CityLinks: Building Urban Adaptation to Climate Change€¦ · 04/06/2013 · –New Orleans...
Transcript of CityLinks: Building Urban Adaptation to Climate Change€¦ · 04/06/2013 · –New Orleans...
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CityLinks: Building
Urban Adaptation to
Climate Change
U.S. Case Studies
June 4, 2013
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security, and water and sanitation challenges.
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Susanne Torriente
Assistant City Manager,
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Today’s
Highlights of South Florida’s Sustainability Timeline (2009-2013)
Implementation Examples AAA Pilot Grant
Hurricane Sandy +Seasonal High Tides = A1A Destruction
Outreach: Listening & Learning restoreA1A.com
2035 Vision Plan: Fast Forward Fort Lauderdale
Resident Survey
Homeowners Association Meetings
South Florida Climate Action Partners
Summary Observations
Highlights of South Florida’s Sustainability
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
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Highlights of South Florida’s
Sustainability Timeline
2011
2012
2013
Implementation Opportunity Plan recommendation
SP-6 Incorporate Adaptation Action Area designation into local comprehensive plans and regional planning documents to identify those natural areas deemed most vulnerable to climate change impacts including changes in sea level and rainfall patterns.
Project of Special Merit
o Implementing “Adaptation Action Area” Policies in Florida
o Partnership with City of Ft. Lauderdale, Broward County, South Florida Regional Planning Council and Southeast Florida Regional Climate Compact.
o Address AAA in City of Ft. Lauderdale Local Comprehensive Plan.
o Create guidance for statewide dissemination
o Research Adaptation Action Areas policy options
o Present menu of options to local government
o Draft policy language for inclusion in comprehensive plan
o Adopt policy language
o Draft case study
o Draft guidebook for other local governments
Next steps after the pilot: link to infrastructure capital planning and budgeting
Partners:
Project of Special Merit Highlights
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Disaster Recovery Fort Lauderdale Beach
October 2012
November 2012
Post Disaster Opportunity
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Outreach
Listening &
Learning
Our
Vision
Resident Survey
Partners HOA’s
A1A www.restorea1a.com
Fort Lauderdale Resident Satisfaction
Survey
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Ou
r C
ity
, O
ur
Vis
ion
O
ur
City
, O
ur
Vis
ion
Phase I
Dec. 2009 – April 2012
Phase I
Dec. 2009 – April 2012
Stakeholder Interviews
Stakeholder Interviews
Open Houses Open Houses
Phase II
June 2012 – Dec. 2012
Phase II
June 2012 – Dec. 2012
10 Working Categories & Trends
10 Working Categories & Trends
OurVisionFTL.com OurVisionFTL.com
Telephone Town Hall Meetings
Telephone Town Hall Meetings
Meetings-in-a-Box Meetings-in-a-Box
Email, Facebook, Twitter
Email, Facebook, Twitter
BIG IDEAS Fort Lauderdale
BIG IDEAS Fort Lauderdale
3 Overarching Categories
3 Overarching Categories
Neighbor Summit Neighbor Summit 9 Sub-Category
Titles 9 Sub-Category
Titles
Phase III
Dec. 2012 – March 2013
Phase III
Dec. 2012 – March 2013
2035 Vision Statement 2035 Vision Statement
Vision Plan Vision Plan
VISIONING
INTERACTION MECHANISM
CATEGORIES FOR THE SEGMENTATION
AND SUMMATION OF IDEAS
http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/vision
Lessons from
Miami-Dade & Fort Lauderdale
1. Create the structure
2. Elevate the issue
3. Communicate – over and over
4. Connect the dots
5. Reinvent local government
6. Find opportunities
7. Inform the decision making process
8. Perpetual evolution
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Join us!
November 7 & 8, 2013
in the beautiful
City of Fort Lauderdale,
Broward County, Florida
for the
5th Annual Climate Leadership Summit
Thank you!
http://www.southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/
Douglas Meffert
Vice President and Executive
Director of the National Audubon
Society in Louisiana
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Mississippi River Composite Recent Deltas
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Gradual Change
• Decreased sediment (in river/from river - 70% reduction primarily because of hydroelectric dams upstream)
• Relative sea level rise (incl. compaction and sea level rise) from 3 to 10mm/year
• Decreased contiguity (oil & gas, waterborne commerce, roads, levees, etc.)
• Increased hurricane frequency/intensity
• Decreased social connection to urban/natural environments.
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Bonnet Carre Spillway
Source: Campanella, Time and Place in New Orleans
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Source:
Campanella, Time and Place in New Orleans
Storm Surge Entering New Orleans
Photo Source: Associated Press
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Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface - Today
Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface – 1 Foot Sea
Level Rise
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Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface – 2 Foot Sea
Level Rise
Coastal Louisiana Land Water Interface – 3 Foot Sea
Level Rise
Waggonner & Ball Architects
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Multiple Lines of Defense: New Concept for Integrated
Levee Protection and Coastal Louisiana
Cross-Section of Urban, Rural, and Natural Land Forms
Proposed Morganza to Gulf Regional Levee
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Louisiana Levee Repair/Construction Costs
New Orleans
Metro Area
Southeast
Louisiana
Repair/Construction
Cost
$3.5-9.5 billion
($7.2billion?)
$4-5 billion
Area Protected 115,616 acres 550,990 acres
Population
Protected
1-1.3 million 120,000
Cost/resident (not
incl. maintenance)
$2,692-$9,500 $33,333-$41,667
United Houma Nation, Louisiana
Living With Water
Source: United Houma Nation
United Houma Nation, Louisiana Elders Gathering
Source: United Houma Nation
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United Houma Nation, Louisiana Relief Supplies following Hurricane Katrina
Source: United Houma Nation
United Houma Nation, Louisiana Dulac Community Center following Hurricane Gustav
Source: Douglas Meffert
1. Evacuation: How do you implement frequent
evacuations in an economically-sustainable and
psychologically-sound method?
2. Hazard Mitigation: What are structural standards
for residential and other use now and in the future?
3. Stabilization: How and where can the UHN adapt
and relocate in the future to sustain their culture?
(e.g. public or community land trusts?)
United Houma Nation, Louisiana
Three-part Plan for Adaptation
Contact [email protected] for report.
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Raised housing options
Make it Right — KieranTimberlake Associates Louisiana Lift House – MIT (Reinhard Goethert)
Louisiana Future Adaptation
• More investments in non-structural measures are critical.
– 20-30,000 likely to be relocated in the next 10-15 years.
– 120,000 possibly to be relocated in the next 50 years.
– re-examine “permanent” vs. temporary buildings in vulnerable coastal areas.
Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library
Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library
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Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library
Bayou Bienvenue, circa 1900 Louisiana Division Photograph Collection, New Orleans Public Library
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Holy Cross/Lower 9th: An Model Urban Ecosystem for
Sustainability
• Climate Neutrality/Energy
Efficiency
• Sustainable Architecture
• Bayou Bienvenue Restoration
• Neighborhood Landscaping
• New land uses
The “Dutch Dialogues”
Coastal Louisiana
(looking North)
Netherlands
(looking South)
Dutch Embassy, American Planning Association, et al.
Waggonner & Ball Architects
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Waggonner & Ball Architects
Waggonner & Ball Architects
Waggonner & Ball Architects
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Waggonner & Ball Architects
Waggonner & Ball Architects
Waggonner & Ball Architects
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Relevance of New Orleans as a Case Study for
Other Cities
– New Orleans offers is an urban/major delta subject to both climate change and disaster.
– New Orleans is data rich case study as both a historical and predictive model.
– New Orleans is a potential example of natural wetland and water systems as an urban strategy for adaptation and mitigation.
www.lincolninst.edu
Waggonner & Ball Architects
A City Reinventing its Relationship with Water
Eron Bloomgarden, Partner EKO Asset Management Partners
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Creating Clean Water Cash Flows Developing Private Markets for Green Stormwater Infrastructure
EKO Asset Management Partners
Mission: link private capital to
environment
Advisory and investment
management
Specialized in markets for ecosystem
services and natural infrastructure
Advisory: working with leading
investors, corporations, NGOs,
governments, and landowners
Asset Management: Green Carbon
Fund (GCF) focused on US carbon
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Capital Markets
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• Growing demand for sustainable
yield
• Dislocation between Capital and
Environment
• Layers of Capital (Impact,
Commercial, etc)
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Relevant Trends
Accelerating infrastructure investment requirements Investments in new infrastructure
i.e. annual spend on water infrastructure by developing countries needs to more than double, from $75 billion currently to $180 billion (Source: UN)
Re-investment and “hardening” of aging infrastructure
Cost of modernizing water infrastructure in US, $91 billion ( EPA, 2010)
Financing challenges Strained public balance sheets
Limited access to debt capital
Requirement for off-balance-sheet solutions
Environmental challenges and liabilities New compliance obligations and enforcement
Can infrastructure be made more environmental?
Natural Infrastructure: Transitioning
From Grey to Green
• Resilient
• Cost Effective
• Co- Benefits
• Invest & Maintain
• Business
“Ecosystem”
• Generate Jobs
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Natural Infrastructure Case Studies
Case #1: Water Supply NYC watershed protection
Water funds supporting upstream ecosystems
EKO partnering with TNC and Rare
Case #2: Fisheries Marine protected areas (MPA’s) as fish “factories”
Supporting healthy fishery functioning
EKO partnering with Oceana and Rare
Case #3: Carbon Sequestration Forests instead of CCS
EKO partnering with UK investors on REDD+
Louisiana coastal carbon
EKO partnering with CH2MHILL
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“NATLAB”: Natural Infrastructure Financing Laboratory
• “Clean Water Cash Flows” (Feb 2013)
Details private parcel project economics and additional policies and programs
to facilitate private sector investment in Philadelphia.
Funded by: Rockefeller Foundation
• “Financing Stormwater Retrofits in Philadelphia and Beyond” (Jan 2012)
Identified ~$370M in private investment opportunity in Philadelphia created by
city’s parcel-based stormwater fee and credit system for GI.
Funded by: William Penn Foundation
• NatLab, a partnership of The Nature Conservancy, NRDC and EKO dedicated to
advancing innovative financing mechanisms to encourage private investment in
natural infrastructure.
• NatLab is working to develop innovative multi-stakeholder partnerships between
public and private entities to advance municipal green infrastructure development
plans.
NatLab’s Work-to-Date
NatLab’s Mission
Green Path Partners – EKO & CH2MHILL
• Utilize natural infrastructure or offer an opportunity to integrate natural
infrastructure into a traditional infrastructure approach;
• Provide a positive ecological impact with significant and demonstrable
social and economic outcomes; and
• Afford an opportunity to use innovative financial structures, non-
traditional impact investment capital, or both.
• Harness the power of innovative finance, natural systems and creative
design to deliver more adaptive and resilient infrastructure with a variety
of long-term benefits to communities and the environment.
Project Focus
GPP’s Mission
Case Study: Philadelphia Stormwater • Stormwater runoff generates 10 trillion gallons of untreated,
polluted water each year
• Federal “Clean Water Needs Survey” has identified over $100
billion of infrastructure investment needed over the next twenty
years to address stormwater and sewage overflows
• Decline in traditional funding sources for municipal stormwater
improvements (municipal budgets and federal funds)
• Traditional “gray” infrastructure has proven environmentally and
economically costly, integration of green infrastructure (GI) can
help:
• Reduce the costs of clean water compliance
• Improve urban quality of life
• Create green job growth
• Encourage economic revitalization
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Green versus Gray Infrastructure
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• Traditional “gray” stormwater infrastructure –
tunnels and sewage systems – has proven
environmentally and economically costly.
• “Green” infrastructure (GI) helps stop runoff
pollution by capturing rainwater and either storing
it for use or letting it filter back into the ground,
replenishing vegetation and groundwater supplies.
• GI mimics the way nature collects and cleanses
water.
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Benefits of Green Infrastructure
• Reducing costs of Clean Water Act compliance
$0
$1
$2
$3
$4
$5
$6
$7
Gray Infrastructure Green Infrastructure
Bill
ion
s
Estimated Cost of Philadelphia CWA Compliance
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Philadelphia Stormwater: Challenges and GI
Opportunity • To comply with the Clean Water Act, Philadelphia will need
to install approximately 10,000 “greened acres” over the
next 25 years.
• By greening the public right-of-way only, the city’s estimated
cost is $250,000/acre, or $5.74/ft2.
• Philadelphia can achieve its greened acre goal more
cheaply through a combination of policy measures to prime
the private GI market than through greening in the public
right-of-way alone.
Philadelphia’s Green City Clean Water Initiative (Before)
Philadelphia’s Green City Clean Water Initiative (After)
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Examples of Green Infrastructure
• Downspout disconnections
• Vegetated swales
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• Street trees
• Green roofs
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• Green space
• Rain barrels
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• Rain gardens
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• Permeable pavement
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Non-Water-Quality Benefits of Green
Infrastructure
• Recharge groundwater supplies / improve water conservation
• Cooling and cleansing the air
• Reducing asthma and heat-related illnesses
• Lowering heating and cooling energy costs
• Beautifying neighborhoods
• Increased property values
• Spurring economic revitalization
• Creating green jobs
• Improving urban quality of life
Stormwater Retrofit Cost Curve
Three possible approaches to financing*
Third party financing w/on-
bill repayment
Pay for Performance PPP
Concept Private capital funds
commercial property owners to
implement GI retrofit
Use of private-public-
partnership approach: City
contracts with ‘Utility’ to deliver
storm-water mitigation
projects; ‘Utility’ provides
construction, maintenance,
compliance management, and
financing
Source of
repayments
Municipality reduces fees to
commercial property owners for
every acre greened, avoided
cost to parcel owner as basis
for investor repayment.
The City pays the utility
through a long term pay-for-
performance services contract
effectively leasing the storm-
water mitigation service for the
duration of the contract
*These approaches can be utilized independently or can be bundled together
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Private GI Investment Return Based on Avoided
Stormwater Fees Practice type Retrofit cost /ft2
25-75% quartiles
Downspout disconnections
$0.33-0.38
Vegetated Swales
$0.64-2.13
Infiltration Trenches
$1.38-1.58
Rainwater Harvest/Reuse
$1.28-5.33
Rain gardens $3.88-4.43
Porous Pavement $4.88-5.58
Green Roof $30.70-63.97
Cost ranges can vary greatly on a case-by
case basis. These ranges are most useful
as points of comparison across types.
• Avoiding fees is key incentive for
an owner to retrofit
• For a commercial property owner
utilizing own capital and an
assumed payback of four years
Project must cost less than
approximately $0.40/ft2
• For a third-party investor and an
assumed ten year repayment at
8%
Project must cost less than
approximately $0.82/ft2
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Private GI Investment Return Based on Avoided
Stormwater Fees
Most private property
owners will seek third-
party financing for
green infrastructure
retrofits
Challenges and Potential Solutions in Private GI Project
Financing
Challenges to financing
• Lack of collateral
• Existing mortgages on
property
• Unproven track record of
project performance
• Policy uncertainty
Promising solutions
• Utilization of existing revenue
collection streams - property
taxes and utility bills
• Loan loss reserve (or other
use of public funds for credit
enhancement) to insulate
investors from potential
losses
• Specify long-term stormwater
fee structure
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Policy Measures Can Help Catalyze GI Investment in
Philadelphia
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Pay-for-Performance Strategies Present
Opportunities for GI
• Pay-for-Performance contracts are Public-Private partnerships
in which the contract is based on outcomes
• Evaluations of the early Pay-for-Performance models identify
clear success factors including:
• Support from state and local agencies that view the dual goal of
achieving environmental outcomes and better utilizing fiscal resources
as a priority
• Interventions that have demonstrated the ability to achieve measurable
environmental outcomes; and
• Cost-effective access to credible data
• NatLab believes environmental problems present special
opportunities for Pay-for-Performance partnerships
Pay-for-Performance Mechanisms and Philadelphia
• Pay-for-Performance could capture most cost-effective GI
investment opportunities city-wide across full range of land
types while facilitating project aggregation
• Potential benefits to municipality of Pay-for-Performance
structure:
• Lower the costs of construction and maintenance
• Accelerate project implementation
• Access new sources of investment capital
• Preserve municipal balance sheet capacity
• Incentivize optimal performance by shifting performance risk to
private partners where payments are tied directly to performance
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Next Steps for NatLab
• Working with Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) to
design first of its kind pay-for-performance mechanism
for delivery of greened acres
• Structure will borrow from both traditional PPP structure and
more innovative concepts such as Social Improvement Bonds
• NatLab raising grant funding to execute the pilot
• Identifying additional cities where innovative structures
can bring private capital to natural infrastructure finance
Thank You
FULL REPORT: http://www.ekoamp.com/media/StormWater_Report_11.pdf
Eron Bloomgarden, [email protected]
CityLinks Questions?
• Contact Laura Hagg at [email protected] or visit the CityLinks website: icma.org/citylinks.
• Access our climate resources at Knowledge Network – Climate Preparedness, Adapatation and Resilience Group - located here http://icma.org/en/icma/knowledge_network/groups/kn/Group/1331/Climate_Preparedness_Adaptation__Resilience