Circulatory system Premedical 26. The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to...
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Circulatory system
Premedical 26
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The circulatory system carries blood and dissolved substances to and from different places in the body.
The heart has the job of pumping these things around the body.
The heart pumps blood and substances around
the body in tubes called blood vessels.
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How does this system work?
lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
Left Right
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Lungs
Body cells
double circulatory systemlymphatic system
the right side of the
system
deals with
deoxygenated
blood.
the left side of the
system
deals with
oxygenated
blood.
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The Heart
These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.
This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.
Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
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Thoracic cavity
between the lungs and is contained in the
pericardial sac
• Epicardium – outer layer of heart wall
• Endocardium – inner layer that consists of
endothelial cells, which line the heart, covers the
heart valves, and lines the blood vessels.
• Myocardium – middle layer composed of cardiac
muscle.
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The Heart
left ventricle
left atriumright atrium
right ventricle
valve
Artery from lungs
artery to head and bodyvein to lungs
vein from head and body
valve
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The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called the
tricuspid valve because it has three leaflets (cusps).
The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the
bicuspid valve (or mitral valve) because it has two
leaflets.
the pulmonary valve
the aortic valve
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How does the heart work?
blood from the body
blood from the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
STEP ONE
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The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the heart work?
STEP TWO
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How does the heart work?
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.
The cycle then repeats itself.
STEP THREE
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Blood pressure
is a force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels.
During each heartbeat, BP varies between a maximum
(systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.
Systole is a phase where the myocardium is contracting in a
coordinated manner in response to an endogenous electrical
stimulus
Diastole is the period of time when the heart fills with blood
after systole.
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Classification of blood pressure for adults
Category systolic, mmHg diastolic, mmHg
Hypotension < 90 < 60
Normal 90 – 120 and 60 – 80
Prehypertension 121 – 139 or 81 – 89
Stage 1 Hypertension 140 – 159 or 90 – 99
Stage 2 Hypertension ≥ 160 or ≥ 100
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There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. ARTERY
b. VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
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The ARTERY
thick muscle and
elastic fibres
the elastic fibres allow
the artery to stretch
under pressure
the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.
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The VEIN
thin muscle and elastic fibres
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.
body muscles surround the veins so that when they contract to move the body, they also squeeze the veins and push the blood along the vessel.
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The CAPILLARY
the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.
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artery vein
capillariesbody cell
The CAPILLARYA collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bedcapillary bed.
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The semi-permeable membrane
of capillary walls allows
nutrients, oxygen, and water
to diffuse from the blood to the tissues.
Waste products, like
carbon dioxide, diffuse from the tissues
into the blood.
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• Veins have valves
prevent the blood from reversing flow
the return flow of blood to the heart when blood
pressure is low
• the aorta, the largest artery in the body
• blood from the stomach, pancreas, small
intestine, and spleen goes through the liver for
filtration
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This portion of the systemic system is known as the
hepatic portal system.
The gastric vein (stomach), splenic vein (spleen),
pancreatic vein (pancreas), and mesenteric veins
(small intestines) empty into the portal vein that
carries the blood to the liver.
the hepatic vein
carries blood to the inferior (caudal) vena cava
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The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and acts as a
secondary (accessory) circulatory system.
• remove excess fluids from body tissues,
• absorb fatty acid and transport fat to circulatory
system, and
• produce immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes,
and plasma cells).
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Flow of Blood & Lymph Within Tissue
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As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from
more and more lymph capillaries in its course, it becomes
larger and is called the afferent lymph vessel as
it enters a lymph node. Here the lymph percolates through
the lymph node tissue and is removed by the efferent
lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly
drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts
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Both
the lymph ducts
return the lymph to
the blood stream
by emptying into
the subclavian
veins
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lymphoid tissue:
spleen, thymus,
bone marrow and the
lymphoid tissue
associated with the
digestive system.
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Lymph nodes filter
foreign substances, such
as bacteria and cancer
cells, before it is re-
entered into the blood
system through the larger
veins.
Lymph nodes act as the
body’s first defense
against infection.
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Photo from U. S. Federal Government courtesy of Wikipedia.
lymph node has a fibrous outer covering (capsule), a cortex, and a medulla