16th-17th centuryPredominant religion: Largely Catholic in EuropeLaid the foundation of the Age of Enlightenment - enthusiasm for, and faith in, scientific progress. Everything that did not fall under scientific explanation was dismissed or regarded with disdain. Something that cannot be proved could not be true. Effects on the church: Rationalism took precedence over faith and many sought to divorce their countries from any guidance from the church

Important Figures during the Scientific Revolution

Rene Descartes - I think, therefore I am -In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method. Was a French philosopher Developed the mathematical Cartesian Plane In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method. Describes the world Mathematically

Francis Bacon English Philosopher Father of Empiricism Developed the Baconian Method (precursor to the scientific method) Empiricism- Gathered knowledge through experience and observation as a way of understanding how things worked - For the use and benefit of men and for the relief of the human condition

Tycho Brahe Danish Nobleman Assisted by Johannes Kepler, who finished the 3 laws planetary of motion

Isaac Newton English Physicist and Mathematician Developed the Laws of Gravity and Laws of Motion

Nicolas Copernicus- postulated the foundations of Heliocentric world view.-Heliocentric- the geocentric view mostly speakers to Christians since it is similar to what is said in the Bible-Sun in the center of the galaxy- Descartes, Bacon and Kepler supported him

Galileo Galilei- scientific method- proved the validity of the Copernican model- some Christians were okay with it, while some rejected it since they believed it went against the teaching of the Bible- Pope Paul V and Gregory X were amongst who supported him- was condemned by ecclesiastical authorities- Isaac Newton Protagonists of the Enlightenment and its Effects Age of Enlightenment is a Secular view of the world Removes the place of God Deism and Masonry- rejected Divine revelation and supernatural religion- philosophes believed that ask knowledge must be based on demonstration by human reason- Deism is a rationalist philosophy that accepted the principle of a first cause(creator) but denied divine intervention or providence in the world- these deists saw God as a great watchmaker who created the universe with laws and principles that were wound up and then left to man's discovery and domination- only reason is enough and necessary to guide humans- Freemasonry is a secret fraternal organization formed by Deists- they see God as a grand architect of the universe and bases its practices, rules, and organization in Enlightenment philosophy and reason- they have also secretly attempted to destroy the Church- ridiculed the church

Denis Diderot French philosopher Co-created the Encyclopedia Prominent figure during the EnlightenmentVoltaire French Enlightenment writer. Attacked the Catholic Church Advocated for the Freedom of Religion and Expression. Also argued for the Separation of the Church and State

Enlightened despotism is a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

Frederick the Great Also known as, Frederick the II. was an Enlightened Despot Successfully reformed Prussia

French RevolutionComment by miguel.robles: I have incomplete notes about this. Can you explain what happened and what're the effects? causes Economic ruin due to King Louie XVs incompetent leadership and extravagant spending of the Monarchs. Horrible harvest (Famine) Poor representation of the 3rd Estate Revival of the Estates General Enlightenment ideals spread among the common people Effects Removal of monarchy and nobility. Church is outlawed; Cult of reason is founded. Development of Nationalistic Ideals French bourgeois and Landowning masses hold majority of the power. Reign of terror (1793-1794) The directory (???)(1795-1799) - Its the French government during the revolution. It was soon overthrown by Napoleon. Napoleon Bonaparte (1799)Louie XV King of France was incompetent, even as a child Married Marie Antoinette Failed to stop the French revolution Attempted to escape to Austria with his family but was caught by revolution guards Was beheaded by the guillotine

The assembly AKA, The convention Became the French republic Infamous for the usage of the Guillotine Inspired all able-bodied men to the war -> led to fear of a breakdown in overflowing prison->Massacre in the prisons due to tension - Robespierre executes Louie after a trial.

Maximilien Robespierre Was disrespected by the king at a young age Became the Voice of the People Led the French revolution politically Threatened the assembly by postponing the submission of a list of enemies Lost the ability to speak after a botched suicide attempt Sentenced to death; His death ends the terror.

Jean-Paul Marat Was the Voice of the Revolution Killed by Charlotte Corday in his lovely dovely bathtub Became a Martyr

Reign of Terror Suspended the constitution Executes enemies of the revolution created the Committee of Public Safety Aimed for Dechristianization Spawned multiple Rebellions.3rd Estate locked out of the Estate General Formed the National assembly Made the Rights of man Disliked the church; Believe all the problems originated from the church. Created the Civil constitution of the Clergy; This regulated the clergy.

Monarchs abroad Supported the french monarchy to stop the spread of revolutionary ideals.

Secular humanism A mechanical understanding of the human person; away from God & religion. Implies that people are capable of morals without God Based on Enlightenment teachings A non-religious ideology. More antagonistic towards the church and its beliefs

Charles Darwin Natural Selection Evolving to adapt to the current environment. Survival of the fittest Weeds out the weak. The Rich survives because they have the needed resources to sustain life, unlike those who are poor. Believed that the human person evolved from apes Developed his theory by observations of various animals Was a British Naturalist and GeologistKarl Marx (from Alsace) Born in a Capitalist dominant society Wanted to remove social classes, by giving the working class the power Believed change can only happen through Revolution was a German writer Believed that the human person is easily placated by spiritual motives Communism Absolute equality in society and the government provided what is needed by the people. The proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie, making everyone equal. Since there will be no more social classes that will divide the people.

Sigmund Freud German psychologist Believed the human person was a glorified animal incapable of pursuing spiritual motives Psychoanalysis A systematic understanding Ego (Conscious mind) - What is present in the mind Superego (Preconscious) - What can be remembered Id (Subconscious) - Thoughts and memories that are unavailable to the conscious mind The ID supplies the desires, while the Ego searches for it, and the Superego will store the experience gained.

Industrial Revolution a large-scale production of goods that led to political and economical changes. 18th-19th century Transition from an agricultural economy

Why was it in 18th century Britain? Center of the scientific revolution The people were working toward the pursuit of practical knowledge. Wealthy businessmen were investing A large amount of natural resources

Effects Made it easier to produce clothes, due to the impact in the textile industry Transportation became easier for the common people Innovation was extremely encouraged for efficiency Child labor became prominent leading to poor healthcare and education This was due to the coal shafts being child sized and machines being easy to use - Pollution was common due to smog - Increasing gap between the rich and the poor.

Laissez-faire Adam Smith The market is separated from the government.

Thomas Malthus Says that workers dont need anymore than what they need to survive.

Rerum Novarum (Written by Pope Leo XIII) Motivated the people to work so that they can own private property Gave an idealistic view on the economy Labor, capital and Marxism of new things Social justice of the church what it promoted: Right to property Just wage Labor rights