Citrulline Malate H2NH2N NH OO NH 2 OH L-citrulline O HO O OH Malate (Malic acid)
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Transcript of Citrulline Malate H2NH2N NH OO NH 2 OH L-citrulline O HO O OH Malate (Malic acid)
Citrulline Malate
H2N NH
O O
NH2
OH
L-citrullineO
HO
O OHOH
Malate (Malic acid)
Introduction L-citrulline is a non essential amino acid
Malate is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)
Originally developed:
1. Improve muscle performance for asthenia sufferers
2. Improve recovery time from physical activity for individuals with acute diseases
Recent research for athletic population:
3. Enhances aerobic energy production
4. Augment muscle force output
5. Mitigate muscle fatigue
(Wax et al., 2015)
How it works3 proposed mechanisms of action:1. Excess availability of citrulline allows the
acceleration of the urea cycle therefore facilitating the clearance of ammonium.
2. Malate acts as an metabolic shuttle between cytoplasm and mitochondria.
3. Nitric Oxide (NO) regulates glucose uptake and oxidation, mitochondriogenesis, contractile functions, blood flow, fatty acid oxidation and muscle repair in skeletal muscle.
(Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Aerobic Energy Production
(Bendahan et al., 2002)
Citrulline Malate on Aerobic Energy Production
Before
During
After
Rate of oxidative ATP production (%EC)
54 (12)
74 (4)
45 (6)
Before
During
After
Virec 16.9 (2.9)
24.2 (3.2)
16.4 (1.9)
(Bendahan et al., 2002)
Bendahan et al. (2002) Conclusions
Rate of muscle oxidative ATP production during exercise increase with CM supplementation
Rate of PCr recovery after exercise increased with CM supplementation
(Bendahan et al., 2002)
(Nissim et al., 2003)
How it works
Citrulline Malate on Recovery & Fatigue
(López-Cabral et al., 2012)
Citrulline Malate on Recovery
(López-Cabral et al., 2012)
Citrulline Malate on Fatigue
(López-Cabral et al., 2012)
López-Cabral et al. (2012) Conclusions
Expected results in recovery and fatigue are achieved quicker with 6g/day vs 3g/day dose although both have similar efficacy after 2weeks
CM enhances lactate clearance and fatigue recovery of high performance athletes.
(López-Cabral et al., 2012)
Citrulline Malate on Recovery
(Sureda et al., 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Recovery
CM raises plasma L-arginine concentrationCM augments nitrite, creatine, ornithine and
urea and hormones (GH)CM augments nitrogen availability allowing
increases in protein synthesis and protein content in muscle during exercise
(Sureda et al., 2010)
Sureda et al. (2010) Conclusions
CM reduced and delayed the onset of the immunosuppressive mechanisms associated with intense exercise
CM improves the recovery process from intense training therefore avoiding symptoms associated with overtraining.
(Sureda et al., 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Performance & Muscle
Soreness
(Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Performance
Reps (PL) Reps (CM) %Increase
Responders
Set 1
12.27 ± 0.45
12.39 ± 0.49
0.97 8 (19.51%)
Set 4
6.00 ± 1.61 7.05 ± 1.73 17.50 25 (60.97%)
Set 1
9.24 ± 2.08 10.32 ± 1.75
11.69 31 (75.60%)
Set 4
3.59 ± 1.40 5.49 ± 1.53 52.92 41 (100%)
(Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Muscle Soreness
Muscle Soreness
PL CM %Decrement
24hr post workout
3.12 ± 0.60
1.88 ± 0.64
39.74
48hr post workout
3.90 ± 0.70
2.27 ± 0.67
41.79Muscle Soreness
Responders
Non-responders
Worse
24hr post workout
40 (97.56%)
1 (2.44%) 0 (0)
48hr post workout
37 (90.24%)
4 (9.76%) 0 (0)
(Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman (2010)
Conclusions CM reduces fatigue by increasing rate of oxidative ATP
production during exercise and the rate of PCr recovery after exercise
Single dose of CM 1hr prior to exercise is an effective ergogenic aid
CM increases athletic performance in high intensity anaerobic exercise with short rest periods
CM attenuates post exercise muscle soreness
(Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Citrulline Malate on Fatigue
(Wax et al., 2015)
Citrulline Malate on Fatigue
(Wax et al., 2015)
Citrulline Malate on Fatigue
(Wax et al., 2015)
Wax et al. (2015) Conclusions
•CM improved fatigue thus allowing an increase in work capacity of 19%•CM improved overall performance by 9%•No influence on blood lactate from either CM or PL•However 3 minute recovery between all sets and exercises could have allowed metabolic recovery whilst mitigating acidosis, lactate and ammonium accumulation in the working muscle
(Wax et al., 2015)
Safety
(López-Cabral et al., 2012; Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010; Sureda et al., 2010)
Dosage & Timing8g 1hr prior
(Wax et al., 2015; Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010)
Availability
(AllMax Nutrition Citrulline Malate 2:1 at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; LiveLong Nutrition Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; Myprotein, 2015; PrimaForce Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015)
Cost
Brand Cost No Servings
Serving Size
Cost per Serving
Prima Force
£16.86 100 2g 17p
Allmax Nutrition
£12.82 40 2g 32p
LiveLong Nutrition
£16.21 33 3g 49p
MyProtein £12.99 250 2g 5p
(AllMax Nutrition Citrulline Malate 2:1 at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; LiveLong Nutrition Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; Myprotein, 2015; PrimaForce Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015)
WADA & Informed Sport
(Informed-sport.com, 2015; World Anti-Doping Agency, 2014)
WADA & Informed Sport
(AllMax Nutrition Citrulline Malate 2:1 at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; Informed-sport.com, 2015; LiveLong Nutrition Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; Myprotein, 2015; PrimaForce Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, 2015; World Anti-Doping Agency, 2014)
ConclusionsCM increases athletic performance in high intensity
anaerobic exercise with short rest periodsCM attenuates post exercise muscle sorenessCM enhances lactate clearance and fatigue recovery
of high performance athletes therefore avoiding symptoms associated with overtraining.
Rate of muscle oxidative ATP production during exercise increase with CM supplementation
Rate of PCr recovery after exercise increased with CM supplementation
(Wax et al., 2015; López-Cabral et al., 2012; Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010; Sureda et al., 2010; Nissim et al., 2003; Bendahan et al., 2002)
Type of Athlete that would benefit
Athletes looking to relieve post exercise muscle soreness
Intensive training or preparation engaging anaerobic metabolism resulting in increased lactate, ammonia and acidosis
High intensity anaerobic exercise with short rest periods such as;
1. Strength training2. Sprint sessions
(Wax et al., 2015; López-Cabral et al., 2012; Pérez-Guisado and Jakeman, 2010; Sureda et al., 2010; Nissim et al., 2003; Bendahan et al., 2002)
References AllMax Nutrition Citrulline Malate 2:1 at Bodybuilding.com, (2015). AllMax Nutrition Citrulline
Malate 2:1 at Bodybuilding.com. [online] Bodybuilding.com. Available at: http://uk.bodybuilding.com/store/allmax-nutrition/citrulline-malate-2-1.html?&_requestid=159765 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].
Bendahan, D., Mattei, J., Confort-Gouny, S., Le Guern, M. and Cozzone, P. (2002). Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(4), pp.282-289.
Informed-sport.com, (2015). Home | Informed-Sport. [online] Available at: http://informed-sport.com [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].
LiveLong Nutrition Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, (2015). LiveLong Nutrition Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com. [online] Bodybuilding.com. Available at: http://uk.bodybuilding.com/store/live/citrulline-malate.html?&_requestid=160020 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].
López-Cabral, J., Rivera-Cisneros, A., Rodríguez-Camacho, H., Sánchez-González, J., Serna-Sánchez, I. and Trejo-Trejo, M. (2012). Modification of fatigue indicators using citrulline malate for high performance endurance athletes. Rev Latinoamer Patol Clin, 59(4), pp.194-201.
Myprotein, (2015). Citrulline Malate. [online] Available at: http://www.myprotein.com/sports-nutrition/citrulline-malate/10529326.html?autocomplete=productsuggestion [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].
References Nissim, I., Horyn, O., Luhovyy, B., Lazarow, A., Daikhin, Y., Nissim, I. and Yudkoff, M.
(2003). Role of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction in furnishing aspartate nitrogen for urea synthesis: studies in perfused rat liver with 15N. Biochem. J., 376(1), p.179.
Pérez-Guisado, J. and Jakeman, P. (2010). Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), pp.1215-1222.
PrimaForce Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com, (2015). PrimaForce Citrulline Malate at Bodybuilding.com. [online] Bodybuilding.com. Available at: http://uk.bodybuilding.com/store/prima/citrullinemalate.html?&_requestid=159677 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].
Sureda, A., Córdova, A., Ferrer, M., Pérez, G., Tur, J. and Pons, A. (2010). l-Citrulline-malate influence over branched chain amino acid utilization during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol, 110(2), pp.341-351.
Wax, B., Kavazis, A., Weldon, K. and Sperlak, J. (2015). Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(3), pp.786-792.
World Anti-Doping Agency, (2014). Prohibited List. [online] Available at: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/science-medicine/prohibited-list [Accessed 25 Apr. 2015].