Circular Tanks Seismic Design

8/10/2019 Circular Tanks Seismic Design

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E L

A M

b

Jhaa Aea Fe

The eeed aa ffe f he eee f he degee

Mae f Scece a he Ue f Seebch

Se:

Pfe J.A. W

Seebch Decebe 2009


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DECLAAI

B bg h dea eecca, I decae ha he ee f he caed

hee , ga , ha I a he e f he cgh heef (e he ee

ec hee aed) ad ha I hae e ee a bed f

bag a afca.

Sgae:

Decebe 2009


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I

Waeeag ce ae c ed Sh Afca f he age f abe ae ad

ae ae. Hee, a Sh Afca cde eag he deg f ccee aeeag

ce d ce e ad heefe e ade f he Bh Sadad BS 8007 (1987).

F he deg f ccee aeeag ce Sh Afca, he hdac ad ae

cdeed he fce de ec ac ae fe egeced ee hgh ec eca

f deae agde cc h e eg f he c. Hece, he a a f h

d a deee hehe ec ac, a cc Sh Afca, ha a gfca

fece aeeag ce ad hehe hd be cdeed a a cca ad cae.

I de ae he fece f ec ac he deg f aeeag ce he

ea fce he a ad he eed aea f efcee ee caed. Ca

ee ade beee he ec aae ad ac aae f bh he ae ad eceab

ae. I de ba he ea fce he a e a ade f a aae Fe

eee de. Thee Fe eee de ee egaed h d ad he accac f

each de a aeed baed he fdaea feec, bae hea fce ad eg

e. Thee ae ee caed he ae baed h he eca ehd eeed

b Vee (1997) hch a efed h Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).

The e baed dcaed ha ec eca f deae agde d hae a gfca

fece he efcee eed ccee aeeag ce. F bh he

ae ae ad eceab ae he eed efcee ceaed gfca

he ec ad ee cdeed he deg. A he cae f ac deg f aeeag

ce, he eceab ae a daed he deg f hee ce de ec

adg.


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II

Be aehdede e SdAfa d geeede ba geb de a

d e a afaae. SdAfaae de de e a hede e beaa

ege e e d d de Be de BS 8007 (1987) he geb. V e deede d

eg de hdaee age be e age a geg a eee aee e

dedg beeeg gebg d e. Seee aee a geagde ge ege

e eee dee a SdAfa. De hfde a hede de a d de ed a

eee aee, gef SdAfaae eade, be aehdede

e e eaee a e beaa f d ee ageae a ee.

V hede de de ee age a de aea aa beaeg e a de aee e

daee ageae ege. Vegeg geef e de daee e aee eae

bede de gead e de debaahedead. V de beag a de ee age

geb geaa a edge eee dee. Tde hede de a de edge eee

dee dee e de aaahed a e geaee gd a de fdaeee

feee, de fdae fag e de eee. Hede aade a deee beee

e ee eee ede eege Vee (1997) e Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).

De eae d daa da de ed a eee aee be aehdede

e SdAfa e egaabaa e e e e beeeg gebg beh e d

de de e. De ee age bede de gead e debaahedead

aae h de eee agea a de aee gea. De debaahedead he

deed de e a be aehdede e eee eade hee.


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ACKLEDGEME

I d e acedge he cb ad f a fe ee ag h he

be.

I d e acedge Pfe J.A. W f he e ad eff ha he ha

ag ce dag ad eag eehg he he f a dece ec.

M fe MSc de ae Jha, Eee, Ch, Ah ad Ife. Tha f a f

he bag e, he agh ad a f he cffee bea.

The eceae f he ca deae ae Naae ad Aada. Tha f a

f he gd ee ad ge he ee a.

La I d e acedge he f fa ad fed hgh he

da f h ec. Y ha ea eehg.


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ABLE F CE

DECLARATION 2

SYNOPSIS 3

SINOPSIS 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5

LIST OF FIGURES 11

LIST OF TABLES 17

NOTATION 18

ACRONYMS 22

1.INTRODUCTION 23

1.1. Bacgd Ifa ....................................................................................................... 23

1.2. A Of Sd ......................................................................................................................... 25

1.3. Mehdg Of Sd .......................................................................................................... 26

1.4. Sce Ad La ........................................................................................................... 27

1.5. Oee Of Dce......................................................................................................... 28

2.LITERATURE REVIEW 30

2.1. Deee Of Mehd .................................................................................................... 32

2.2. Phh Of Deg ............................................................................................................ 33

2.2.1. Uae Ad Seceab L Sae ........................................................................ 33

2.2.2. Beha Fac ........................................................................................................... 34

2.2.3. Cdae Se Ad A Of Neca Mehd ..................................... 36

2.2.4. Ld Sface Cd ............................................................................................. 37

2.2.5. Ld Beha ........................................................................................................... 39

2.3. Rgd O Febe Sce .................................................................................................... 40

2.4. S Cd ........................................................................................................................ 43

2.5. Ic Of The Rf ............................................................................................................ 43

2.6. Mde Of Vba Of Febe Ta .................................................................................. 44


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2.7. Pacca Maea Pee Ad De ..................................................................... 46

2.8. Sac Aa Accdg T Gha (1979) ............................................................................. 47

2.9. Dac Aa Wh Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ............................................................... 52

2.10. Dac Aa Wh Vee (1997) ............................................................................ 59

2.11. Dac Fe Mdeg ....................................................................................................... 63

2.12. Fe Mdeg Vea (2006) ............................................................................................ 64

2.13. Sad7 (2005) Def ................................................................................................ 69

2.13.1. Pee Of Pae Ad She ................................................................................. 70

2.13.2. Pee Of L .................................................................................................... 71

2.13.3. NSca Ma Abe ................................................................................ 71

2.13.4. Naa Feec Oee .................................................................................... 72

2.13.5. Mde Se Mehd .................................................................................... 72

2.13.6. Seca Ree ..................................................................................................... 73

3.EXAMPLE MODEL & PARAMETRIC STUDY 75

4.STATIC NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 79

4.1. Lad Ad Paa Lad Fac ............................................................................................. 80

4.1.1. Gaaa Lad ....................................................................................................... 80

4.1.2. Hdac Lad .......................................................................................................... 81

4.1.3. Paa Lad Fac ....................................................................................................... 83

4.2. Aea Of Refcee ......................................................................................................... 83

4.2.1. Uae L Sae ...................................................................................................... 84

4.2.2. Seceab L Sae ............................................................................................... 85

5.DYNAMIC NUMERICAL ANALYSIS EUROCODE 88

5.1. Fdaea Feec ....................................................................................................... 89

5.2. Pedacceea ............................................................................................................... 91

5.3. Gaaa Lad ............................................................................................................... 92

5.4. Hddac Lad: ............................................................................................................ 93

5.4.1. Ie Ce ................................................................................................... 93


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5.4.2. Cece Ce ................................................................................................. 94

5.4.3. Febe Ce ...................................................................................................... 95

5.4.4. Iea Effec Of The Wa ............................................................................................ 98

5.4.5. Cba Of Lad ................................................................................................... 98

5.5. Lad Fac .......................................................................................................................... 98

5.6. Oeg Me Ad Bae Shea Fce ........................................................................ 99

5.6.1. Ie Ma ............................................................................................................ 100

5.6.2. Cece Ma ......................................................................................................... 101

5.6.3. Feb Ce ................................................................................................. 102

5.6.4. Iea Ma ................................................................................................................. 103

5.6.5. Cba Of Fce ............................................................................................... 103

5.7. Feebad Reee .................................................................................................... 103

5.8. Aea Refcee Reed ............................................................................................ 103

6.DYNAMIC NUMERICAL ANALYSIS VELETSOS 105

6.1. Fdaea Feec Of Mde ..................................................................................... 106

6.2. Pedacceea ............................................................................................................. 107

6.3. Gaaa Lad ............................................................................................................... 107

6.4. Hddac Lad ........................................................................................................... 107

6.4.1. Ie Pee ...................................................................................................... 108

6.4.2. Cece Ce ............................................................................................... 109

6.4.3. Iea Of The Ta Wa ............................................................................................. 109

6.5. Lad Fac ........................................................................................................................ 110

6.6. Oeg Me Ad Bae Shea ................................................................................ 110

6.6.1. Cece Ce ............................................................................................... 110

6.6.2. Ie Ce ................................................................................................. 111

6.6.3. Iea Of Ta Wa .................................................................................................... 112

6.6.4. Cba Of Fce ............................................................................................... 113

6.7. Feebad Reee .................................................................................................... 113


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6.8. Aea Of Refcee ....................................................................................................... 114

6.8.1. Uae L Sae .................................................................................................... 114

6.8.2. Seceab L Sae ............................................................................................. 115

7.FINITE ELEMENT MODELS AND ANALYSIS 116

7.1. Bac Fe Mde .................................................................................................................... 117

7.2. Sac Aa...................................................................................................................... 120

7.3. Ie Ma Db................................................................................................ 121

7.3.1. Uf Dbed Ie Ma ....................................................................... 121

7.3.2. Pee Dbed Ie Ma .......................................................................... 122

7.3.3. Vea Mde (2006) ................................................................................................... 124

7.4. Lad Cba ............................................................................................................. 126

7.5. Ree Sec Gah.................................................................................................. 127

7.6. Te Of Aa ................................................................................................................ 128

7.7. Seceab L Sae ..................................................................................................... 129

8.GLOBAL RESULTS 132

8.1. Mehd Of Aa Ad Paaec Sd ....................................................................... 133

8.2. Cafca Of A Sce ............................................................................................... 135

8.3. Fdaea Feec ..................................................................................................... 139

8.4. Mde Shae ........................................................................................................................ 146

8.5. Bae Shea Fce ................................................................................................................. 150

8.6. Oeg Me .......................................................................................................... 157

9.LOCAL RESULTS 161

9.1. Mehd Of Aa Ad Paaec Sd ....................................................................... 162

9.2. Sac Re ....................................................................................................................... 164

9.3. Dac Bedg Me ................................................................................................. 166

9.4. H Se ......................................................................................................................... 172

9.5. Ifece Of Pea Gd Acceea O Bedg Me ........................................... 174

9.6. Aea Of Refcee Reed ....................................................................................... 177


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9.7. Mdfca Of The Ree Sec A Pded I Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004) ......... 183

10.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 189

REFERENCES 194

APPENDIX A: 196

Neca Eae Accdg T A.S. Vee (1997) 196

APPENDIX B: 209

Neca Eae Accdg T Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) 209

APPENDIX C: 221

Vefca Of Sac Re Ug STRAND7 (2005) Wh The Neca Mehd B Gha (1979) 221

Uae L Sae Gah: ............................................................................................................... 222

APPENDIX D: 223

Gba Re 223

Cafca Of Sce: ................................................................................................................. 224

Bae Shea Fce: ................................................................................................................................ 226

Oeg Me: ......................................................................................................................... 230

APPENDIX E: 233

Lca Re 233

Bedg Me Ab A Ha A ......................................................................................... 234

H Se ......................................................................................................................................... 236

APPENDIX F: 238

Re Obaed Wh A Mdfed Ree Sec 238

Uae L Sae Gah: ............................................................................................................... 239


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LI F FIGE

Fge 1.1: Sec e Sh Afca (SANS 10160, 2009) 24

Fge 1.2: Mehdg f d 26


Fge 2.2: Def f beha fac (Da, 2009) 35

Fge 2.3: Cdae e f cca a (Vee, 1997) 36

Fge 2.4: Vaa f hg feec h H/R a (Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006) 38

Fge 2.5: Ifece f hghe de f ba f e ce (Vee, 1997) 42

Fge 2.6: Mde f ba accdg Nachga (2003) 45

Fge 2.7: Mde f ba accdg Ha (1980) 46

Fge 2.8: Na f b defed Gha (1979) 48

Fge 2.9: Pa e f cca a ed Gha (1979) 49

Fge 2.10: Pee db f a a (Gha, 1979) 52

Fge 2.11: Bae hea fce acaed h e ce 54

Fge 2.12: Oeg e acaed h e ce 55

Fge 2.13: Vaace f ad h h H/R a (Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006) 56

Fge 2.14: Vaace f c ad hc h H/R a (Vee, 1997) 57

Fge 2.15: Bae hea fce acaed h cece ce 57

Fge 2.16: Oeg e acaed h cece ce 58

Fge 2.17: Vaa f febe e a h H/R a (Vee, 1997) 61

Fge 2.18: Vaace f e ad cece a h H/R a (Vee, 1997) 62

Fge 2.19: Db f he e ee (Vea, 2006) 65

Fge 2.20: FE de ed b Vea (2006) 67

Fge 2.21: Fdaea de hae (Vea, 2006) 69

Fge 2.22: Lca cdae e f STRAND7 (2005) ae 71



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Fge 3.2: Ta a 77


Fge 4.2: Eea fce acg he a a 81

Fge 4.3: Iea fce ce 82


Fge 5.2: Ie ee db (Vee, 1997) 94

Fge 5.3: Db f cece ee (Vee, 1997) 95

Fge 5.4: F de hae 97



Fge 7.2: La f bac FE de 119

Fge 7.3: FE de h hdac ee 121

Fge 7.4: Uf dbed a de 122

Fge 7.5: Pee dbed a de 123

Fge 7.6: Scheaca a f Vea (2006) 125

Fge 7.7: FE de ed b Vea (2006) 126

Fge 7.8: Ree ec STRAND7 (2005) 128


Fge 8.2: Vaace f e feec h /R ad H/R a f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 137

Fge 8.3: Ree ec f he ae ae 138

Fge 8.4: Peceage dffeece beee febe ad gd ce f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 139

Fge 8.5: Fdaea feec baed h eca 140

Fge 8.6: Fdaea feec baed h Vee (1997) ad Vea (2006) 141

Fge 8.7: Peceage dffeece fdaea feec

beee Vee (1997) ad Vea (2006) 142

Fge 8.8: Peceage dffeece fdaea feec

beee ED ad Vee (1997) 143


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Fge 8.9: Peceage dffeece beee feec f PD ad Vee (1997) 144

Fge 8.10: Sa f he fdaea feec e 145

Fge 8.11: Fdaea de hae f H/R a ea 0.6 147

Fge 8.12: Fdaea de hae f H/R a ea 1.5 148

Fge 8.13: Hghe de hae f ED de 149

Fge 8.14: Mde f ba accdg He (1980) 150

Fge 8.15: Ca bae hea fce beee he eca ehd 151

Fge 8.16: Vaace f bae hea fce deeed h Vee (1997) ad Vea (2006) 153

Fge 8.17: Peceage dffeece bae hea fce deeed

h Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) 154

Fge 8.18: Peceage dffeece bae hea fce

beee Vee (1997) ad PD de 155

Fge 8.19: Sa f bae hea fce e (PGA=0.15g) 156

Fge 8.20: Vaace f eg e deeed

h Vee (1997) ad Vea (2006) 158

Fge 8.21: Peceage dffeece eg e

f Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) 159

Fge 8.22: Peceage dffeece eg e beee Vee ad PD 160


Fge 9.2: Vefca f bedg e g Gha (1979) 165

Fge 9.3: Vefca f h e baed h Gha (1979) 166

Fge 9.4: Ca f he cacg e ad he ULS bedg e

g Vea (2006) FE de 167

Fge 9.5: Ca f he cacg e ad he ULS e

g Vea (2006) de 168

Fge 9.6: Vaa ULS bedg e ab a ha a (PGA=0.15g) 169

Fge 9.7: Ca f ac ad ec bedg e (PGA=0.15g) 170


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Fge 9.8: Dffeece ULS bedg e beee dac ad ac ee

f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 171

Fge 9.9: Vaa f he ULS h e f dac aae (PGA=0.15g) 173

Fge 9.10: Dffeece ULS h e beee ac ad dac e (PGA=0.15g) 174

Fge 9.11: Ifece f ea gd acceea Me f ULS 175

Fge 9.12: Ifece f ea gd acceea Me f ULS 176

Fge 9.13: Ifece f ea gd acceea h e f ULS 177

Fge 9.14: Dac ac a f efcee eed f he h e 179

Fge 9.15: Aea f efcee eed f he h e (PGA=0.15g) 180

Fge 9.16: Ra f efcee eed f dac h e beee SLS ad ULS 181

Fge 9.17: Ra beee dac ad ac aea f efcee (PGA=0.15g) 183

Fge 9.18: Mdfed ee ec 184

Fge 9.19: Chage SLS bedg e de he dfed ee ec 185

Fge 9.20: Chage dac ac bedg e f he SLS (PGA=0.15g) 186

Fge 9.21: Ifece f dfed ee ec he h e

f SLS (PGA=0.15g) 187

Fge 9.22: Chage SLS h e h he dfed ee ec (PGA=0.15g) 188

Fge C.1: Db f bedg e ag a hegh f a /R a f 0.006 222

Fge C.2: Db f h e ag a hegh f a /R a f 0.006 222

Fge D.1: Ie ee a b f a f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 224

Fge D.2: Ie ee a fee face f d f SLS (PGA=0.15g) 224

Fge D.3: Ie ee baed a b f a f SLS (PGA=0.15g) 225

Fge D.4: Peceage dffeece beee febe ad gd ce f SLS (PGA=0.15g) 225

Fge D.5: Vaace bae hea fce f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 226

Fge D.6: Peceage dffeece bae hea fce beee

Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 226


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Fge D.7: Peceage dffeece bae hea fce

beee Vee (1997) ad PD de f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 227


Vee (1997) ad ED de f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 227


Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) f ULS (PGA=0.35g) 228


Vee (1997) ad PD de f ULS (PGA=0.35g) 228


Vee (1997) ad ED de f ULS (PGA=0.35g) 229

Fge D.11: Peceage dffeece beee Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) f ULS 230

Fge D.12: Peceage dffeece beee Vee (1997) ad PD de f ULS 230

Fge D.13: Peceage dffeece beee Vee (1997) ad ED de f ULS 231

Fge D.14: Peceage dffeece beee Vea (2006) ad Vee (1997) f ULS 231

Fge D.15: Peceage dffeece beee Vee (1997) ad PD de f ULS 232

Fge D.16: Peceage dffeece beee Vee (1997) ad ED de f ULS 232

Fge E.1: Dffeece e f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 234

Fge E.2: Dffeece e f SLS (PGA=0.25g) 234

Fge E.3: Dffeece e f ULS (PGA=0.35g) 235

Fge E.4: Dffeece e f SLS (PGA=0.35g) 235

Fge E.5: Dffeece h e f ULS (PGA=0.25g) 236

Fge E.6: Dffeece h e f SLS (PGA=0.25g) 236

Fge E.7: Dffeece h e f ULS (PGA=0.35g) 237

Fge E.8: Dffeece h e f SLS (PGA=0.35g) 237

Fge F.1: Ca f bedg e beee Ecde ad

Mdfed ee ec f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 239


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Fge F.2: Ca f h e beee Ecde ad

Mdfed ee ec f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 239

Fge F.3: Ra beee dac ad ac bedg e f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 240

Fge F.4: Ra beee dac ad ac h e f ULS (PGA=0.15g) 240


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LI F ABLE

Tabe 2.1: Paca fac f de (Vea, 2006) 67

Tabe 8.1: Paca fac f fdaea feec 147

Tabe 8.2: Paca fac f ecd de f ba 149

Tabe 9.1: Bedg efcee 182


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AI

Geea:

ag Pea gd acceea [g]

Ac1 Pedacceea eeeced b he cece ce [g]

A Aea f ee efcee [2]

c M ccee ce []

d Daee f he a []

da Hegh f he hg ae []

E Md f eac f a aea [N/2]

E Md f eac f efcee [N/2]

fe Eac egh [N/2]

f1 Fdaea feec f he ad e [H]

f Tee ed egh f efcee [N/2]

f,d Deg ed egh [N/2]

g Gaaa acceea [/2]

hc Hegh a hch cece a aed dce Mc[]

h Hegh a hch e a aed dce M[]

h Hegh a hch e a aed dce M []

H Hegh eaed f bae f he a a he fee face f

caed d []

I Secd e f ea f ec [4]

Bedg ffe f he a a [N/]

Kc Sg ffe f cece ce [N/]

Aa ae be

Ma f caed d [g]

c Ld a acaed h cece ce [g]

Ld a acaed h e ce [g]

Ma f a a [g]

M Bedg e a [N./]

Mc Oeg e f a g, acaed h cece

ce [N.]

M Oeg e f a g, acaed h e

ce [N.]

M Oeg e h c f fda de e


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ce [N.]

M Seceab bedg e [N.]

M Uae bedg e [N.]

M Bedg e ab a eca a [N./]M Bedg e ab a ha a [N./]

Ccfeea ae be

c Pee eeed b he cece ce [N/2]

Pee eeed b he e ce [N/2]

Pee de ea f he a a [N/2]

P Veca fce acg a [N/]

Beha fac

a Ma ee eeed a a [N/2]

Qc Bae hea fce acaed h cece ce [N]

Q Bae hea fce acaed h e ce [N]

R Rad f he a []

(SA)c Pedacceea eeeced b he cece ce [g]

T Ped f ba f he ce [ecd]

T Tee fce [N]

T Fdaea feec f he ad e [ecd]

V Shea fce a [N/]

X Deh f ea a []

e Yed dacee

Dacee a deg ed egh

Hegh eaed f bae f a ecfc a a []

Lee a []

3 Paca fac

h Hegh cee beee he de he a a []

2 Sa de e ffeg f ccee

Aeage ee a efcee, 2

Tee a efcee

F deae f he Bee fc f he f d ad f de

P a f a a aea

Redc fac


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c Feec f cece ce [ada/ecd]

De f caed d [g/3]

De f a a [g/3]

h H e [N/

2

] Tee e efcee [N/

2]

Ccfeea age eaed ce cce f dec f

eca [degee]

Na ecfc BS 8007 (1987):

ac Dace eaed f f a ee a face

f ce efcee ba []

b Thce f he a a []

h Oea deh f he ebe []

Cac dh []

Na ecfc Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006):

Af1 Pedacceea eeeced b he ce [g]

C Dee aaee ed cacae ed f ba f

ad e

d1 Dee aaee ed deee f

hf Hegh a hch feb a aced dce Mf[]

I1 Mdfed Bee fc f he f de

I1 F deae f he dfed Bee fc f he f de

J1 Bee fc f he f de

f Ma acaed h feb f he a a [g]

Mf Oeg e f a g, acaed h feb

ce [N.]

Mda be f ba

f Pee de feb f he a a [N/2]

Qf Bae hea fce acaed h feb ce [N]

Dace eaed ag he ad f he a []

Thce f a a []

H/R a


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1 Dee aaee ed deee f

Dee aaee ed deee f

1 Dee aaee ed deee c

/H a /R

Na ecfc Gha (1979):

h Thce f a a []

1 Hegh f b cde f a a

L Hegh eaed f bae f he a a he fee face f he

caed d []

M Reag bedg e a [N./]

N H fce [N/]

Pee eeed a a [N/2]

1 Pee eaed a hegh 1ag a a [N/2]

q Reac fce [N/2] Rad f he a []

Dacee f a a []

dee aaee ea L2/(2h)

Na ecfc Vee (1997):

c Dee aaee ed f e ce h

cdea f he h de f ba

E Md f eac f a aea [N/2]

Mda be f ba

Ma acaed h e ce f he h de f

ba [g]

Wa hce f he a []

Pea gd acceea [g]

/H a


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ACM

BS Bh Sadad

DLa Sefegh f he a a [N]

DLae Sefegh f he caed d [N]

e Ea

EQ Eahae ad [N]

FE Fe Eee

GPa GgaPaca

LC Lad Cba

a Ma

MPa MegaPaca

PGA Pea Gd Acceea

SLS Seceab ae

ULS Uae ae


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1: 23 240

1. IDCI

The fc f h d a deee he fece f deae ec ac

aeeag ce Sh Afca. Th chae de fa he

gfcace f aeeag ce ad he deg f Sh Afca cd. The

a f h ec a e a he ehdg fed de each hee ga ae

ed ag h he ce ad a f h eeach ec. Fa a bef

ee f he a chae ad he ce eeed.

1.1.

BACKGD IFMAI

Ldage a ae de ed acce f he age f cea ae, , fe

a e a a he checa fd. Waeeag ce ecfca ae f

gea ace f he age f abe ae f eeda e, b a

he ee f a aa dae, bh f he f cea dabe ae ad

bee adace f deae, a e a ae f fefghg. The eed f

abe ae ha ceaed ee de he ad gh f he ha

a hch eaed a ceae caac ad heefe e f hee ce.

De he ceae e ad bee ceae f fae, e dehae bee ceed ad he edc f a beha, aa ad deg f

ac ad dac cd.

The ac aa ad deg f hee ce ae eae e b

he a decade hae hee bee gfca ge he dac eaa ad

deg f aeeag ce. Dac cd cde ec ac hch

f gea ace f Sh Afca, eeca he Wee Cae ce deae

ec ac cc h h eg. Fge 1.1 dcae he a e f

ec ac Sh Afca cdg aa ad g dced eahae.


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F 1.1: A (A 10160, 2009)

I e ha hee eca hae a gfca fece he,

e bdg, ad ec. The e ae f hehe ec ad hd be

egaded a a cca ad cae he deg f aeeag ce Sh Afca

de he deae agde f hee eca. The ae ce hee

ce eg Sh Afca cde f he deg f aeeag ce

f ec adg. Va cde e f he deg f aeeag ce ch

a he Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ad BS 8007 (1987) hch ca fa

he deg f aeeag ce f ac cd, b a f dac

cd. Hee, hee cde ee ecfca ced f Sh Afca ad f

h ea he Wae Reeach C eabhed a ec h he a f

cg a deg cde h egad deg, cc, a c ad

aeace f aeeag ce Sh Afca. Ifa baed hgh

he ce f h he cbe he a f he Wae Reeach C,

ce de fa he aa ad deg f aeeag ce f

Sh Afca cd.

Zone I (NPA= 0.1g)

Zone IIexcept for Importance

Class IV structures whichare Zone I

Zones chosen using NPA > 0.125g


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1.2.

AIM F D

Ce hee eg Sh Afca cde f he deg f aeeag

ce f ec ad. The f dcg he Ecde Sh Afca fdeg e beg egaed b e ceae ea h egad he

aca f he Ecde f Sh Afca cd. The f a f he d

deee hehe ec adg deed a deeae adg cd f

ccee aeeag ce ec e Sh Afca. A ea gd

acceea f 0.15g ca be eeced he Wee Cae, hch cdeed be f

deae agde.

I he cae f ac deg f aeeag ce, he eceab ad cae

a da de ec a aabe cac dh. If h d

dcae ha ec adg a da ad cae f he deg f aeeag

ce Sh Afca, ahe e ae. Th d be deee hehe

he eceab ad cae d be da he deg f hee ce

hehe he ae ae d bece he geg fac f deg.

The deg ce f aeeag ce f ec ad accdg he

Ecde ca be a ccaed ad cbee ce. The hd a f h d

ge a dca f he accac ad acca f fed eca ehd a

ed b a ah e f he deg f hee ce f ec ad.

Uceae dg he dac FE deg f hee ce a e. The

fh a f h d eaae he accac f dffee fed FE de h

egad eca .


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1.3.

MEHDLG F D

The ehdg fed dg h ec aed Fge 1.2.

F 1.2: M


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1.4.

CE AD LIMIAI

The ce egaed h d ee ed he fg:

Ccacdca a abe gd. Theefe ecaga, bed eeaed a ee cdeed.

Ta h f a ee cdeed, heefe he beha f a

h ag a hce ee egaed.

O efced ccee a ee aaed, eeed ccee a ee

egaed.

The fda a cdeed a gd ad heefe cg g

f he fda a cdeed.

The aaec d ced f a aace H/R a beee 0.3 ad 1.5

ad a a hce a /R beee 0.006 ad 0.03, a dced he

fg chae.

The ea gd acceea he aaec d a aed beee

ae f 0.15g ad 0.35g.

Caca egadg aeeag ce ee eced he fg:

Cac dh caca ee eced he e f BS 8007 (1987). Cacg

de bedg f he a ad cacg eg f he h e ee

cdeed eaae.

O ae ad eahae ad ee cdeed. Wd adg a egeced

a e a eeae effec ad hage ce h d egae he

fece f ec adg he deg f aeeag ce.

Sac caca ee eced he e f abe ad fge b Gha

(1979).

Dac caca ee eced he e f Vee (1997) ad Ecde

8: Pa 4 (2006).

The fe eee aae f ce ee eced he e f a FE

acage caed STRAND7 (2005) h hee de a ed b Nachga

(2003) ad Vea (2006).

O he ha de eahae eca a cdeed he

he eca a egeced. Th fed b he agde f ee

cdeed.


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1.5.

EIE F DCME

A bef ee f he dce ded he fg aagah. Chae 2

de bacgd fa h ec. Ia cce ad e eddg h ega ae defed h chae. Th chae a ge a bef ee

f dffee ehd f aa f aeeag ce f bh ac ad

dac ad.

The bac de ed f a eca ad FE aae eeed dea Chae 3

ag h he ce f he aaec d ad ea f a. The ac

aa f a ce eeed Chae 4 h he dac aae dced

Chae 5 ad 6 h he ehd eeed Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ad Vee

(1997) eece. Bh he ae ad eceab ae ae dced

dea hee hee chae.

Dffee FE de ee cdeed f he e f h ec ad e

fa ded Chae 7. Th d egaed a hch he ae

ca be ae acc a fe eee de ad e fa h egad

he eee, e f aae, de f ba ad de hae f a ae

eag ce beced ha ec eca ded h chae.

Gba e ae eeed Chae 8 h egad he cafca f ae

eag ce beced ec adg, he fdaea feec ad

cedg de hae ad he bae hea fce ad eg e. Lca

e ae eeed I Chae 9 eag he bedg e ad h e

a a, he fece f he ea gd acceea bh ee, he geace f

ehe he eceab ae h egad he efcee eed. The e

f a dfed ee ec ad cedg fece he ea fce ad

aea f efcee eed a eeed h chae. A f hee ee

ee e deee ad eaae he eece FE de h egad he

eca ehd ed b Vee (1997).

Chae 10 de a a f e baed ad da cc f hee

e e f (1) he ace f ec deg f aeeag ce


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Sh Afca, (2) cdea f ae ad eceab ae f aa ad

deg e, (3) e f eca ehd f acca e, (4) e f FE

de h cdea f he caed d.

I he fg chae a eae eag h d eeed ad a

cce ed f he eaa ad deg f aeeag ce ae dced.


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2. LIEAE EIE

Investigate different aspects andproposals for this study

Investigate numerical methodsto determine dynamic and static

characteristics of structure

Investigate FE models

Comparison of results with regard

to fundamental frequency, base

shear force and overturning

moment

Conclusions and

Recommendations

Chapter 2:

Literature

review

Chapter 4:Static numerical analysis

Chapter 5 & 6:

Dynamic numerical analysis

Chapter 7:

FE models

and analysis

Chapter 8:Global Results

Chapter 10:

Conclusions and

Recommendations

Discuss basic model and limits of

parameter study

Chapter 3:

Basic model and

parameter study


to bending moment and hoopstress in wall, influence of peak

ground acceleration and required

reinforcement

Chapter 9:Local Results

F 2.1: M

I de bee dead he beha f a a dg a eahae a e a he

a deg ehd ad cee e, ecea ea e f he

a cce. A bef a f he gfca eeach ceed he a

decade eag aeeag ce eeed. F he eaa ad

deg f a aeeag ce, ae ae cdeed ae he ae


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ad he eceab ae. Bh f hee ae ae dced ce he dffe

f ha f bdg ce.

The beha f a a dg ec eca feced b a be f eea

aaee. Thee cde he fece f he caed d, hch c f a be

f ce, a e a he feb f he a ad cd. A f he abe

eed fac hae a gfca fece he beha f a a dg ha

ec eca ad heefe fhe fa he fece f each f hee

fac he beha f a a dg ha eca ded.

Pacca fa aea ee ad de f cca a ed b Sh

Afca dege a gaheed ad hee ag h a a he ac aa f

cca a ae ded. Seea eca ehd e ad he eaa f a

aeeag ce f dac ad ac adg cd ad e f hee ae

addeed h chae. The ac deg a eeed b Gha (1979) dced

dea h chae a e a he ehd ed f he dac eaa a

ed b Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ad Vee (1997). Thee ehd ae dced

h egad he a a ade b he ah, he cdae e ed b

each a e a he a deg e.

Dg ha eca he ce def a aca ae de ae ad

ec ad. The FE acage STRAND7 (2005) a ed aae he ce ad

ba e e f fdaea de f ba, de hae a e a eg

fce ad ee. F h ea e fa ded he de f ba

a dced b a ah ad he a def ed STRAND7 (2005).

I he a ec f h eae ee, a bef a eeed he

gfca a f FE de ed he edc ad eaa f ec

beha f cca cdca a. T f hee de ee ed eee dg

h ec.


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2.1.

DEELME F MEHD

Ne ae hae bee bhed he ec aa f aeeag

ce h he a f hee aed Vea (2006). Th a ded aga h ae ad ee a bacgd fa h ec. The

eece ae ae a f:

He (1963) egaed gd cdca a fed he bae ad

ccded ha he d ce f eaae ce, (1) e

ce hch e h he a ad (2) cece ce hch

cae he hg dg ha ec ac. He (1963)

a deed fae f cacag he d a acaed h each

ce, he effece hegh abe he a bae a e a he e

feec baed beae beha f he ce.

Vee ad Yag (1977) a e a Ha ad He (1981) fd ha he

ee db de he d a a f gd ad febe a

fed he bae. The feb f he a feced he agde f

ee aed he a.

The e feec cacaed baed he a ha he

ce ehb beae beha dg ha eca ad h

a de acceed He (1963), Ha ad He (1981)

ad Vee (1997).

The a feb ca be cded he a ee ea. The ea

gd acceea bed h he edacceea f he a

d e he cae f febe a a aed Vee (1997).

Maha ad Vee (1994) fd ha he e ad cece

ce ca be ced de he age dffeece aa feec.

The feb f he a a fece he e ce ad he

cece ce ea he ae a f he cae f gd a.

A aeae ehd f he caca f he ad e feec

ed b Nachga (2003) hch baed he beae beha f

he a a dg ha ec eca. Nachga (2003) ed

he e f he he da f dg he eaa f cca a f

ec adg cd. The he da f ca be deed h a


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ccfeea a ae f c () h 5


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The ae ae a ced cee ca fae f

a e. If fae f he a acaed h eee ceece, he

ae ae ecde be fae ad a f he ced

eeae f he ce. F he ae ae he ce

eed def he ea eg eg ca ac

defa. I de ad ec eac aa, e ade f he

beha fac hch cdeed be ea 1.5.

I he cae f he eceab ae, he ce hd ea f

fca ad ea f a be be ea he

a ee fca a edefed ee f ece.

A edc fac ecbed f e he eceab ae

de edce he fce acaed h h aca ae. A

edc f he eceab fce eed ce he efeece

e ed 95 ea f eceab h beg 475 ea f he

ae ae. The ec dead a ce he eceab

ae heefe cc e fee ha f he ae

ae.

The a aabe cac dh f aeeag ce Sh

Afca ecbed he Bh cde BS 8007(1987). Cdeg he

edced fce acg he ce ad he ec he aabe

cac dh, he ce ea f eac.

2.2.2. BEHAI FAC

The e beha fac ed hgh h d decbe he

beha f he caed d dg ec gd ad defed

e dea h ec.

A ce a deged ea f eac he beced

eea aed ad. The ec ad a ge he deg ad he deg

f a ce ea eac dg ec eca bece feabe de

he agde f he ec ad eeed he ce. The ccece f

ec ac Sh Afca cdeed be f deae agde. I de

ae he ec deg f a ce e acca e ade f a beha


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fac , hch edce he ec fce f hch a ce aaed. Wh he

e f a beha fac, he ed fce f he ce eed he

ag f he defec a baed h a f eac ce. Wh he

eed ed fce ad ae a f defec a a f ac

defa eed he ce he beced ec ad. The

a f ac defa he ce deede he agde f

he beha fac, h ceag ac defa aed he ce

h ceag ae f he beha fac. Fge 2.2 gahca ae he

e f a beha fac.

F 2.2: D (D, 2009)

A beha fac f 1.0 heefe e he ce ha a ed egh ea

he eac egh ad deg ac defa he a beha

fac geae ha 1.0 e he ce deged f a e ed egh

ad ac defa eed cc he he ce beced ec

ad.


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2.2.3. CDIAE EM AD AMI F MEICAL MEHD

The cdae e defed Vee (1997) ad Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006)

a aded h ec ad h Fge 2.3. The cdae e ad

b ae defed a:

The a ha a ad R, a hegh H ad a a hce deed b .

P he a a ca be defed h cdae h eaed

ad f he bae.

The ccfeea age , eaed cecce f he

dec f eca.

F 2.3: C (, 1997)

The fdaea de f ba f a a cdeed b a ah

(Vee, 1997), (Ha, 1980) be a he fdaea de f a


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caee bea. Sfca f he aeeag de ag h a

a eed ad he eaa f a ce h eca

ehd. Thee cde (Vee, 1997):

The a ed b a cca fda ha ca be ehe gd

febe. Febe fda ca deg a cg g dg

ha eca ad ae dced fhe ec 2.4.

Pefec bdg e beee he fda ad g .

The a cdeed hae a ca ad R ad a ca a

hce f .

I aed ha he a a f caed fed he fda

ee f dg f he a h eec he fda.

The a fed a hegh H h a hgee, cebe ad

c d.

T eca ehd ee ed dg he ce f h ec, he f

ehd eeed b Vee (1997) ad he ecd ehd ecbed

Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006). The deg hh f bh ehd baed

a egadg he ad beha dg ha eca. I

aed ha he ca f he a eae he fda ehb he

ae beha a a eca caee bea. Wh he e f he c e he

deea f he hddac ee, a aed ha he a

cec f he a ea cca dg eca ad ca def

a a hae.

2.2.4. LIID FACE CDII

The d face cd hae a a fece he beha f he d

dg ha eca hch bee fece he beha f he

a. The d face ca be defed a ehe a caed a fee face a

defed Vee (1997). A caed face efe a ha ae fed

fee h a d, he a fee face efe a hch he d ee

be he fee ad ffce feebad a ded f he hg

f he d.


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I he cae f caed face he d ca eeece a eca

hg ad heefe he ee a f he d e cba h he

a. I ca, he ee f he d decbed h he e f

ce he cae f fee face. Thee d ce ae he

e ad he cece ce eece h e fa

ded he fg ec.

The agde ad fece f he e ad cece ce a

beha hgh deede he H/R a f he a. The cb f he

e ce he gba ee f he a bece e

ced h a ceae H/R a, he he cb f he cece

ce deceae. The cece ce ha a gfca fece he

hddac ee d he b f bad a, b eced he

d face he cae f a a h H/R geae ha 1.0. The hg

feec bece deede f he H/R a f a a de he

efca fece f he cece ce a aed Fge 2.4 h

he f de f ba f he hg ce dcaed a 1 ad he ecd

de f ba dcaed h 2.

F 2.4: H/ (E 8: 4, 2006)

c(R/g)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

=H/R


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2.2.5. LIID BEHAI

Dg he ce f h ec a aed ha a face ae cdeed a

fee. F h ea, he beha f he d dced. He (1963)

ccded ha he beha f he a d ca be accae eeeed h

he e f ce eece a he e ad cece

ce he cae f fee face. The e ce afe he

bda cd a he a ad b f he a b de cde he

effec f he hg f he d. Shg f he d e a

e ee a he ga face f he d ad he cece ce

afe h cd h aeg he bdae f he e

ce.

The fdaea feec f he e ad cece ce dffe

gea hch e a ea cg beee hee ce. F h

ea he a be eaaed eaae, h he cece ee eaaed

h he e f a gd a, h he e ee ca be eaaed b

aag he ad e he egecg he hg ce a

ed Ha ad He (1981).

The cece ce cdeed a a eac ee h heec

eeg da dg a eahae. F he cece ce a

beha fac f 1.0 ed cc h he ha eac ee

ec a ecbed Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004) accdg Ecde 8: Pa 4

(2006).

The ad e ce f he e ce ad a a ce

he e ce gd aached he a. I aed he a

d e dae heec eeg dg he ee a eahae.

The eegh, da f eeg b he ad e ad he ca

ac defa hch a cc dg he ae ae ae a

cdeed h he e f a beha fac. The ad e deged

f he ae ad eceab ae eece. Lca ac

defa a cc dg he ae ae ad a beha fac f 1.5


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ed cc h he deg ee ec f eac aa

Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004). The ce ea eac de eceab ad

ad a beha fac f 1.0 ecbed h he eac ee ec

Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004).

The e ad cece ce hae a cbed fece he

beha f he a dg ec ac. Va ehd hae bee ed

cbe hee ce, Ecde8: Pa 4 (2006) gge he e f he

e bd e hch he abe a ae ae added. The ae

f e a be ceae de he de eaa beee he

feec f he gd ad hg .

2.3.

IGID FLEIBLE CE

N fa ded a eae ced f h d he cafca

f a ce a ehe gd febe. See ce ae cafed a febe ce he

a hce f hee ce e a ca he ea de

f he a. Ccee ce a be cafed a ehe gd febe b he

a ha a ccee a ae gd ad heefe he a ea a be

egeced, ae hgh ceae (Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006).

I he cae f gd a, he a eeece he ae a he gd. The a

d e beced he ea gd acceea he he cece

ce e deede f he a ad gd.

F febe a, he ee f he a dffee f he f he gd

ad he a eeece a acceea a he edacceea f he

e. The feb f he a a fece he e ce f he

d ad cded he caca f he e ce a ed b

Vee (1997). The c f he feb f he a he e ce

ca be abed dffee aec, (1) he cece ce ha a g

ed f ba hch gfca age ha he ed f he ad e

he gd ad ea chaged, ad (2) aed ha he e


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ce gd aached he a a ad heefe eeece he ae

a he a.

Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) f a dffee aach f Vee (1997) ag

ha he e ad cece ce ea chaged b he feb f

he a ad cded he deg ce h he e f a febe ce.

The febe ce cdeed eaae f he e ad cece

ce ce age dffeece feec f he gd , hg

ad a a ae baed ad he dac cg beee hee ce

eae ea.

The a dffeece beee Vee (1997) ad Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006), h

egad cdg he effec f a feb, he cdea f he e

ce ad feb f he a a a b Vee (1997) ad heefe bh ae

beced he edacceea f he e ead f he ea gd

acceea. Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) e ha he e ce ea

chaged ad beced he ea gd acceea he he febe a a

beced he edacceea.

Vee (1997) aed he e ce ad a a ae bh beced

he edacceea f he e hch a fa h he hgh afed eg

f he ee ec. The ehd f Vee (1997) heefe de e

ceae e ha Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) hch ae he ce

eeece edacceea he he e ce beced he ea

gd acceea hch a be gfca ae ha he edacceea.

Wh he fece f he e ce ceag h a hegh

eceded b Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ha Vee (1997) be ed f bad

a h a H/R a ae ha 1.0 ce de hgh ceae e f

ae a hch he e ce ge he deg.

Vee (1997) aed ha he cae f bad a hee ae gfca

dffeece beee he e baed f febe ad gd a h egad he

e ce. The fece f he hghe de f ba a eggbef bad a. Sgfca dffeece he e ce beee febe ad


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gd ce ee baed f ae a ad he ecd de f ba cd

be egeced a aed Fge 2.5. The dee aaee c ed

cacae he a acag he h de f ba hch ed a a

fc f , hch ea /H ad dcae he hegh f a ag he a

a.

F 2.5: I (, 1997)

I hd be ed, he c f he fece f a ea dffe beee gd ad

febe a. I he cae f gd a he effec f he a ea be cdeed

eaae f he e ad cece ce. Thee ea fce ac

aae he dec f eca ad e a ee a he face f he

a he hch a be added he ee eg f he e ce

(Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006). The ea effec f he a a cdeed

eaae f febe a ad aed be cded h he e caca

(Vee 1997).

N cce fa he cafca f a cca cdca a a ehe gd

febe cd be fd. Th a fhe egaed h d ad a ce

eaaed he ce f h ec ee cdeed a febe h ea ded

Chae 8.


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2.4.

IL CDII

A ce aaed h ec ee cdeed be gd ed. Feb

f he a be cdeed b ee e chaege e f FE deg.Sce feb f he a cdeed h d, he fece he

beha f he d eeed bef.

Feb f he fece he e ce (Vee, 1997) ad

affec he ad e a, (1) feb deceae he fdaea

aa feec f he e ad (2) he dag f he e ceaed. The

cg f he fda a heefe hae a gfca effec bad

a b a be e f a a.

A a aed be gd ed f cg g f fda

ca cc. If cg g ad a a eedca he dec f eca

eed, he eed a febe.

2.5.

ICLI F HE F

I acca cae a f ded e a aeeag ce e

eaa f he d ad ee feg bec f fag he a.

Dg h ec he fece ad he egh f he f ha bee egeced ce

eeea ceed b Ha (1980) ha dcaed ha he f

ea he f he a aga c () defa h 2. O he f de

f ba h =1, hch ccde h a caee de, cdeed h

d.

A e acca cdea he f a beee he f ad a a

a aed b Ha (1980). Th cec cdeed be ea de fa

he ee f ef f he a ad he f de a ea aga

ha f he a a. Ee dac beha, he ec f a

eedca he dec f eca ac a a hea a, g he f

egh ad he f de cbe he a acaed h bedg. The

eggece f he a f heefe cdeed a afe a.


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2.6.

MDE F IBAI F FLEIBLE AK

Ha ad He (1981) a e a Vee (1997) hae baed he hh f

deg he a ha he f de f ba f a febe a, ee a eahae, he ae a he fdaea de f ba f a eca

caee bea. Nachga (2003) e h caee de a bee ad ahe

e he e f he he da f he deg f aeeag ce f

ec adg. The de f ba cdeed Nachga (2003) ad Ha

(1980) ae eeed ad he deadg f he beha f a cca cdca

a beced ha ec eca.

Accdg Nachga (2003) a febe cca cdca a h a ad acg

he ce ed bae dec ae he aa (ae be )

ad ccfeea (ae be ) dec. The dec f ba deede

he feec f he ec eca ad ca be gahca eeeed a h

Fge 2.6. The hegh/ad a ad a hce a f he ce deced

Fge 2.6 ae , b he aaec d f Nachga (2003) ced f a

hegh/ad a aed beee 2 ad 100 h he a hce a aed

beee 20 ad 500. The de f ba h Fge 2.6 ee deeed

ecfca f ee a. F deg e he ccfeea ae be

beee 5 ad 25 hd be cdeed ce ece a fae hae cced de

eace effec.


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2: 45 240

F 2.6: M (2003)

The eca caee de aded b Vee (1997), Ha (1980) ad

Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006). The ad e cdeed be a ge degee f

feed e ad aed hae he ae fdaea de f feec a ha

f a eca caee bea. Fge 2.7 ae bh he aa ad ccfeea

de f ba a aed b he abe eed ah. Fche (1999)

he e f a eca caee de. Hee, he hae f defa

dffe beee bad ad a a, h bad a ehbg a ca ccae

defa hae he he defa f a a bece e e ea

dacee ag he hegh f he a.


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2: 46 240

F 2.7: M H (1980)

Ba ad Pae (1987) ade e f FE de cg f he eee ad d

eee edc he ec beha f a a fed h ae. The ccded

ha f a h a H/R a geae ha 0.5, he beha ca be accae

edced h he e f he f de f ba f he defa f c

() ed. The hghe de hae e a aca fac ad ae

a edcg he beha f a a de ha ec eca.

Pacca eee ceed b Ha (1980) hae dcaed he bcg f a

ae deede he =1 ee hch ccde h he caee de.

The hghe de f ba h 2 hae a ecda fece he ee f

a dg dac adg ad a be egeced.

2.7.

ACICAL MAEIAL EIE AD DIMEI

Se acca fa h egad a de ad aea ee ed

b Sh Afca dege (Va Dae, 2009) a gaheed. Thee ca be aed

a f:

Cca cdca a ae ed f a h a age caac f 1520

egae. F ae caac a a ecaga hae ed.

Sh Afca dege geea e a H/R a f 0.5 h he a hce

ag beee 250300 ee.


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F aeeag ce a ccee ce f 40 ee ffce.

The ccee cbe egh eed f aeeag ce

35 MPa ad efcee ed egh f 450 MPa.

2.8.

AIC AALI ACCDIG GHALI (1979)

I de deee hehe he ec deg f aeeag ce Sh

Afca a da adg cd, he dac e e f h e ad

bedg e ee caed h e baed f he ac aae. The aea

f efcee eed f dac ad ac deg a a caed ad

heefe a bef a f he ac deg f aeeag ce eeed

he fg ec.

Gha (1979) de fa he aa f deag ce f ac

cd. I de ce a ehd f he eaa f he ce,

fca f he eca de ee ade a e a e a. The

caed d ee a ada ee he a. The e f he ee ae

ea ag he hegh f he a b ea ca ag he ccfeece f he

cdca a. The ee ac eedca he a he ad ea a

he face ee dg bedg ad cee defa f he he. Dg he

ac deg f a aeeag ce aed he a aea behae a

ea eac ae ce he a hce a ca he ea

de f he ce.

A aaca ehd eeed b Gha (1979) f he eaa f cca

cdca a beced hdac ee. The hdac ee e aad defec f he a, dcg a h fce hch ae ag he hegh f

he a. Deedg he f f he a edge, ada hea fce ad bedg

e ae dced ag he hegh f he a.

F aaca e ffce cde a eee f e ee ag

he ccfeece f he a. The eeea behae a a bea a eac

fda beced eac fce dced b he h fce ad a

he defec f he a a a ecfc . A dffeea ea eag he


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defec f he a he aed fce ca be deed. The eac a he a

edge ad ea fce he a ca be baed f he ea f defec.

The ehd fed b Gha (1979) he dea f he eea ea a

eed, aed be. F he dea f ea ecfc a

bda cd, efe he b bhed b Gha (1979). The geea ea

f he defec f he a aed be h he e f a be f e.

Se 1: A f dh cdeed ag he ccfeece f he a a. The

aded h a fce e aea h e . The fce aed

he eeeae f he caed d hee a he

hdac ee ad aed a ea ag he hegh f he a

b ag he ccfeece f he a. The a ed f he a

a de ad he hdac ad ae aed Fge 2.8.

F 2.8: G (1979)

The hdac ee e a ad defec , eg a h

fce N ad a ceae he a ad . The cdeed a a bea

a eac fda ad de he h fce a eg fce

q aed

he hch a he defec a a ag he a.


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The h fce ad eac fce ae aed Fge 2.9 ad a be

e aheaca e a:

H fce: e 2.1Reac fce: e 2.2

Wh N = h fce

E = d f eac f a aea

h = hce f a

= ad defec f a

= ad f a

= eg fce

F 2.9: G (1979)

Se 2: Bedg ffe f he bea

A e bedg e M, ad he gba ha a dced a

he bae f he a de he hdac ee aed ag he hegh f

he a. De bedg f he eeea , ee ee ae dced

ag he e face f he a h cee ee he e face f

he a. The e edge f he eeea ed ae f he


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ga ada ae de he P effec. The a f he edge ,

hee, eced de he e f he a ad aea ee f he

eeed.

A eeea cdeed f he eca ehd ad a eag

bedg e Mad he gba eca a aed cdea

f he e f he ce. The eag e M, ea M

ad eae a ceae he d f eac b he a 1/(12),

h ea he P a f he a aea. The eg e

aed he eeea heefe ae ha he e dced

b he hdac ee ad ae defec be baed f he

eg e ha he bedg e f ee. The edced

defec f he eeea cdeed h he e f a hghe d

f eac ad he fea ffe a be e a:

e 2.3

Se 3: Dea f ea f defec

The eeea cdeed be a EeBe bea f hch

aed ha he ae cec f he bea ea ae dg

bedg. The bedg e ad bea defec ae eaed h:

e 2.4

The hea fce, bedg e ad ea aee ad ae eaed

h:

e 2.5

e 2.6

e 2.7


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e 2.8

e 2.9

F bea h a ca fea ffe, he ea f he eac e ca

be e a:

e 2.10

Baed he geea dffeea ea f defec f he bea de a aed

ad, deg abe ee ced f eeea h a edge cd.

Thee edge cd a be cdeed be ehe fee, hged fed . F

he e f h eeach ec he deg abe ded Gha (1979) ee

ed ad heefe e fa ded he e f hee abe.

The deg abe ced b Gha (1979) ae abe f cca a h a f

ehe ca ag hce. The abe ee ced f ccee h a

P a ea 1/6. A P a f 1/5 ha a eggbe effec he ae

eeed hee deg abe. A abaed ae ae dee ad ca be ed

f e h a .

The adg ae cdeed f he ca f he abe ee f

dbed ad ad ea ag ad ag he hegh f he a. The h fce,

bedg e ad hea fce a ea f 1/10 f he a hegh ca be

cacaed h he e f he deg abe.

Bh h ad g cde, hee a bad ad a a, ca be aaed

h he abe eeed Gha (1979). Hee, he abe de fa

f a dee aaee , beee 0.4 ad 24, h ., efe Fge 2.10f a def f he b.

I acca cae he ae f age beee 4 ad 24 b f a a h

ae a be geae ha 24. The ae f f h d aged beee a ae f


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1.5 ad 187.4 f he a ce h e h a. I ca be h ha f

ae geae ha 7.3, fce aed a e edge f he a hae a eggbe effec

he he ed f he a ce hee fce de ag he hegh f he a. F a

a h geae ha 24, he ce a be egaded a cg f 2 cde

h he b cde hag a hegh f l24.2r.h h a cedghdac ee aed e he egh 1a aed Fge 2.10. The ae

ded he deg abe f Gha (1979) a be ed h ea 24 f a

a.

F 2.10: (G, 1979)

2.9.

DAMIC AALI IH ECDE 8: A 4 (2006)

Ce aeeag ce Sh Afca ae deged f ac adg

ad de deee he fece f ec adg hee ce, he

e f he ac aae ee caed h he e baed f he ec

aae e f he h e ad bedg e he a a. T

eca ehd ee ed f he ec aa f a ce, ae Ecde


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8: Pa 4 (2006) ad Vee (1997). Th ec de e fa he

ec aa f a ce h he e f Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).

A ee f e defed Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) deeae he

hddac ad ad eg fce acg a aeeag ce de

ec eca. Th ec de fa he dda e h e 1

7 acabe he ae ae ad e 8 he eceab ae. The

e cde:

Se 1: Ta de ad aea ee

The abe ded Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ee ced f a h

H/R a agg beee 0.3 ad 3. Rec he H/R a f a

ae heefe ded. I h d he hegh/ad a a aed beee

0.3 ad 1.5.

Se 2: Shg ad a feec

The feec f he hg eed deee he

edacceea eeeced b h ce dg ec eca.

The cece ce cdeed be eac ad he eac ee

ec Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004) acabe hch deede he

ea gd acceea. F he eceab ae he edc fac

a be cdeed, deedg he ace ca f he ce a

defed Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).

The feec f he ad e dffee f ha f he gd

he cae f febe a. The feec f he ad e

eed deee he edacceea eeeced b he ce

ehe f he deg ee ec f he ae ae he

eac ee ec f he eceab ae a ded

Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004). Ee hgh ca ac defa a cc

dg he ae ae, he ea ee f he ad e

a be cdeed be eac ad heefe he ee ec ed

f he ae ae cc h a beha fac ea 1.5.The ce ea eac de eceab ad de ec


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he aabe cac dh ad he eac ee ec ed h a

beha fac ea 1.0 ad cdea f he edc fac

aae f he ace ca aged he ce.

Se 3: Effec f e ce

The e ce beced he ea gd acceea ad

e gd h he a a. The a acaed h h ce

deeed ag h he hegh a hch h a aed dce he

cec bae hea fce ad eg e. De he acceea f

he e a, a ha hea fce Q, a he bae f he a a

dced ag h a eg e M ab he gba ha

a, eg f he eccec f he e a h eec a

a eedca he dec f eca. Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) ad

Vee (1997) de fa he caca f eg

e. M efe he a f he a ae ab a a

eedca he dec f eca he M efe he eg

f he ce cdg he fda, bh eg f he hddac

ee he a. A hegh h ed cacae h eg e

M. Bh f hee cce ae aed Fge 2.11 ad Fge 2.12.

F 2.11: B


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F 2.12:

The a f he e a a d a ceae a he H/R a

ceae, eachg ea a d a f a a. Th ca be abed

he ec f he cece ce he d face a a.

The hegh h, a hch he e a aced dce a eg

e abe bae ea eae ca h a ceae he H/R

a ad a e e ha dhegh f he a a. Fge 2.13 ae

he ceae f he e a a e a e hegh h H/R a

h he d e efeg had he dahed e h . The e a

deed b ad he a caed d a b .


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F 2.13: H/ (E 8: 4, 2006)

Se 4: Effec f cece ce

The eece feece f he hg ce ae cacaed h hee f he cedg , defed a he f deae f he Bee

fc f he f d ad f de. F deg e ecea

cde he f de f ba ad heefe 1=1.841 (Ecde 8: Pa

4, 2006).

The cece ce ha a gfca fece, bad a, he

hddac ad d he a b, he eced

he d face f a a. The a acaed h he cece

ce deceae h ceaed H/R a hch ced a

ceae he e a. Th ce h e 3. The aace f

he cece a a e a he hegh, a hch he cece a

aced, eeed Fge 2.14. The d e Fge 2.14 ed f

aaee acaed h he f de f ba he he dahed e

acaed h he ecd de f ba.

mi/m

1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

0 1.0 2.0 3.0

=H/R

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

0 1.0 2.0 3.0

=H/R

hi/H


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F 2.14: H/ (, 1997)

The cece a gd aached he a a, ce h

ce b ea feced b he feb f he a ad he

feec dffe f ha f he ad e gd . I a

fe eee de, he cece ce a be aached he a

h he e f g h a ecbed ffe hch ced h he

feec f he hg . Th aed Fge 2.15 ad Fge

2.16.

F 2.15: B

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

0 1 2 3

mc/m

=H/R =H/R

hc/h

4

3

2

1

0

0 1 2 3

1A

2A

1B

2B


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F 2.16:

Se 5: Effec f feb f he a

I he cae f gd ce, e 5 ged ce he e ad

cece ce e ad eed be cdeed f deg e.

F deg e ffce cde he fdaea f

de f ba he cae f febe a (Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006). The

a beced ha eca f he eahae b de he

feb f he a, he a a de eeece he ae acceea

a he gd b ahe beced eea edacceea, hch

a be hgh afed h eec he ea gd acceea. De

he ceaed ae f he edacceea h eec he gd ea

acceea, he cb f he feb a be he geg

cb he hddac ee eeed a a dg ha

ec eca.

Pee eg f he feb f he a dce a bae hea fce Qf,

a e a a eg e Mf, abe he bae. The feb a f

ad hegh f acee hfca be cacaed ad he a a ha f

he e ce a h Fge 2.11 ad 2.12.


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Se 6: Effec f a ea

The ea effec f he a a ae a ca he hddac

fce ad a be egeced he cae f ee a. Hee, f ccee

a he ad eg f a ea a be gfca ad eed be

cdeed f deg e.

Pee eg f he a ea added ha f he e

ce. I a a a he bae hea fce ad eg e

eg f he ea effec f he a a added ha f he

e ce.

Se 7: Cba f he eece ce

Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) gge he cbg he ac effec f he

a ce, affecg he hddac ee, he abe ae

hd be added de a e bd eae. The ae f

e a be ceae de he de eaa feec

beee he dffee ce.

Se 8: Hegh f he cece ae

I a de adeae feebad he cdeg he

eceab ae, de ad daage he f age f he

d he abece f a f. The feebad hegh deeed b he hegh

f hg ae ad f de f ba eed be cdeed

(Ecde 8: Pa 4, 2006).

2.10.

DAMIC AALI IH ELE (1997)

The ehd ed b Vee (1997) dffe gh f ha f Ecde 8: Pa 4

(2006) h he c f he feb f he a a. F h ea he ehd

eeed b Vee (1997) eeed ch dea he fg ec. Bh

ehd ee ed f he eca caca ad bee ca f fce

ad he aaee. The deg e b Vee (1997) cde he fg:


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Se 1: Defe a de ad aea aaee

Reeach aea eeed b Vee (1997) ca fa f a

h a H/R a agg beee 0.3 ad 3. Bh ee ad ccee a ae

dced h ad a ccee efeece a h a /R a f 0.01 ad

P a f 0.17 ed. A ea ded ceae he

fa f he efeece a ha f he aca ce beg

aaed. I de achee accae e, a a h aaee ce

he efeece de ed b Vee (1997) efeabe.

Se 2: Deee aa feec f ad e

The aa feec f bh he ad e, he cae f febe

a, a e a he hg feec deeed de ba he

edacceea ha each ce beced . I hd be ed

ha he effec f a ea egeced he cacag he ad

e feec. Thee edacceea ae deeed h he e f

he eea ee ec a eeed Ecde 8: Pa 1 (2004).

The edc fac acabe he eceab ae ad e

he edacceea hch he a ce ae beced dg

ec ac.

Se 3: Cb f e ce

I he cae f gd a he ad e beced he ea

gd acceea ad he fece f a feb cdeed. F

febe a he feb f he a ha a gfca fece he

agde f he hddac ee acg he a a ad hd

be cded he deg ce.

The feb f he a a cdeed eaae a he cae f

Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) b ahe cded he ca f he

e ce h he e f he edacceea ead f he

ea gd acceea. Hddac a ee febe a

a geae ha gd a ce he aa ed f a fa

h he hgh afed eg f he ee ec. I heefeceae egad ccee ce a gd ce.


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The e a , eae ea ba f gd a ad efe

he d a g cba h he a. The a f he

a cdeed eaae e f a ea. Th he cae h

febe a ce he e a , efe he f he a a

ad e a hch acae ba de . Wa ea

cdeed a a eaae ce dg he deg f febe ce.

The aa f he e a f febe a h Fge

2.17 h dcag he de f ba. The a caed d a

deed b , he hegh he fee d face H ad he a ad b

R.

F 2.17: H/ (, 1997)

De he acceea eeeced b he e a a hea fce Q,

dced a he bae f he a ag h a eg e M ,

ad a a eedca he dec f eca. Vee (1997)

gge he c f he ecd de f ba f a h a H/R

a ea e geae a aed Fge 2.5, ce he

dee aaee cceae h ceag H/R a.


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Se 4: Cb f cece ce

The fece f he cece ce he hddac a

ee ad eg fce cacaed he ae a a ha ed

b Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).The deceae cece a h ceag

H/R a aed Fge 2.18 ad ca be abed he efca

fece f he cece ce a a. The a caed d

deed b , he e a b , he cece a f he f

de f ba b c1ad f he ecd de b c2. The hegh

he fee d face deed b H ad he a ad b R.

F 2.18: H/ (, 1997)

Se 6: Effec f a ea

The fece f a ea he ee aed a a cdeed

eaae he cae f gd a ad a be egeced. F febe a

he ea effec f he a cded he ca f he e

ce. Hee, a aed Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) he ehd f

aa eeed b Vee (1997) de a e bd ea f

he hddac ee ad eg fce ad ae e ceae.

The ehd f Vee (1997) eeca eceae he cae f a


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a ce he e ce ge he beha f he ce

ad heefe a ea hd be egeced.

Se 7: Cba f he eece ce

The e bd e f addg he abe ae f he e ad

cece ce ed a he cae f Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006).

Se 8: Hegh f he cece ae

Cdea ad f adeae feebad f gea ace f

he eceab ae. A de f ba f he cece

ce eed be cdeed f he caca f he feebad,

hee, a h e he hghe hg de a be egeced f

a a de he efca fece f he hg ce.

2.11.

DAMIC FE MDELLIG

The accae edc f he fdaea feec f he aeeag ce

de ha ec adg f cca ace. Oe f he a f h d

egae ad e a abe FE de hch eabe ad accae h he

edc f he fdaea feec. Va de hae bee ed, h he

gfca f hee beg he de ed b Nachga (2003) ad a de

ed b Vea (2006).

The f de ed b Nachga (2003) ee he b f ag he

ea fce, geeaed b he d dg ha eca, a a eaae eea

fce acg eedca he he eee a ce. Th de ce

ce he ea fce geeaed b he d dffe h ee de hae f he

ce. The ecd de ed b Nachga (2003) ee e feabe ce

he e a f he d f added he a a, g ha he

effece de f he a ceaed. Wh he ceaed effece de f he

a, he fdaea feec f he a ca be deeed he ae ae a

ha f e a.


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Vea (2006) e a e ce FE de hch fhe dced he

fg ec.

2.12.

FE MDELLIG IELLA (2006)

A ace bhed b Vea (2006) he FE deg f aeeag ce

beced ec eca a a ed dg h ec. The a f he

eeach a egae he a de f ba, de hae a e a he

ee f he a dac adg. Hee, he ce egaed b Vea

(2006) ee ee a ad heefe e cea eed egadg he e ad

accac f hee de f ccee ce. A bef a eeed hee f

he a, FE acage ad cc da b Vea (2006) FE deg f

ee a f ec adg.

A accae eeea f he ec beha f a a cca, ce a d

ceed b Nachga (2003) ha dcaed ha a fae beced

ec eca de eace effec. The FE deg f he deea f

he aa feec f he ad e heefe eea.

Thee de ee cdeed Vea (2006) e f he eece H/R

a ae, (1) H/R ea 0.8, (2) H/R ea 1.26 ad (3) H/R a ea 1.9.

I a ace he FE acage ABAQUS (2002) a ed cee he aae f a

hee de. Sfca f he FE de cde:

Cdea f he e ce ce He (1963) ggeed

he eaa f he e ad cece ce ad eaae

eaa f he ce h fa accae e.

O ached a ee cdeed b Vea (2006) hch dcae ha

fg a f he fda a eed. F h ea he bae

ae f he a a deed.

Hdac ee ad efegh f he ce ae cdeed.

I de ba a de f he aa f a a beced ec adg, a

be f e ee fed. Thee e cde:


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Se 1: Deee hddac ee

O he e hddac ee eeed he a a a ed

dg h d. The ehd eeed b Vee (1997) deeg he

e ee f gd a a ed hch ha a ce db

ag he hegh f he a a e a ag he ccfeea dec a

aed Fge 2.19.

F 2.19: D (, 2006)

Se 2: Deea f he e a

The aa feec f ba ca be cacaed a k/m h ea he a acag he fdaea de f ba. The

ee aed a ce ca be dec cdeed he

deea f he aa feec f a ce ee hgh a hae

a gfca fece. F h ea a cacae he e

a acag he fdaea de f ba.

A ee f de caed ag he hegh f he a h he edge de

caed a he ad b f he a ad he ea de caed

beee he edge de. The e a g gd h he a

ca be cacaed f each de h m f ea de ad m f edge de. The a e a deeed f he

a e ee hch ac he dec f eca ad he


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db f he e a ag he hegh f he a be a

ha f he e ee.

The e ee ae ag he ccfeece f he a b he

e ed ae ae dbed he ae a ag he

ccfeece b ahe ea ca. Th ee be, f

he e a eeeae f he ee hch aa ac

eedca ad ha a ea effec a he face f he he

eee. The e a hd heefe aa ea eedca

he he eee ee afe defa. Secd, he cb f he

e a he de f ba ae h he ccfeea age. If

he aace f he ed ae ae egeced h he a

e a aached a de, e ha ce he aca a f he

d acae he de f ba.

The he e f gd ed beee he ed e a

ad he he de, h ee f he ed a eced he ada

dec ad a f he a. The ed ae ae ed he

eca ad agea dec. Wh he ed de, he a a

acag he de f ba haf he a aached he ce.

The ed ae he dec f eca cbe a he

feec f ba he he ae eedca he dec f

eca hae cb. The cb f he ae heefe

deceae h a ceae ccfeea age. The a f he a h

ed gd , e ed ae ad cheaca

h Fge 2.20.


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F 2.20: FE (2006)

Se 3: Fdaea de f ba

I de deee he a ad dffee de f ba f a

ce, he be f de a ceaed he a a acag

ba a age ha 70% f he e a. The ba de h

he hghe aca fac he dec f aa a defed a

he fdaea de f ba. Tabe 2.1 de fa he f

hee de h he hghe aca fac 3, f each f he hee

eed de.

Mde f he ad e eea f he ee ha gd

Mde A Mde B Mde C

M () 3 () 3 () 3

1 0.2116 0.64 1a 1 0.2395 0.79 1

a 1 0.3001 0.77 1

a 1

2 0.2021 0.02 1 5 0.2362 0.01 28 7 0.296 0.01 20 6

3 0.1957 0.02 1 4 0.2046 0.01 1 7 0.2998 0.01 25 6aFdaea de

2.1: (, 2006)

The aabe Tabe 2.1 ae a f:

T() = Ped f ba h he hghe aca fac


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3= aca fac

= ccfeea ae be

= aa hafae be

A dcaed he f de f ba f each de ha a aca fac

ch hghe ha he f he ecd hd de f ba. I heefe

ffce cde he fdaea de f ba f acca

e, h he hghe de f ba hag a eggbe effec he

ce dg ha ec eca.

Se 4: Mde f ba

The ada dacee ag he a a ee cdeed deeg

he a de hae, h he a dacee cedg h

he fdaea de f ba. The fdaea de f each de

h Fge 2.21 ad beed ha he hghe dacee de

cc a he f he ce a eeced f a caee bea. I eae

bad a a bge fed da dcag he fdaea de a

bedg de (=1) h a aa hafae (), he he ae de ehb

beae beha a he f de f a caee bea h

a dacee ea he f he ce.


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F 2.21: F (, 2006)

I ca heefe be ccded ha egade f he H/R a, he ee f a e

ha bae daed b he fdaea de f ba hch a

bedg de h ea 1. A he hegh f he ce ceae, he

fdaea de hae ed ha f a eca caee bea.

2.13.

AD7 (2005) DEFIII

The FE acage STRAND7 (2005) a ed eee dg h d de

eaae he accac ad ee f he a ed FE de. F ca

e e f he a e ed STRAND7 (2005) ae defed ag

h he ehd f aa. The FE de ed he ce f h d ae

decbed e dea Chae 7. I h ec fa ded he

ee f a eee ed cc a FE de ad he e ed

STRAND7 (2005) ba he fdaea feec f a de.


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2.13.1. EIE F LAE AD HELL

She ee ed a FE de ce he ae a cba f ebae ad

bedg eee. The ee aed a he eee a ce

e bh bedg f he ae a e a ee fce de h e.

She ca deg bh ae defa a e a fae bedg ad

ae ffce f e h ec.

She ae eee STRAND7 (2005) ae cafed a ehe hc h

eee deedg he hce f he eee h eec he ea

de f he ce. A ae a cca de cdeed h f he

hce f he eee e ha eeh f he ad f he de. The

a dffeece beee hc ad h he beg ha bedg cbe

he fae defa h he he bh bedg ad hea

cbe he fae defa f hc he. A he ed he

de aaed dg he ce f h ec ae cdeed a h he ad

heefe he bedg e ha cbe he fae

defa f a he eee.

Sffce e ae baed h he e f 3 ad 4de he eee he

cae f h he, b adda bedg e a be geeaed b he

aa f a ced he h a fa face. Thee adda e

ah h he efee f he eh. O 4de he eee ee ed

h ec h a ffce fe de eh.

The ca a f a 4de eee h Fge 2.22 h he ca ad

a he ae f he ae.


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F 2.22: L AD7 (2005)

2.13.2. EIE F LIK

Mde baed he FE de ed b Vea (2006) ade e f

ecbe he ee f he e a eae he a dg

ha ec eca. Ped ee ed dg h ec ad ca be

defed a bea eee f fe ffe g de. The dace

beee hee de aa ea ca ad ea aced

he a f he de, he ca heefe ae deede f he each

he.

2.13.3. CAL MA AIBE

The e a a aached he ce h he e f ca

a eee. Thee eee ae ad cae ecfc ad a hae dffee

aa fac ha he ce. The fece f ga ca a

ca a be defed eaae f ha f he ce. Iea fce geeaed b

he ca a ca be ehe cded he aa egeced. Led

ae ee aached a FE de aaed dg h ec cde he

fece f he e a he beha f he ce dg ec

adg. The add f he e a he ce a acheed h he

e f da ca ae.


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I dac aa he ca a ed ae he ee

eeed he a a de deee he aa feec f he e.

The dac fac f a ca a acaed h a defa ae f

e hch dcae ha he effece a cdeed he dac beha f

he ce ea he ca a aached. The eca ee

e deee he a f he effece a ha cbe a ecfc

de f ba, h a a he aca a (STRAND7,

2005).

2.13.4.

AAL FEEC EIE

The aa feec be baed he fg ea:

e 2.11

Wh [K] = gba ffe a

[M] = gba a a

= ba de ec

= aa feec

I de deee he de f ba, he fg e ae fed:

Se 1: Aeb f he eee ffe ad a ace f he gba

ace.

Se 2: Se he egeae be ba feec f ba.

2.13.5. MDE EII MEHD

The de e ehd cee e dac aae ce

edce he be e ad dac eb ea ae deced.

The ea f dac adg :

e 2.12


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Wh [M] = Ma a

[C] = Dag a

[K] = Sffe a

a = Nda acceea ec

= Nda ec ec

= Nda dacee ec

F() = Dac ad ec

The da a, dag ad ffe ace ae daga ad heefe he

eb ea ae deced ad a be ed eaae. I a

cde he aa feece ha hae ceged dg he aa

feec aa, ce ceged feece a ead a aca

a fac geae ha 100%. The cea f ceged feece ae

dced dea he Chae 7. I de cde a de f ba ha

a hae a fece he ce, a aca a fac ea

90% eed f aaca e (STRAND7, 2005).

The a aca fac f each de he fac f he a a f he

de ha acae he aca de f ba ad cacaed a:

.. e 2.13

Wh [M = Gba a a

E = Gba dacee ec

= h de hae ec

The cb f each de added b a che ehd ba he a

ca ee.

2.13.6. ECAL EE

The eca ee aa a eca aca f he de e

ehd ad ed deee he ee f a ce beced a

hac dac adg a he cae f ec bae eca. A ee


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ec hch eee he ee f a gedegeeffeed e a

bae eca (ca a eahae) ed he aa.

The ehd fed he eca ee aa :

Se 1: Aebage f he eee a a

Se 2: Caca f he da eca fac f each ba de a e

a he a aca fac.

Se 3: Deea f he eca ae acaed h each de f ba

f he ee ec ded.

Se 4: Caca f da dacee agde

Se 5: Caca f a ee h ehe he CQC SRSS ehd.

I he fg chae fa ded he eae aeeag ce

ed dg h eeach ec ad he deg f h ce f ac ad. The deg

ehd dced geae dea eag he a ad fca f h

ehd dg he ce f h ec. The ae ad eceab ae ae

dced h he aa ad fac ed f each. The ca f he eg

fce ad ee dced ag h he deea f he cac dh. The

caca f he aea efcee eed f each f hee ee ded.


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3. EAMLE MDEL & AAMEIC D





Comparison of results with regardto fundamental frequency, base

shear force and overturningmoment

Conclusions and

Recommendations

Chapter 2:

Literature

review


Chapter 5 & 6:


Chapter 7:

FE modelsand analysis

Chapter 8:

Global Results

Chapter 10:

Conclusions and

Recommendations


parameter study

Chapter 3:Basic model and

parameter study


to bending moment and hoop

stress in wall, influence of peak

ground acceleration and requiredreinforcement

Chapter 9:

Local Results

F 3.1: M

Ifa a gaheed he ac ad ec aae f a ce ad a

cce eag each ae ded Chae 2 he eae ee. Wh hee

d, he fg e h ec a he def f he eae de ad

aea ee a dcaed Fge 3.1. Th eae de a ed ef a

aaec d f acheg he a a f h ec a aed Chae 1. Theecde he aee f ec adg a a cca ad cae ad he geace f


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ehe he ae eceab ae he deg ce. The a f a

fed ad accae eca ehd ad fe eee de a a cdeed.

The ce f he aaec d a deeed h e ad fa h egad

he eae de ad aaec d ded h ec.

I de defe he gee f he eae de ad aea ee, acca

fa a ded b he Sh Afca deg fae a cdeed. F he

ce f he aaec d he acca fa ad he fa ded he

eca ehd f Vee (1997) ad Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) a cdeed.

Sh Afca dege efe e a cca cdca ce f a h a age

caac f 15 20 egae he ce h a caac ae ha 300 e ae

deged a ecaga ae a (Va Dae, 2009). I h d, cca

cdca a ee cdeed ce he fece f a eahae hee ce

d be e ced de he hghe age caac. I ace he cec

beee he a a ad fda cdeed a a cba beee a fed

ad ed . The efcee eed a he bae f he a cacaed

h cdea f he a a f fed ad haf f he eed efcee

cacaed ded. Sce haf f he eed efcee ded, e

a a he bae f he a ca cc. F fca e, he cec

beee he a a ad fda a cdeed be f fed h d ad he

fda cdeed be gd ed h cg g f he fda

aed dg ha eca.

Ifa ded b he Sh Afca d dcaed ha a H/R [Hegh/Rad]

a f 0.5 efeed he degg cca cdca a (Va Dae, 2009). The

aea eeed b bh Vee (1997) ad Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006) caed

fa f a h a H/R a agg beee 0.3 ad 3.0. Hee, a ae f 3.0

f he H/R a eee hgh, h he ce ehbg ebae beha h

cedg e ce aae (Vee, 1997). Wh cdea f he acca

fa ded b he Sh Afca d ad he eeach aea b Vee

(1997) a decded he H/R a h d a a ae f 1.5 hch

acca. Wh he a H/R a d a ad f 10 ee a che. Fge3.2 gahca ee he eae de a ed h d.


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F 3.2:

A aeeag ce egaed h d ee cdeed a efced

ccee ce. The ccee a aed hae a cbe egh f 40 MPa h a

d f eac f 34.3 GPa, P a f 0.2 ad de f 2500 g/3. I a

aed ha he ce fed a hegh H h ae hch ha a de f 1000

g/3.

Wh he gee f he ce ad aea ee , he ce cd be

cafed a hag ehe a gd febe a. The cea f he cafca f a ae

eag ce a ehe gd febe ee a h ad ee fhe

egaed. Sce he ad f he ce a e a he ce f aace f

he a hegh, he he aabe eag he gee f he ce he

hce f he a. I eae bhed b Vee (1997), a /R [a

hce/Rad] a f 0.009 a ed a a efeece a f he aa f a febe

ce. Hee, acca fa ded b he egeeg d (Va Dae,

2009) dcaed ha a /R a beee 0.025 ad 0.03 efeed. F hee ea he

/R a h d a aed beee 0.006 ad 0.03.


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Sac ad ec aae ee ceed f each ce. The ehd a ecbed

Gha (1979) a ed f he ac aa he eca ehd ee ed f he

ec aa f a ce. Thee ee he ehd ed b Vee (1997) ad

ha f he Ecde 8: Pa 4 (2006). A ae f 0.15g a ed f he ea gd

acceea he ec aa f aeeag ce. I de deee

hehe Sh Afca dege deed eed cde eahae a a cca ad cae

he deg f aeeag ce, he ea gd acceea a aed

beee 0.15g ad 0.35g.

I a, he aaec d ced f:

Vaace f he H/R a beee 0.3 ad 1.5 h cee f 0.3

Vaace f he /R a beee 0.006 ad 0.03 h cee f 0.003

Vaace f ea gd acceea beee 0.15g ad 0.35g h cee f

0.1g

I he fg chae he ac aa f a aeeag ce dced. The

ehd eeed b Gha (1979) a ed ba he h fce ad bedg e

each f he ce he beced hdac d ee. The cedg

ad cba f he ae ad eceab ae ae a eeed ag

h he caca f he efcee eed f each f he ae.


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4. AIC MEICAL AALI





Comparison of results with regardto fundamental frequency, base

shear force and overturningmoment

Conclusions and

Recommendations

Chapter 2:

Literature

review


Chapter 5 & 6:


Chapter 7:

FE modelsand analysis

Chapter 8:

Global Results

Chapter 10:

Conclusions and

Recommendations


parameter study

Chapter 3:Basic model and

parameter study


to bending moment and hoop

stress in wall, influence of peak

ground acceleration and requiredreinforcement

Chapter 9:

Local Results

F 4.1: M

Wh he eae de ad ce f he aaec d defed he e chae,

he fg e he ehdg f h d a he eca aa f each

ce a dcaed Fge 4.1. The f f he eca ehd be dced he

ac aa f a aeeag ce ce a ce Sh Afca ae ce

deged f ac adg cd. The ec ad a ce ae fedegaded ad de ae he fece f ec adg aeeag


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ce, he dac e ee caed he ac e. Ca ee

ade h egad he bae hea fce, eg e, h e ad bedg

e he a a e a he aea f efcee eed f he eece ea

fce.

I h chae he a ad acg he ce ae ded eag he ac

cd h he aa ad fac. The ehd f aa ed b Gha (1979)

dced h egad he a e he ehd cdg he a ad

fca ade dg h d. The eg ae ae fce ad ee

ae deeed ag h he aea f efcee. The cac dh caca

accdg BS 8007 (1987) ae eeed dea hch deeed he aea f

efcee eed f he eceab ae. The aea f efcee eed

f he ac ad ee caed ha baed f he ec ad de ae

hehe ec deg a cca adg cd Sh Afca. The efcee

eed f he ae ae a bee caed ha f he eceab

ae ae hch ae ge he deg f he ce he cae f

ec aa.

4.1.

LAD AD AIAL LAD FAC

The ad cdeed ac a ce ee he gaaa ad ad he

hdac ad eg f he caed d. Adda ad de

eeae ad hage ee egeced f he e f h d, ce he a

f h ec deee he effec f ec ac aeeag ce.

4.1.1. GAIAIAL LAD

The a a cdeed be f fed he bae ad ca f he he

fda cdeed be gd ed h g f he fda.

Sbee he deg f he fda ad he fce acg he

fda ee cdeed, hch cde he egh f he ae. The f

a a egeced ce a aed he egh f he f de cbe

he bedg e ab a ha a h e he a. O he

efegh f he a a a cdeed a a gaaa ad eg a


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eca aa fce he a a. Refe Fge 4.2 hch cheaca h

a aed ac fce cdeed acg a aeeag ce.

4.1.2.

HDAIC LAD

A ha ee eeed he a a b he caed d hch

a he hdac ee. The hdac ee cdeed be

ca ag he ccfeece f he a b ae ea ag he hegh f

he a. Fge 4.2 ae he ac fce acg a aeeag ce

a cdeed h ec.

F 4.2: E

The ha ee acg he a e a ad dacee f

he a. Hee, he dacee eced de e f he ce,

eg a h e ad bedg e a he b de ce he

ee cdeed a fed. Bedg f he a ad a eca a a

cdeed ce a effec ae dced b he aca f he

hdac ee. The eac fce ae aed Fge 4.3.


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F 4.3: I

The ehdg deee he h fce ad bedg e accdg

Gha (1979) a ded dea Chae 2 ec 2.8. A bef a

ded aga f ca e:

The dee aaee f he ce cacaed a 2/(dh) h

he hegh f he a, he daee f he a ad he a hce.

Wh cdea f he a edge cd, he aae deg

abe ae deeed a ded Gha (1979).

The deg fac f he h e ad bedg e eece ae

deeed f he aae deg abe a baed he e

e.

The ae f he h fce ad bedg e ae cacaed h he

e f he deg fac.

F he deea f he h e, he h fce a dded b he

hce f he a a ad cdeed ac e ee hegh f he a

a.


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4.1.3. AIAL LAD FAC

The h fce ad bedg e he a a deeed h he e f

Gha (1979) ee chaacec ad. The aae ad cba ee

ed a ecbed f deg e he Sh Afca adg cde (SANS

10160, 2009) ad EN 19914 (2006).

The efegh f he ce ad he hdac ee ee cdeed

cba f a ce. The ae ae cba ae eeed

ea 4.1 ad 4.2 h he f ad cba acabe he aa ad

eg f he egh f he a. The ecd ad cba

acabe he ca f he bedg e ad h e eg

f he ha ee eeed he a b he caed d.

1 1.35 e 4.12 1.2 e 4.2

The eceab ae cba ae ded be h ad

cba 3 cedg h he aa fce ad ad cba 4

acabe he deea f he bedg e ad h e eg

f he ae ad.

3 1.1 e 4.34 1.1 e 4.4

4.2.

AEA F EIFCEME

A h e ad bedg e ae baed he a de he hdac

ee eeed he a. Wh he e f he deg ae baed f he

ae ad eceab ae eece, he aea f efcee eed

a deeed. The aea f efcee eed f bh he ac ad ec

aae f a ce a f ee ae hehe ec ad ae a da

ad cae. The aea f efcee eed f he ae ad eceab

ae ee a eeded ae hch f he ae ge he deg f a ae

eag ce.

Circular Tanks Seismic Design

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