Circulatory System AP Bio
Transcript of Circulatory System AP Bio
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
1/34
AP Biology
Circulatory Systems
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
2/34
AP Biology
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
3/34
AP Biology
Exchange of materials
Animal cells exchange material acrosstheir cell membrane
fuels for energy
nutrients oxygen
waste (urea, CO2)
If you are a 1-cell organism thats easy! diffusion
If you are many-celled thats harder
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
4/34
AP Biology
Overcoming limitations of diffusion
O2CHO
CHO
aa
aa
CH
CO2
NH3aa
O2
CH
aa
CO2CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
NH3
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3NH3
O2
aa
CH
aa
CHO
O2
Diffusion is not adequate for movingmaterial across more than 1-cell barrier
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
5/34
AP Biology
In circulation
What needs to be transported nutrients & fuels
from digestive system
respiratory gases
O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills intracellular waste
waste products from cells
water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)
protective agents
immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies
blood clotting agents
regulatory molecules hormones
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
6/34
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
7/34
AP Biology
BLOOD, cont.
Leukocytes (wbcs)Immunity!
TWO TYPES:
1. Granular (produced in bone marrow)
*Neutrophils (most abundant) phagocytic*Eosinophils allergic reactions
*Basophils allergic reactions (histamines)
2. Agranular*Lymphocytes produce antibodies
*Monocytes (largest WBC) phagocytic
LEUKEMIA= cancer of wbcs (overabundanceof wbcs leads to weakness/impaired clotting)
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
8/34
AP Biology
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!!!
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
EosinophilsBasophils
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
9/34
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
10/34
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
11/34
AP Biology
Closed circulatory system
Taxonomy invertebrates
earthworms, squid,octopuses
vertebrates
Structure blood confined to
vessels & separatefrom interstitial fluid
1 or more hearts
large vessels to smallervessels
material diffusesbetween blood vessels& interstitial fluid
closed system = higher pressures
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
12/34
AP Biology
Vertebrate circulatory system
Adaptations in closed system number of heart chambers differs
4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich &oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure
Whats the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
2 3 4
lowpressureto body
low O2tobody
high
pressure& high O2to body
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
13/34
AP Biology
Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals
A A
V
V V VV
A AAA
A
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
Birds ANDmammals!
Wassssup?!
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
14/34
AP Biology
Evolution of 4-chambered heart
convergentevolution
Selective forces increase body size
protection from predation
bigger body = bigger stomach forherbivores
endothermy can colonize more habitats
flight decrease predation & increase prey
capture Effect of higher metabolic rate
greater need for energy, fuels, O2,waste removal endothermic animals need 10x energy
need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
15/34
AP Biology
Vertebrate cardiovascular system
Chambered heart atrium = receive blood
ventricle = pump blood out
Blood vessels arteries = carry blood away from heart
arterioles
veins = return blood to heart venules
capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion
capillary beds = networks of capillaries
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
16/34
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
17/34
AP Biology
Arteries: Built for high pressure pump
Arteries thicker walls
provide strength for highpressure pumping of blood
narrower diameter
elasticity
elastic recoil helps
maintain bloodpressure evenwhen heart relaxes
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
18/34
AP Biology
Veins: Built for low pressure flow
Veins thinner-walled
wider diameter blood travels back to heart
at low velocity & pressure lower pressure distant from heart
blood must flow by skeletal musclecontractions when we move
squeeze blood through veins
valves in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Openvalve
Blood flows
toward heart
Closed valve
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
19/34
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
20/34
AP Biology
Controlling blood flow to tissues
Blood flow in capillaries controlled bypre-capillary sphincters
supply varies as blood is needed
after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases
during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted fromdigestive tract to skeletal muscles
capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usuallyfilled to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
Why?
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
21/34
AP Biology
Exchange across capillary walls
Arteriole
Bloodflow
Venule
Lymphatic
capillary
Interstitialfluid
Fluid & solutes flowsout of capillaries totissues due to bloodpressure
bulk flow
Interstitial fluid flowsback into capillariesdue to osmosis plasma proteins osmotic
pressure in capillary
BP > OP BP < OP
15% fluid returnsvia lymph
85% fluid returnsto capillaries
What about
edema?
Capillary
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
22/34
AP Biology
Lymphatic system
Parallel circulatory system transports white blood cells
defending against infection
collects interstitial fluid &returns to blood
maintains volume & proteinconcentration of blood
drains into circulatory systemnear junction of vena cava &right atrium
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
23/34
AP Biology
Lymph systemProduction & transport of WBCs
Traps foreign invaders
lymph node
lymph vessels(intertwined amongst blood vessels)
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
24/34
AP Biology
Mammalian
circulation
What do bluevs. red areas represent?
pulmonary
systemic
systemic
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
25/34
AP Biology
Mammalian heart
Coronary arteries
to neck & head
& arms
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
26/34
AP Biology
Coronary arteries
bypass surgery
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
27/34
AP Biology
AV
SL
AV
Heart valves
4 valves in the heart flaps of connective tissue
prevent backflow
Atrioventricular (AV) valve
between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract lub
Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries
prevent backflow from arteries intoventricles while they are relaxing dub
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
28/34
AP Biology
AV
SL
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dub
Heart sounds closing of valves
Lub
recoil of blood against
closed AV valves
Dub
recoil of blood againstsemilunar valves
Heart murmur defect in valves causes hissing sound when
stream of blood squirts backward through valve
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
29/34
AP Biology
With every beat of your heart.
Watch me go!
SA (Sinoatrial) node (pacemaker)= in wall of right
atrium when this fires, action potential spreads toboth atria via gap junctions in intercalated discs
AV (Atrioventricular) node= in lower right atriumacts as delay/relay sends message to ventricles to
contract
Cardiac center in medulla communicates with heartto regulate (hormones can speed up/slow down)
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7511749325863074485&ei=wXyfS57rDIz-qAK8782BDQ&q=beating+heart&hl=enhttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7511749325863074485&ei=wXyfS57rDIz-qAK8782BDQ&q=beating+heart&hl=en -
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
30/34
AP Biology
Issues of the heart
What Women Think The Facts60% Cancers 35% Heart disease
19% Heart disease 23% All cancers
13% Dont know (4% breast)4% Other causes 20% Other causes
2%Stress 8% Strokes
1% Old age 4% Pulmonary dis.
1% Smoking 4% Pneumonia/flu
3% Accidents3% Diabetes
What actually kills women????
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
31/34
AP Biology
Issues of the heart cont.
Heart murmur improper closing of heart valve(s) canlead to need for repair/replacement
Cardiomegaly enlarged heart ranges from mild tosevere (need for replacement)
hole in heart improper closing of septum between L
and R ventricles (open before birth b/c babies dont needlungs until born) foramen ovale
Hypoplasiaonly one side of heart functions properlyBrugada Syndromesudden cardiac death irregular
heart rhythms (genetic)Mitral stenosis narrowing of mitral valve decreasedblood flow to body
SO MANY MORE -CHECK THEM OUT
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
32/34
AP Biology
Cardiac cycle
systolic________
diastolic
pump(peak pressure)_________________
fill(minimum pressure)
1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps
heart relaxes & chambers fill
contraction phase systole
ventricles pumps blood out
relaxation phase
diastole atria refill with blood
110____
70
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
33/34
AP Biology
Measurement of blood pressure
High Blood Pressure (hypertension)
if top number (systolic pumping) > 150
if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90
-
7/31/2019 Circulatory System AP Bio
34/34
AP Biology
Bloody well asksome questions, already!