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The impact of Science Literacy delivery methods - what works?

Bibliography

Citizen Science | Group 7. Citizen Science

Ver. 2.00

Date: May 2019

Co-financed by Evergreen Education Foundation (EEF) and NIDA

Citizen Science | Group 7. Citizen Science 1

Introduction This thematic bibliography is the result of research to survey existing literature available on Science Literacy delivery methods.

The search was carried out by retrieving documents and articles from a wide range of sources, including research databases, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, subject databases, open access repositories etc. using keyword combinations.

The results of the resource discovery are divided into two groups: one containing impact assessments using qualitative, quantitative or mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative) approaches to data collection and a second including descriptive resources, which encompass, for example, reviews, guides, handbooks, reports and project reports.

This bibliography is work in progress and is not designed to be fully exhaustive or complete. We will be pleased to receive suggestions and recommendations for additions that can contribute to the understanding of science, its applications and, to the promotion of science literacy.

Groups and methods list During the first part of the Desk Research phase of this project (i.e. Task 1), the team identified 42 single-mechanism approaches, 2 composite approaches and 1 related approach that were relevant to the delivery and dissemination of scientific information. The list of single mechanisms was further organised into 7 thematic groups, as presented in the following Table.

Single mechanism approach Group

Exhibitions, Expo, Festivals, Movies, Picnics, Science fairs, Seminars, Talks, TED Talks, Theatre, Workshops

1. Events, meetings, performances

Colloquia, Courses, Curricula, E-learning, Webinars 2. Education and training – including online

Animations, Books, Brochures, Cartoons, Comics, Games, Graphics, Posters, Publications, Radio, Reports, TV, Videos

3. Traditional publishing and journalism – print and broadcast

Competitions, Experiments, Makerspaces, Mobile classrooms, Mobile laboratories

4. Activities and services

Blogs, E-books, E-zines, Mobile Apps, Podcasts, Social media, Websites, Wikis

5. Online interactions

Composite approaches

Multiliteracies

Multimodalities

Related approach

Citizen Science

Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Citizen Science | Group 7. Citizen Science 2

Impact Assessment Abu Amsha, Oula, Daniel K. Schneider, Jose Luis Fernandez-Marquez, Julien Da Costa, Brian Fuchs, and

Laure Kloetzer. 2016. “Data Analytics in Citizen Cyberscience: Evaluating Participant Learning and Engagement with Analytics.” Human Computation 3 (1): 135–45. https://doi.org/10.15346/hc.v3i1.5.

Ahmed, Syed M., Mia DeFino, Emily Connors, Alexis Visotcky, Anne Kissack, and Zeno Franco. 2017. “Science Cafés: Transforming Citizens to Scientific Citizens—What Influences Participants’ Perceived Change in Health and Scientific Literacy?” Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1 (02): 129–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2016.24.

Brossard, Dominique, Bruce Lewenstein, and Rick Bonney. 2005. “Scientific Knowledge and Attitude Change: The Impact of a Citizen Science Project.” International Journal of Science Education 27 (9): 1099–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690500069483.

Collins, Andrew. 2014. “Citizen Science in the Classroom: Assessing the Impact of an Urban Field Ecology Program on Learning Gains and Attitudes toward Science.” Master’s thesis, New Yoek: Columbia University. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D89P2ZTT.

Cox, Joe, Eun Young Oh, Brooke Simmons, Chris Lintott, Karen Masters, Anita Greenhill, Gary Graham, and Kate Holmes. 2015. “How Is Success Defined and Measured in Online Citizen Science? A Case Study of Zooniverse Projects.” Computing in Science & Engineering 17 (4): 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2015.65.

Crall, Alycia W., Rebecca Jordan, Kirstin Holfelder, Gregory J. Newman, Jim Graham, and Donald M. Waller. 2013. “The Impacts of an Invasive Species Citizen Science Training Program on Participant Attitudes, Behavior, and Science Literacy.” Public Understanding of Science 22 (6): 745–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662511434894.

Cronje, Ruth, Spencer Rohlinger, Alycia Crall, and Greg Newman. 2011. “Does Participation in Citizen Science Improve Scientific Literacy? A Study to Compare Assessment Methods.” Applied Environmental Education & Communication 10 (3): 135–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2011.603611.

Crowston, Kevin, and Nathan R. Prestopnik. 2013. “Motivation and Data Quality in a Citizen Science Game: A Design Science Evaluation.” In 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 450–59. Wailea, HI, USA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.413.

Den Broeder, Lea, Lidwien Lemmens, Serfanim Uysal, Karin Kauw, Jitske Weekenborg, Michaela Schönenberger, Simone Klooster-Kwakkelstein, et al. 2017. “Public Health Citizen Science; Perceived Impacts on Citizen Scientists: A Case Study in a Low-Income Neighbourhood in the Netherlands.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.89.

Flagg, Barbara N. 2016. “Contribution of Multimedia to Girls’ Experience of Citizen Science.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 1 (2): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.51.

Jennett, Charlene, Laure Kloetzer, Daniel Schneider, Ioanna Iacovides, Anna Cox, Margaret Gold, Brian Fuchs, et al. 2016. “Motivations, Learning and Creativity in Online Citizen Science.” Journal of Science Communication 15 (03). https://doi.org/10.22323/2.15030205.

Jones, Megan. 2013. “The Impact of Citizen Science Activities on Participant Behaviour and Attitude.” Project Report. UK: TCV-The Conservation Volunteers. https://www.environment.gov.scot/media/1432/phase-2-report-the-impacts-of-citizen-science-activities-on-behaviours-and-attitudes.pdf.

Kreofsky, Tess. 2000. “Isn’t Citizen Science a Hoot? A Case-Study Exploring the Effectiveness of Citizen Science as an Instrument to Teach the Nature of Science through a Local Nocturnal Owl-Monitoring

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Project.” Master’s thesis, Portland, Oregon: Portland State University. Center for Science Education. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2641.

Land-Zandstra, Anne M., Jeroen L. A. Devilee, Frans Snik, Franka Buurmeijer, and Jos M. van den Broek. 2015. “Citizen Science on a Smartphone: Participants’ Motivations and Learning.” Public Understanding of Science 25 (1): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515602406.

Lorenz, Amy. 2016. “The Influence of a Citizen Science Project: Student Attitudes, Sense of Place, and Understanding of Science Practices.” Master’s thesis, Wyoming: University of Wyoming. https://repository.uwyo.edu/plan_b/45/.

Lynch, Louise, Jenny Dauer, Wayne Babchuk, Tiffany Heng-Moss, and Doug Golick. 2018. “In Their Own Words: The Significance of Participant Perceptions in Assessing Entomology Citizen Science Learning Outcomes Using a Mixed Methods Approach.” Insects 9 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9010016.

Masters, Karen, Eun Young Oh, Joe Cox, Brooke Simmons, Chris Lintott, Gary Graham, Anita Greenhill, and Kate Holmes. 2016. “Science Learning via Participation in Online Citizen Science.” JCOM:Journal of Science Communication 15 (03): 33. http://arxiv.org/abs/1601.05973.

Merenlender, Adina M., Alycia W. Crall, Sabrina Drill, Michelle Prysby, and Heidi Ballard. 2016. “Evaluating Environmental Education, Citizen Science, and Stewardship through Naturalist Programs: Naturalists and Citizen Science.” Conservation Biology 30 (6): 1255–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12737.

Mitchell, Nicola, Maggie Triska, Andrea Liberatore, Linden Ashcroft, Richard Weatherill, and Nancy Longnecker. 2017. “Benefits and Challenges of Incorporating Citizen Science into University Education.” Edited by Frank J. van Rijnsoever. PLOS ONE 12 (11): e0186285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186285.

Oliveira, Nigini, Eunice Jun, and Katharina Reinecke. 2017. “Citizen Science Opportunities in Volunteer-Based Online Experiments.” In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’17, 6800–6812. Denver, Colorado, USA: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025473.

Pitt, Aleksandra N. 2016. “U.S. Forest Service Citizen Science : Improving Monitoring Capacity, Ecological Literacy and Outreach.” Master’s thesis, Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. Libraries. https://mountainscholar.org/handle/10217/176693.

Prestopnik, Nathan R., and Kevin Crowston. 2012. “Citizen Science System Assemblages: Understanding the Technologies That Support Crowdsourced Science.” In Proceedings of the 2012 IConference on - IConference ’12, 168–76. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/2132176.2132198.

Price, C. Aaron, and Hee-Sun Lee. 2013. “Changes in Participants’ Scientific Attitudes and Epistemological Beliefs during an Astronomical Citizen Science Project: CITIZEN SCIENCE LITERACY.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 50 (7): 773–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21090.

Roetman, Philip. 2013. “The ‘Citizen’ in Citizen Science: The Research, Education and Engagement of a Program Based on Local Wildlife Species In.” PhD thesis, Adelaide: School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia. http://search.ror.unisa.edu.au/media/researcharchive/open/9915951991401831/53111873870001831.

Roetman, Philip, and Christopher Daniels. 2011. The Benefits of Citizen Science in Research, Education and Community Engagement. Adelaide, Australia: Crawford Houe Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323998166_The_benefits_of_citizen_science_in_research_education_and_community_engagement.

Rohlinger, Spencer. 2010. “A New Instrument to Assess Scientific Literacy of Citizen Scientists.” Poster, April. http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1793/47326.

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Ruiz-Mallén, Isabel, Livio Riboli-Sasco, Claire Ribrault, María Moreno-De Las Heras, Daniel Laguna, and Leïla Perié. 2016. “Citizen Science , Engagement and Transformative Learning : A Study of the Co-Construction of a Neuroscience Research Project in Catalonia.” Science Communication 38 (4): 523–34. http://hdl.handle.net/10609/54784.

Starr, Jared, Charles M. Schweik, Nathan Bush, Lena Fletcher, Jack Finn, Jennifer Fish, and Charles T. Bargeron. 2014. “Lights, Camera…Citizen Science: Assessing the Effectiveness of Smartphone-Based Video Training in Invasive Plant Identification.” Edited by David L. Roberts. PLoS ONE 9 (11): e111433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111433.

Toomey, Anne H., and Margret C. Domroese. 2013. “Can Citizen Science Lead to Positive Conservation Attitudes and Behaviors?” Human Ecology Review 20 (1): 50–62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707571.

Universidad Azteca, MEXICO, and Jacinta A. Opara. 2013. “The Potential for Citizen Science to Improve High School Students’ Sense of Self-Efficacy with Regards to Marine Conservation.” European Journal of Health and Biology Education 2 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.20897/lectito.201301.

Vitone, Tyler, Kathryn Stofer, M. Sedonia Steininger, Jiri Hulcr, Robert Dunn, and Andrea Lucky. 2016. “School of Ants Goes to College: Integrating Citizen Science into the General Education Classroom Increases Engagement with Science.” Journal of Science Communication 15 (01): 24. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.15010203.

Wright, Dale. 2011. “Evaluating a Citizen Science Research Programme: Understanding the People Who Make It Possible.” Master’s thesis, South Africa: Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town. http://www.adu.org.za/pdf/Wright_D_2011_MSc_thesis.pdf.

Descriptive Resources Aceves‐Bueno, Eréndira, Adeyemi S. Adeleye, Marina Feraud, Yuxiong Huang, Mengya Tao, Yi Yang, and

Sarah E. Anderson. 2017. “The Accuracy of Citizen Science Data: A Quantitative Review.” The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 98 (4): 278–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1336.

Aristeidou, Maria, Eileen Scanlon, and Mike Sharples. 2013. “A Design-Based Study of Citizen Inquiry for Geology.” In , 7. Paphos, Cyprus. https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.1.1265.4324.

Averett, Nancy. 2017. “New Blood: The Promise of Environmental Health Citizen Science Projects.” Environmental Health Perspectives 125 (12): 8. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3068.

Bain, Robert. 2016. “Citizen Science and Statistics: Playing a Part.” Significance 13 (1): 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00877.x.

Baker, Beth. 2016. “Frontiers of Citizen ScienceExplosive Growth in Low-Cost Technologies Engage the Public in Research.” BioScience 66 (11): 921–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw120.

Ballard, Heidi L., Colin G.H. Dixon, and Emily M. Harris. 2017. “Youth-Focused Citizen Science: Examining the Role of Environmental Science Learning and Agency for Conservation.” Biological Conservation 208 (April): 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.024.

Barone, Ted. 2016. “The Art & Science of Citizen Science.” Project website. INaturalist.Org. September 10, 2016. https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/7182-the-art-science-of-citizen-science-draft.

Bela, Györgyi, Taru Peltola, Juliette C. Young, Bálint Balázs, Isabelle Arpin, György Pataki, Jennifer Hauck, et al. 2016. “Learning and the Transformative Potential of Citizen Science: Lessons from the Study of Nature.” Conservation Biology 30 (5): 990–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12762.

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Beza, Eskender Andualem. 2017. “Citizen Science and Remote Sensing for Crop Yield Gap Analysis.” PhD thesis, Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University. Wageningen University & Research - Library. http://edepot.wur.nl/420049.

Beza, Eskender, Jonathan Steinke, Jacob van Etten, Pytrik Reidsma, Carlo Fadda, Sarika Mittra, Prem Mathur, and Lammert Kooistra. 2017. “What Are the Prospects for Citizen Science in Agriculture? Evidence from Three Continents on Motivation and Mobile Telephone Use of Resource-Poor Farmers.” Edited by D G Rossiter. PLOS ONE 12 (5): e0175700. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175700.

Bonney, Rick, Caren B. Cooper, Janis Dickinson, Steve Kelling, Tina Phillips, Kenneth V. Rosenberg, and Jennifer Shirk. 2009. “Citizen Science: A Developing Tool for Expanding Science Knowledge and Scientific Literacy.” BioScience 59 (11): 977–84. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.9.

Bonney, Rick, Caren Cooper, and Heidi Ballard. 2016. “The Theory and Practice of Citizen Science: Launching a New Journal.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 1 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.65.

Bonney, Rick, Tina B. Phillips, Heidi L. Ballard, and Jody W. Enck. 2016. “Can Citizen Science Enhance Public Understanding of Science?” Public Understanding of Science 25 (1): 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515607406.

Borrell, Y. J., A. M. Muñoz-Colmenero, E. Dopico, L. Miralles, and E. Garcia-Vazquez. 2016. “Food Control and a Citizen Science Approach for Improving Teaching of Genetics in Universities.” Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education: A Bimonthly Publication of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 44 (5): 450–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.20971.

Bradshaw, Elizabeth S., Rebecca M. Goulter, Benjamin Chapman, and Lee-Ann Jaykus. 2017. “The Go Noroviral Experiment: An Interactive Citizen Science Teaching Tool for Modeling Norovirus Transmission.” Food Protection Trends 37 (4): 240–46. http://www.foodprotection.org/publications/food-protection-trends/archive/2017-07-the-go-noroviral-experiment-an-interactive-citizen-science-teaching-tool-for-modeling-norovi/.

Brouwer, Stijn, Paul van der Wielen, Merijn Schriks, Maarten Claassen, Jos Frijns, Stijn Brouwer, Paul W. J. J. van der Wielen, Merijn Schriks, Maarten Claassen, and Jos Frijns. 2018. “Public Participation in Science: The Future and Value of Citizen Science in the Drinking Water Research.” Water 10 (3): 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10030284.

Brown, Azby, Pieter Franken, Sean Bonner, Nick Dolezal, and Joe Moross. 2016. “Safecast: Successful Citizen-Science for Radiation Measurement and Communication after Fukushima.” Journal of Radiological Protection: Official Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection 36 (2): S82–101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/36/2/S82.

Buytaert, Wouter, Zed Zulkafli, Sam Grainger, Luis Acosta, Tilashwork C. Alemie, Johan Bastiaensen, Bert De Bièvre, et al. 2014. “Citizen Science in Hydrology and Water Resources: Opportunities for Knowledge Generation, Ecosystem Service Management, and Sustainable Development.” Frontiers in Earth Science 2 (October): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00026.

California Academy of Sciences. 2009. “Assessment Rubric for Describing Impacts of Citizen Science Engagement with Students.” California Academy of Sciences. https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/assessment_rubric_for_describing_impacts.pdf.

Catlin-Groves, Christina L. 2012. “The Citizen Science Landscape: From Volunteers to Citizen Sensors and Beyond.” International Journal of Zoology 2012: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/349630.

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Cavalier, Darlene, and Eric B. Kennedy. 2016. The Rightful Place of Science: Citizen Science. Consortium for Science, Policy, & Outcomes. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305489010_The_Rightful_Place_of_Science_Citizen_Science.

Chalker-Scott, Linda, and Catherine Daniels. 2016. “Scientific Literacy for the Citizen Scientist.” Manual. Washington State Universoty. http://pubs.wsu.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=15830&SeriesCode=&CategoryID=253&Keyword=.

Chandler, Mark, Linda See, Kyle Copas, Astrid M. Z. Bonde, Bernat Claramunt López, Finn Danielsen, Jan Kristoffer Legind, et al. 2017. “Contribution of Citizen Science towards International Biodiversity Monitoring.” Biological Conservation, SI:Measures of biodiversity, 213 (September): 280–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.09.004.

Chess, Caron, and Kristen Purcell. 1999. “Public Participation and the Environment: Do We Know What Works?” Environmental Science & Technology 33 (16): 2685–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980500g.

Chu, Joan Frances. 2017. “Citizen Science: Bridging the Gap Between People and Policy.” Master’s thesis, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. https://hdl.handle.net/1813/54750.

Cigliano, John A., Ryan Meyer, Heidi L. Ballard, Amy Freitag, Tina B. Phillips, and Ann Wasser. 2015. “Making Marine and Coastal Citizen Science Matter.” Ocean & Coastal Management 115 (October): 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.012.

Collins, Andrew, Krista Doersch, Rebecca Johnson, Clea Matson, and Alison Young. 2015. “Citizen Science Toolkit. Teaching Science through Citizen Science.” California Academy of Sciences. https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/cascitizensciencetoolkit_forweb_v2.pdf.

Conrad, Cathy C., and Krista G. Hilchey. 2011. “A Review of Citizen Science and Community-Based Environmental Monitoring: Issues and Opportunities.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176 (1): 273–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1582-5.

Constant, Natasha, and Liz Roberts. 2017. “Narratives as a Mode of Research Evaluation in Citizen Science: Understanding Broader Science Communication Impacts.” Journal of Science Communication 16 (04): 18. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.16040203.

Cooper, Caren. 2012. “Links and Distinctions Among Citizenship, Science, and Citizen Science. A Reponse to ‘The Future of Citizen Science.’” Democracy and Education 20 (2): 4. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/home/vol20/iss2/13.

Cooper, Caren, Janis Dickinson, Tina Phillips, and Rick Bonney. 2007. “Citizen Science as a Tool for Conservation in Residential Ecosystems.” Ecology and Society 12 (2): 11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02197-120211.

Cooper, Caren, Jennifer Shirk, and Benjamin Zuckerberg. 2014. “The Invisible Prevalence of Citizen Science in Global Research: Migratory Birds and Climate Change.” PLOS ONE 9 (9): e106508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106508.

Cuellar-Ramirez, Palmira, and Maria Daniela Castillo-Castillo. 2018. “Citizen Science to Understanding Climate Change: Science-Based Evidence for Decision Making in Latin America.” Poster presented at the IPCC Cities Conference, Edmonton, Canada, March. https://citiesipcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Cuellar.pdf.

Cunha, Davi G.F., Jonatas F. Marques, Juliana C. De Resende, PatríCia B. De Falco, Chrislaine M. De Souza, and Steven A. Loiselle. 2017. “Citizen Science Participation in Research in the Environmental Sciences: Key Factors Related to Projects’ Success and Longevity.” Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 89 (3 suppl): 2229–45. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160548.

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Curtis, Vickie. 2014. “Online Citizen Science Games: Opportunities for the Biological Sciences.” Applied & Translational Genomics, Global Sharing of Genomic Knowledge in a Free Market, 3 (4): 90–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atg.2014.07.001.

Davies, Linda, Roger Fradera, Hauke Riesch, and Poppy Lakeman-Fraser. 2016. “Surveying the Citizen Science Landscape: An Exploration of the Design, Delivery and Impact of Citizen Science through the Lens of the Open Air Laboratories (OPAL) Programme.” BMC Ecology 16 (Supp1): 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-016-0066-z.

Del Savio, Lorenzo, Barbara Prainsack, and Alena Buyx. 2016. “Crowdsourcing the Human Gut. Is Crowdsourcing Also ‘Citizen Science’?” Journal of Science Communication 15 (3): A03. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.15030203.

Den Broeder, J. M. 2017. “Citizen Science for Health in All Policies: Engaging Communities in Knowledge Development.” PhD thesis, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Vrije Universiteit. http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/handle/1871/55353.

Den Broeder, Lea, Jeroen Devilee, Hans Van Oers, A. Jantine Schuit, and Annemarie Wagemakers. 2018. “Citizen Science for Public Health.” Health Promotion International 33 (3): 505–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw086.

Dickinson, Janis L, Jennifer Shirk, David Bonter, Rick Bonney, Rhiannon L Crain, Jason Martin, Tina Phillips, and Karen Purcell. 2012. “The Current State of Citizen Science as a Tool for Ecological Research and Public Engagement.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (6): 291–97. https://doi.org/10.1890/110236.

Domroese, Margret C., and Elizabeth A. Johnson. 2017. “Why Watch Bees? Motivations of Citizen Science Volunteers in the Great Pollinator Project.” Biological Conservation 208 (April): 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.020.

Duke University. 2013. “Citizen Science Increases Environmental Awareness, Advocacy.” Science Research News. ScienceDaily. December 3, 2013. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141203161128.htm.

ECSA. 2016. “A Collection of Citizen Science Guidelines and Publications.” European Citizen Science Association (ECSA). October 5, 2016. https://ecsa.citizen-science.net/blog/collection-citizen-science-guidelines-and-publications.

Eitzel, M. V., Jessica L. Cappadonna, Chris Santos-Lang, Ruth Ellen Duerr, Arika Virapongse, Sarah Elizabeth West, Christopher Conrad Maximillian Kyba, et al. 2017. “Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.96.

Ellwood, Elizabeth. 2017. “How Citizen Science Is Helping Solve Conservation Problems.” Elsevier-Ecological Economics. https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-economics.

English, P.B., M.J. Richardson, and C. Garzón-Galvis. 2018. “From Crowdsourcing to Extreme Citizen Science: Participatory Research for Environmental Health.” Annual Review of Public Health 39 (1): 335–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013702.

Etten, Jacob Van, Eskender Beza, Lluís Calderer, Kees Van Duijvendijk, Carlo Fadda, Basazen Fantahun, Yosef Gebrehawaryat Kidane, et al. 2016. “First Experiences with a Novel Farmer Citizen Science Approach: Crowdsourcing Participatory Variety Selection through on-Farm Triadic Comparisons of Technologies (Tricot).” Experimental Agriculture, December, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479716000739.

European Marine Board. 2017. “Advancing Citizen Science for Coastal and Ocean Research.” European Marine Board Position Paper 23. Ostend, Belgium: European Marine Board. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-29.

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Eyerer, Peter. 2017. “Does Citizen Science Improve the Results?” Forum. ResearchGate. 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/post/Does_Citizen_Science_improve_the_results.

Fairclough, D. V., J. I. Brown, B. J. Carlish, B. M. Crisafulli, and I. S. Keay. 2014. “Breathing Life into Fisheries Stock Assessments with Citizen Science.” Scientific Reports, Article No 7249., 4 (November): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep07249.

Fauver, Brian M. 2017. “Is Citizen Science Worth It? : Economic Decision Making of Natural Resource Managers.” Master’s thesis, Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. https://mountainscholar.org/handle/10217/178962.

Fritz, Steffen, Cidália Fonte, and Linda See. 2017. “The Role of Citizen Science in Earth Observation.” Remote Sensing 9 (4): 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040357.

Galbraith, Mel, Barbara Bollard-Breen, and David Towns. 2016. “The Community-Conservation Conundrum: Is Citizen Science the Answer?” Land 5 (4): 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5040037.

Gallo, Travis, and Damon Waitt. 2011. “Creating a Successful Citizen Science Model to Detect and Report Invasive Species.” BioScience 61 (6): 459–65. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.8.

Ganzevoort, Wessel, Riyan J. G. van den Born, Willem Halffman, and Sander Turnhout. 2017. “Sharing Biodiversity Data: Citizen Scientists’ Concerns and Motivations.” Biodiversity and Conservation 26 (12): 2821–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-017-1391-z.

Garbarino, Jeanne, and Christopher E. Mason. 2016. “The Power of Engaging Citizen Scientists for Scientific Progress.” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 17 (1): 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1052.

Ghilardi-Lopes, Natalia. 2015. “Citizen Science Combined with Environmental Education Can Be a Powerful Tool for Coastal-Marine Management.” Journal of Coastal Zone Management 18: 407. https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350.1000407.

Golumbic, Yaela Naomi. 2015. “What Makes Citizen Science Projects Successful, and What Can We Learn from Them for Future Projects.” Technion Citizen Science Project (TCSP) Report, 1–56. https://ayeletlab.net.technion.ac.il/files/2015/11/final-virsion1.pdf.

Gommerman, Luke, and Martha C Monroe. 2017. “Lessons Learned from Evaluations of Citizen Science Programs.” FOR291, School of Forest Resources and Conservation Department, UF/IFAS Extension, , October, 5. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr359.

Grason, Emily, Sean McDonald, Jeff Adams, Kate Litle, Jude Apple, and Allen Pleus. 2018. “Citizen Science Program Detects Range Expansion of the Globally Invasive European Green Crab in Washington State (USA).” Management of Biological Invasions 9 (1): 39–47. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2018.9.1.04.

Gray, Steven, Kristina Nicosia, and Rebecca Jordan. 2012. “Lessons Learned from Citizen Science in the Classroom. A Response to ‘The Future of Citizen Science.’” Democracy and Education 20 (2): 5. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/home/vol20/iss2/14.

Grey, François, Daniel Wyler, and Judith Fröhlich. 2016. “Citizen Science at Universities: Trends, Guidelines and Recommendations.” Advice Paper 20. Belgium: League of European Research Universities. https://www.rri-tools.eu/-/citizen-science-at-universities-trends-guidelines-and-recommendatio-1.

Groulx, Mark, Marie Claire Brisbois, Christopher J. Lemieux, Amanda Winegardner, and LeeAnn Fishback. 2017. “A Role for Nature-Based Citizen Science in Promoting Individual and Collective Climate Change Action? A Systematic Review of Learning Outcomes.” Science Communication 39 (1): 45–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547016688324.

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Haklay, Muki. 2015. “Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective.” The Wodrow Wilson Center, Commons Lab, Case Study Series, 4: 76. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Policy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf.

Hecker, Susanne, Rick Bonney, Muki Haklay, Franz Hölker, Heribert Hofer, Claudia Goebel, Margaret Gold, et al. 2018. “Innovation in Citizen Science – Perspectives on Science-Policy Advances.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 3 (1): 4. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.114.

Herodotou, Christothea, Mike Sharples, and Eileen Scanlon. 2017. “Introducing Citizen Inquiry.” In Citizen Inquiry: Synthesising Science and Inquiry Learning, edited by Christothea Herodotou, Mike Sharples, and Eileen Scanlon, 6. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Citizen-Inquiry-Synthesising-Science-and-Inquiry-Learning/Herodotou-Sharples-Scanlon/p/book/9781138208698.

Hiller, Suzanne E. 2016. “The Validation of the Citizen Science Self-Efficacy Scale (CSSES).” The International Journal of Environmental and Science Education 11 (5): 543–58. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijese.2016.405a.

Jenkins, E. W. 1999. “School Science, Citizenship and the Public Understanding of Science.” International Journal of Science Education 21 (7): 703–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/095006999290363.

Jennings, Andrew. 2016. “Teaching Citizen Science in Your AP Classroom Using Technology.” Teacher Resources. Carolina.Com. April 2016. https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/teaching-citizen-science-in-your-ap-classroom-using-technology/tr37602.tr.

Jollymore, Ashlee, Morgan J. Haines, Terre Satterfield, and Mark S. Johnson. 2017. “Citizen Science for Water Quality Monitoring: Data Implications of Citizen Perspectives.” Journal of Environmental Management 200 (September): 456–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.083.

Kalmárová, Kristýna. 2016. “Citizen Science as an Educational Tool for Improving Scientific Literacy of Undergraduate Students.” In Information Literacy: Key to an Inclusive Society, edited by Serap Kurbanoğlu, Joumana Boustany, Sonja Špiranec, Esther Grassian, Diane Mizrachi, Loriene Roy, and Tolga Çakmak, 676:133–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52162-6_13.

Kasperowski, Dick, Christopher Kullenberg, and Åsa Mäkitalo. 2017. “Embedding Citizen Science in Research: Forms of Engagement, Scientific Output and Values for Science, Policy and Society.” SocArXiv Papers. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/tfsgh.

Kieslinger, Barbara, Teresa Schäfer, Florian Heigl, Daniel Dörler, Anett Richter, and Aletta Bonn. 2017. “The Challenge of Evaluation: An Open Framework for Evaluating Citizen Science Activities.” OSF, 31. https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/enzc9.

Kimura, Aya H., and Abby Kinchy. 2016. “Citizen Science: Probing the Virtues and Contexts of Participatory Research.” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 2 (December): 331. https://doi.org/10.17351/ests2016.99.

King, Abby C., Sandra J. Winter, Jylana L. Sheats, Lisa G. Rosas, Matthew P. Buman, Deborah Salvo, Nicole M. Rodriguez, et al. 2016. “Leveraging Citizen Science and Information Technology for Population Physical Activity Promotion.” Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine 1 (4): 30–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27525309.

Kloetzer, L., D. Schneider, C. Jennett, I. Iacovides, A. Eveleigh, A. L. Cox, and M. Gold. 2013. “Learning by Volunteer Computing, Thinking and Gaming: What and How Are Volunteers Learning by Participating in Virtual Citizen Science?” In ESREA 2013: Changing Configurations of Adult Education in Transitional Times Proceedings, 73–92. Linköping, Sweden: European Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ESREA). https://liu.se/esrea2013?l=en.

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Kobori, Hiromi, Janis L. Dickinson, Izumi Washitani, Ryo Sakurai, Tatsuya Amano, Naoya Komatsu, Wataru Kitamura, et al. 2016. “Citizen Science: A New Approach to Advance Ecology, Education, and Conservation.” Ecological Research 31 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1314-y.

Koch, Julian, and Simon Stisen. 2017. “Citizen Science: A New Perspective to Advance Spatial Pattern Evaluation in Hydrology.” PLOS ONE 12 (5): e0178165. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178165.

Lakeman-Fraser, Poppy, Laura Gosling, Andy J. Moffat, Sarah E. West, Roger Fradera, Linda Davies, Maxwell A. Ayamba, and René van der Wal. 2016. “To Have Your Citizen Science Cake and Eat It? Delivering Research and Outreach through Open Air Laboratories (OPAL).” BMC Ecology 16 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-016-0065-0.

Lawson, Becki, Silviu O. Petrovan, and Andrew A. Cunningham. 2015. “Citizen Science and Wildlife Disease Surveillance.” EcoHealth 12 (4): 693–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1054-z.

Lee, Stuart, and Wolff-Michael Roth. 2003. “Science and the ‘Good Citizen’: Community-Based Scientific Literacy.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 28 (3): 403–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243903028003003.

Leibovici, Didier, Jamie Williams, Julian Rosser, Crona Hodges, Colin Chapman, Chris Higgins, Mike Jackson, et al. 2017. “Earth Observation for Citizen Science Validation, or Citizen Science for Earth Observation Validation? The Role of Quality Assurance of Volunteered Observations.” Data 2 (4): 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/data2040035.

Lewandowski, Eva, Wendy Caldwell, Dane Elmquist, and Karen Oberhauser. 2017. “Public Perceptions of Citizen Science.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.77.

Lewenstein, Bruce. 2004. “What Does Citizen Science Accomplish.” In Meeting on Citizen Science. Paris, France. https://hdl.handle.net/1813/37362.

———. 2016. “Can We Understand Citizen Science?” Journal of Science Communication 15 (1): 5. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.15010501.

Liu, Hai-Ying, Sonja Grossberndt, and Mike Kobernus. 2017. “Citizen Science and Citizens’ Observatories: Trends, Roles, Challenges and Development Needs for Science and Environmental Governance. Citizen Science and Citizens’ Observatories: Trends, Roles, Challenges and Development Needs for Science and Environmental Governance.” In Mapping and the Citizen Sensor, Chapter 15. Ubiquity Press. https://doi.org/10.5334/bbf.

Louv, Richard, and John W. Fitzpatrick. 2012. Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research. Edited by Janis L. Dickinson and Rick Bonney. 1st ed. Cornell University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7v7pp.

MacDonald, Elizabeth A., Eric Donovan, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Nathan A. Case, D. Megan Gillies, Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, William E. Archer, et al. 2018. “New Science in Plain Sight: Citizen Scientists Lead to the Discovery of Optical Structure in the Upper Atmosphere.” Science Advances 4 (3): eaaq0030. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaq0030.

Malek, Robert, Clara Tattoni, Marco Ciolli, Stefano Corradini, Daniele Andreis, Aya Ibrahim, Valerio Mazzoni, et al. 2018. “Coupling Traditional Monitoring and Citizen Science to Disentangle the Invasion of Halyomorpha Halys.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7 (5): 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050171.

Martin, Victoria Y., Leslie Christidis, and Gretta T. Pecl. 2016. “Public Interest in Marine Citizen Science: Is There Potential for Growth?” BioScience 66 (8): 683–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw070.

McGreavy, Bridie, Aram J. K. Calhoun, Jessica Jansujwicz, and Vanessa Levesque. 2016. “Citizen Science and Natural Resource Governance: Program Design for Vernal Pool Policy Innovation.” Ecology and Society 21 (2): 11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08437-210248.

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McKinley, Duncan C., Abraham J. Miller-Rushing, Heidi L. Ballard, Rick Bonney, Hutch Brown, Daniel M. Evans, Rebecca A. French, et al. 2015. “Investing in Citizen Science Can Improve Natural Resource Management and Environmental Protection.” Issues in Ecology 19: 27. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70159470.

McQuillan, Dan. 2014. “The Countercultural Potential of Citizen Science.” M/C Journal 17 (6). http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/919.

Memarsadeghi, N. 2015. “Citizen Science [Guest Editors’ Introduction].” Computing in Science Engineering 17 (4): 8–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2015.72.

Meyer, Nathan J., Siri Scott, Andrea Lorek Strauss, Pamela L. Nippolt, Karen S. Oberhauser, and Robert B. Blair. 2014. “Citizen Science as a REAL Environment for Authentic Scientific Inquiry.” Journal of Extension 52 (4). https://joe.org/joe/2014august/iw3.php.

Miczajka, Victoria L., Alexandra-Maria Klein, and Gesine Pufal. 2015. “Elementary School Children Contribute to Environmental Research as Citizen Scientists.” PLOS ONE 10 (11): e0143229. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143229.

Minkman, Ellen, Maarten van der Sanden, and Martine Rutten. 2017. “Practitioners’ Viewpoints on Citizen Science in Water Management: A Case Study in Dutch Regional Water Resource Management.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21 (1): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-153-2017.

Morii, Yuta, and Takafumi Nakano. 2017. “Citizen Science Reveals the Present Range and a Potential Native Predator of the Invasive Slug Limax Maximus Linnæus, 1758 in Hokkaido, Japan.” BioInvasions Records 6 (3): 181–86. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.3.01.

Morrow, Anthony. 2013. “The Impact of Citizen Science Activities on Participant Behaviour and Attitude: Review of Existing Studies.” UK: TCV-The Conservation Volunteers. https://www.tcv.org.uk/sites/default/files/172/files/TheImpactofCitizenScienceactivitiesonparticipantbehaviourandattitude.pdf.

Morzy, Mikołaj. 2015. “ICT Services for Open and Citizen Science.” World Wide Web 18 (4): 1147–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-014-0303-3.

Mueller, Michael, Deborah Tippins, and Lynn Bryan. 2012. “The Future of Citizen Science.” Democracy and Education 20 (1): 12. https://democracyeducationjournal.org/home/vol20/iss1/2.

NASA. 2018. “New Citizen Science Projects Funded for Earth Studies.” News article. NASA. April 16, 2018. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-citizen-science-projects-funded-for-earth-studies.

Nascimento, Susana, Ângela Guimarães Pereira, and Ghezzi Alessia. 2015. “From Citizen Science to DIY Science.” JRC Science and Policy Report. JRC Science and Policy Reports. Joint Research Centre. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/citizen-science-do-it-yourself-science-annotated-account-going-movement.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. 2018. Learning Through Citizen Science: Enhancing Opportunities by Design. Washington, D.C.: The National Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25183.

Newman, Greg, Andrea Wiggins, Alycia Crall, Eric Graham, Sarah Newman, and Kevin Crowston. 2012. “The Future of Citizen Science: Emerging Technologies and Shifting Paradigms.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10 (6): 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1890/110294.

Paige, Kathryn, Robert Hattam, and Christopher Daniels. 2015. “Two Models for Implementing Citizen Science Projects in Middle School.” Journal of Educational Enquiry 14 (2): 4–17. https://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/EDEQ/article/view/942/792.

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Palmer, John R. B., Aitana Oltra, Francisco Collantes, Juan Antonio Delgado, Javier Lucientes, Sarah Delacour, Mikel Bengoa, Roger Eritja, and Frederic Bartumeus. 2017. “Citizen Science Provides a Reliable and Scalable Tool to Track Disease-Carrying Mosquitoes.” Nature Communications 8 (1): 916. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00914-9.

Parsons, Arielle Waldstein, Christine Goforth, Robert Costello, and Roland Kays. 2018. “The Value of Citizen Science for Ecological Monitoring of Mammals.” PeerJ 6 (March): e4536. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4536.

Pecl, Gretta, Chris Gillies, Carla Sbrocchi, and Philip Roetman. 2015. “Building Australia through Citizen Science.” Australian Government-Occasional Paper Series, no. 11 (July): 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320052944_Building_Australia_through_citizen_science.

Phillips, T.B., M. Ferguson, M. Minarchek, N. Porticella, and R. Bonney. 2014. “User’s Guide for Evaluating Learning Outcomes in Citizen Science.” User Guide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citscitoolkit/evaluation.

Pocock, Michael J. O., John C. Tweddle, Joanna Savage, Lucy D. Robinson, and Helen E. Roy. 2017. “The Diversity and Evolution of Ecological and Environmental Citizen Science.” PLOS ONE 12 (4): e0172579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172579.

Pollard, Georgia, Philip Roetman, and James Ward. 2017. “The Case for Citizen Science in Urban Agriculture Research.” Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society 5 (3): 9–20. http://futureoffoodjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/298.

Reeves, Neal, Ramine Tinati, Sergej Zerr, Max G. Van Kleek, and Elena Simperl. 2017. “From Crowd to Community: A Survey of Online Community Features in Citizen Science Projects.” In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 2137–2152. CSCW ’17. New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998302.

Reis, Stefan, Hilary Cowie, Kerry Riddell, Sean Semple, Susanne Steinle, Andrew Apsley, and Helen Roy. 2013. “Urban Air Quality Citizen Science. Phase 1: Review of Methods and Projects.” Project Report. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/507911.

Resnik, David B., Kevin C. Elliott, and Aubrey K. Miller. 2015. “A Framework for Addressing Ethical Issues in Citizen Science.” Environmental Science & Policy 54 (December): 475–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.008.

Riesch, Hauke, Clive Potter, and Linda Davies. 2013. “Combining Citizen Science and Public Engagement: The Open Air Laboratories Programme.” Journal of Science Communication 12 (3): 36. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.12030203.

Robertson, Colin. 2015. “Whitepaper on Citizen Science for Environmental Research.” Technical Report. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317489752_Whitepaper_on_Citizen_Science_for_Environmental_Research.

Roman, Lara A., Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Johan P.A. Östberg, Lee S. Mueller, Jason G. Henning, Andrew K. Koeser, Jessica R. Sanders, Daniel R. Betz, and Rebecca C. Jordan. 2017. “Data Quality in Citizen Science Urban Tree Inventories.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 22 (March): 124–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.02.001.

Rowbotham, Samantha, Merryn McKinnon, Joan Leach, Rod Lamberts, and Penelope Hawe. 2017. “Does Citizen Science Have the Capacity to Transform Population Health Science?” Critical Public Health Online0 (November): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2017.1395393.

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Roy, H. E., M. J. O. Pocock, C. D. Preston, D. B. Roy, J. Savage, J. C. Tweddle, and L. D. Robinson. 2012. “Understanding Citizen Science and Environmental Monitoring: Final Report on Behalf of UK Environmental Observation Framework.” Publication - Report. Wallingford, UK: UK Environmental Observation Framework. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/20679/.

Sagarra, Oleguer, Mario Gutiérrez-Roig, Isabelle Bonhoure, and Josep Perelló. 2016. “Citizen Science Practices for Computational Social Science Research: The Conceptualization of Pop-Up Experiments.” Frontiers in Physics 3 (Article 93): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2015.00093.

Salk, Carl F., Tobias Sturn, Linda See, Steffen Fritz, and Christoph Perger. 2016. “Assessing Quality of Volunteer Crowdsourcing Contributions: Lessons from the Cropland Capture Game.” International Journal of Digital Earth 9 (4): 410–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2015.1039609.

Savage, Amy F. 2014. “Science Literacy: A Key to Unlocking a Fully Engaged Citizenry.” Online magazine. Diversity & Democracy. August 14, 2014. https://www.aacu.org/diversitydemocracy/2014/summer/savage.

Sayer, Jeffrey, Chris Margules, Iris Bohnet, Agni Boedhihartono, Ray Pierce, Allan Dale, Kate Andrews, et al. 2015. “The Role of Citizen Science in Landscape and Seascape Approaches to Integrating Conservation and Development.” Land 4 (4): 1200–1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/land4041200.

Sbrocchi, C. D. 2014. “Evaluating the Usefulness of Citizen Science for Natural Resource Management in Marine Environments.” Master’s thesis, Australia: University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Science. https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/24209.

Schläppy, Marie-Lise, Jennifer Loder, Jodi Salmond, Alexandra Lea, Angela J. Dean, and Chris M. Roelfsema. 2017. “Making Waves: Marine Citizen Science for Impact.” Frontiers in Marine Science 4 (May): 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00146.

Schröter, Matthias, Roland Kraemer, Martin Mantel, Nadja Kabisch, Susanne Hecker, Anett Richter, Veronika Neumeier, and Aletta Bonn. 2017. “Citizen Science for Assessing Ecosystem Services: Status, Challenges and Opportunities.” Ecosystem Services 28 (December): 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.017.

Shah, Harsh R., and Luis R. Martinez. 2016. “Current Approaches in Implementing Citizen Science in the Classroom.” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 17 (1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1032.

Shelton, Ashley Murphy. 2013. “The Accuracy of Water Quality Monitoring Data : A Comparison between Citizen Scientists and Professionals.” Master’s thesis, Halifax, Nova Scotia: St Mary’s University. http://library2.smu.ca/handle/01/25027.

Sheppard, S. Andrew, Julian Turner, Jacob Thebault-Spieker, Haiyi Zhu, and Loren Terveen. 2017. “Never Too Old, Cold or Dry to Watch the Sky: A Survival Analysis of Citizen Science Volunteerism.” Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 1 (CSCW): 94:1–94:21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134729.

Shirk, J., and R. Bonney. 2015. “Citizen Science Framework Review: Informing a Framework for Citizen Science within the US Fish and Wildlife Service.” Review. Ithaca,NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/56072?Reference=52383.

Smith, Elta, Sarah Parks, Salil Gunashekar, Catherine Lichten, Anna Knack, and Catriona Manville. 2017. Open Science: The Citizen’s Role and Contribution to Research. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. https://doi.org/10.7249/PE246.

Steinke, Jonathan, Jacob van Etten, and Pablo Mejía Zelan. 2017. “The Accuracy of Farmer-Generated Data in an Agricultural Citizen Science Methodology.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 37 (4): 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0441-y.

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Stevens, M., M. Vitos, J. Altenbuchner, G. Conquest, J. Lewis, and M. Haklay. 2014. “Taking Participatory Citizen Science to Extremes.” IEEE Pervasive Computing 13 (2): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2014.37.

Stofer, Kathryn A. 2017. “Tools for Using Citizen Science in Environmental, Agricultural, and Natural Resources Extension Programs.” Journal of Extension 55 (2, Article 2TOT8). https://www.joe.org/joe/2017april/tt8.php.

Suomela, Todd. 2014. “Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science.” PhD thesis, Knoxville: University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2864.

Suomela, Todd, and Erica Johns. 2012. “Citizen Participation in the Biological Sciences: A Literature Review of Citizen Science.” Annual Research Symposium of the College of Communication and Information, November, 22. https://trace.tennessee.edu/ccisymposium/2012/poster/8.

Toft, Jason, Leska Fore, Todd Hass, Barbara Bennett, Linda Brubaker, David Brubaker, Casimir Rice, and Island County Beach Watchers. 2017. “A Framework to Analyze Citizen Science Data for Volunteers, Managers, and Scientists.” Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.100.

Toogood, Mark. 2013. “Engaging Publics: Biodiversity Data Collection and the Geographies of Citizen Science.” Geography Compass 7 (9): 611–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12067.

Tsueng, Ginger, Arun Kumar, Max Nanis, and Andrew I. Su. 2018. “Aligning Interests: Integrating Citizen Science Efforts into Schools Through Service Requirements.” BioRxiv, April, 304766. https://doi.org/10.1101/304766.

Van Vliet, Kim, and Claybourne Moore. 2016. “Citizen Science Initiatives: Engaging the Public and Demystifying Science.” Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 17 (1): 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1019.

Vaughan, Hague. 2007. “Citizen Science as a Catalyst in Bridging the Gap between Science and Decision-Makers.” In , 20. New York: Cornell Lab of Ornothology. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citscitoolkit/conference/proceeding-pdfs/Vaughan%202007%20CS%20Conference.pdf.

Vercayie, Diemer, and Marc Herremans. 2015. “Citizen Science and Smartphones Take Roadkill Monitoring to the next Level.” Nature Conservation 11 (July): 29–40. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.11.4439.

Wanda, Elijah M. M., Mtafu Manda, James Kushe, Orton Msiska, Chrispin Mphande, Dominic Kamlomo, and Jean Kaunda. 2017. “Using Citizen Science Approach to Monitor Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Related Risks in Karonga Town, Malawi.” African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11 (6): 304–23. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2017.2308.

Wiggins, A., and K. Crowston. 2011. “From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science.” In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1–10. Kauai, HI, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2011.207.

Windleharth, Travis. 2013. “More than Crowdsourcing Science: The Reasons for Museum Citizen Science Programs and How and Why They Change.” Master’s thesis, Washington D.C., USA: Universtiy of Washington. https://digital.lib.washington.edu:443/researchworks/handle/1773/23530.

Woolley, J. Patrick, Michelle L. McGowan, Harriet J. A. Teare, Victoria Coathup, Jennifer R. Fishman, Richard A. Settersten, Sigrid Sterckx, Jane Kaye, and Eric T. Juengst. 2016. “Citizen Science or Scientific Citizenship? Disentangling the Uses of Public Engagement Rhetoric in National Research Initiatives.” BMC Medical Ethics 17 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-016-0117-1.

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Xue, Katherine. 2013. “Popular Science: In the Internet Era, Research Moves from Professionals’ Labs to Amateurs’ Homes.” Harvard Magazine. December 16, 2013. https://harvardmagazine.com/2014/01/popular-science.

Zeng, Qing, Qian Wei, and Guangchun Lei. 2018. “Contribution of Citizen Science towards Cryptic Species Census: ‘Many Eyes’ Define Wintering Range of the Scaly-Sided Merganser in Mainland China.” Avian Research 9 (1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-018-0098-5.