Circulatory Systems In humans, blood returning to the heart from the lungs returns to: 1.the right...
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![Page 1: Circulatory Systems In humans, blood returning to the heart from the lungs returns to: 1.the right ventricle. 2.the right atrium. 3.the left ventricle.](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022102818/56649e4c5503460f94b40d2f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Circulatory Systems
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In humans, blood returning to the heart from the lungs returns to:
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1. the right ventricle.2. the right atrium.3. the left ventricle.4. the left atrium.5. both the left and
right sides of the heart.
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Systole refers to the contraction of the:
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9% 9%
0%0%
82%
1. major arteries.2. SA node.3. atria and
ventricles.4. left atrium.5. aorta.
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Mammals, birds and ______ have four chambered hearts.
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0% 0%
9%
64%
27%
1. fish and sharks2. snakes and lizards3. alligators and
lizards4. crocodiles an
alligators5. salamanders and
lizards
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Exchange of materials• Animal cells exchange material across
their cell membrane– fuels for energy – nutrients – oxygen – waste (urea, CO2)
• If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!– diffusion
• If you are many-celled that’s harder
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Overcoming limitations of diffusion
O2
CHO
CHO
aa
aa
CH
CO2
NH3aa
O2
CH
aa
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
NH3
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3NH3
O2
aa
CH
aa
CHO
O2
Minimizes the distance that substances must diffuse
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Open and closed circulatory systems differ in the size of the hearts used to pump
blood.
1 2
50%50%1. True2. False
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Animal Circulatory Systems• All animals have:– circulatory fluid = “blood”– tubes = blood vessels– muscular pump = heart
open closed
hemolymph blood
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Open circulatory system• invertebrates
• insects, arthropods, mollusks
• Structure– no separation
between blood & interstitial fluid • hemolymph
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Closed circulatory system• Invertebrates
• earthworms, squid, octopuses
• Vertebrates
• Structure– blood confined to vessels &
separate from interstitial fluid• 1 or more hearts• large vessels to smaller
vessels• material diffuses between
blood vessels & interstitial fluid
closed system = higher pressures
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Vertebrate circulatory system• Adaptations in closed system– number of heart chambers differs
4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure
What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
2 3 4
low pressureto body
low O2
to body
high pressure & high O2
to body
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Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
A A
VV V VV
A AAAA
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
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In which animal does aortic blood have less oxygen than blood in the pulmonary vein?
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50%
0% 0%
50%
0%
1. frog2. chicken3. monkey4. fish5. human
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Evolution of 4-chambered heart• Selective forces– increase body size
• protection from predation• bigger body = bigger stomach for herbivores
– endothermy• can colonize more habitats
– flight• decrease predation & increase prey capture
• Effect of higher metabolic rate– greater need for energy, fuels, O2,
waste removal• endothermic animals need 10x energy• need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells convergent
evolution
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Vertebrate cardiovascular system• Chambered heart– atrium = receive blood– ventricle = pump blood out
• Blood vessels– arteries = carry blood away from heart• arterioles
– veins = return blood to heart• venules
– capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion • capillary beds = networks of capillaries
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In a one-circuit pathway, blood pressure:
Is c
onstan
t thro
ughou...
Dro
ps si
gnifica
ntly a
f...
Is h
igher
in th
e in
test
in..
Brin
gs O2
rich b
lood
...
Does
not
occ
ur in
the.
..
33%
50%
0%0%
17%
A. Is constant throughout the system
B. Drops significantly after gas exchange has taken place
C. Is higher in the intestinal capillaries than at the gill capillaries
D. Brings O2 rich blood directly to the heart
E. Does not occur in the animal kingdom
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Mammalian Blood Flow
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Blood vessels
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
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Arteries: Built for high pressure pump• Arteries – thicker walls • provide strength for high pressure
pumping of blood
– narrower diameter– elasticity • elastic recoil helps
maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
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Veins: Built for low pressure flow• Veins– thinner-walled – wider diameter • blood travels back to heart
at low velocity & pressure• lower pressure– distant from heart– blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions
when we move » squeeze blood through veins
– valves• in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
Closed valve
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Capillaries: Built for exchange• Capillaries– very thin walls • lack 2 outer wall layers • only endothelium
– enhances exchange across capillary
– diffusion• exchange between blood &
cells
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Controlling blood flow to tissues• Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincters• supply varies as blood is needed• after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases• during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to
skeletal muscles
– capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
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Exchange across capillary walls
Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure• “bulk flow”
Arteriole
Bloodflow
Venule
Lymphaticcapillary
Interstitialfluid
Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic pressure in capillary
BP > OP BP < OP
15% fluid returns via lymph
85% fluid returns to capillaries
Capillary
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Mammaliancirculation
pulmonary
systemic
systemic
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Mammalian heart
Coronary arteries
to neck & head& arms
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Coronary arteries
bypass surgery
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AV
SL
AV
Heart valves• 4 valves in the heart– flaps of connective tissue– prevent backflow
• Atrioventricular (AV) valve – between atrium & ventricle– keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract• “lub”
• Semilunar valves– between ventricle & arteries– prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing• “dupp”
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AV
SL
AV
Lub-dupp, lub-dupp• Heart sounds – closing of valves– “Lub”
• recoil of blood against closed AV valves
– “Dupp”• recoil of blood against
semilunar valves
• Heart murmur– defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of
blood squirts backward through valve
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Cardiac cycle• 1 complete sequence of pumping– heart contracts & pumps– heart relaxes & chambers fill – contraction phase• systole• ventricles pumps blood out
– relaxation phase• diastole• atria refill with blood
systolic________diastolic
pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)
110
____
70
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Measurement of blood pressure
• High Blood Pressure (hypertension)– if top number (systolic pumping) > 150– if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90
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2008-2009
Bloody well asksome questions, already!
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