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Transcript of CIP Annual Report 2010
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8/9/2019 CIP Annual Report 2010
1/125International Potato Center
AnnualReport 2010
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2/1252 International Potato Center Annual Report 2010
Reverso dela Caratula
Internationa Potato Center Annua Report 2010
The International Potato Center (known
by its Spanish acronym CIP) is a research-
for-development organization with a focus
on potato, sweetpotato, and Andean roots
and tubers. CIP is dedicated to delivering
sustainable science-based solutions to the
pressing world issues of hunger, poverty,
gender equity, climate change and the
preservation of our Earths fragile biodiversity
and natural resources.
Our vision is roots and tubers improving
the lives of the poor. Our mission is to
work with partners to achieve food security,
well-being, and gender equity for poor
people in root and tuber farming and food
systems in the developing world. We do this
through research and innovation in science,
technology, and capacity strengthening.
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Vision and mission 2Statement by the Board Chair 4Foreword from the Director General 6Introduction 9
A strategy for enhancing impacts 10Priority areas 13Potato in tropical and subtropical highlands increasing profits, improving nutrition 14
Pumping up potatoes for highland communities iron biofortification 16The Andean potato sector repositioning for todays opportunities 18Potatoes a priority for top leaders in Mozambique 20Potato in sub-tropical lowlands promoting early maturing varieties to diversify 22cereal-based systems80-day potatoes open window for diversifying cereal-based systems in India 24Cooperation 88 synonymous with potato and success 26Potato in temperate Asia conserving water, enhancing incomes 28Picking up the pace for potatoes in Central Asia 30Sweetpotato in Sub-Saharan Africa enhancing income generation and health 32Agricultural + health services = win-win in Kenya 34Another foot soldier in the battle against malnutrition CIPs OFSP for Africa catalogue 36Sweetpotato in Asia adding value to a multipurpose crop 38
Impacts of sweetpotato for pig feed in Papua-Indonesia, not just financial 40
Nurseries and taste tests a recipe for better health and livelihoods in Orissa, India 42Global program: Sustaining genetic resources 44Unique partnership continues between CIP and the Pisaq Potato Park 46Wild potatoes genes enlisted in the late blight arms race 48Global program: Accelerating genetic enhancement 50Improved variety Amarilis packs significant impacts 52Color chart sheds (deep orange-yellow) light on sweetpotato biofortification 54Virtual catalogue presents best potato varieties in English, Spanish, and Chinese 55Global program: Understanding complex systems 56Predicting global warmings effects on insect pests 58New tool offers a gendered lens for boosting womens participation in innovative processes 60Strategic corporate processes 62Gold standard upheld in CIP genebank management 64Data Gurus 66
Outputs 2010 69CIP staff publications 2010 70Output reporting 2010 90CIP in 2010 105Financial report 106Donor contributions 108Global contact points 109Senior management team 112CIPs internal structure 113CIP staff list 114CGIAR centers 122
Contents
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2010 was a successful yearfor CIP. The center expanded its research program to continue playing
an important role in improving potato and sweetpotato production systems and the livelihoods of
millions of people around the world.
Early in the year, CIP offi cially joined the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers.
In July, CIP was designated as the lead center of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers, and
Bananas. During the year, CIP started to take steps to implement a new research matrix structure and
move ahead with internal initiatives that will strengthen CIPs ability to grow and decentralize further.
CIPs financial indicators reflect that the Center is growing. To support the growth in its research
portfolio, CIP also is adjusting administrative processes to be more streamlined, transparent,
and accountable.
Together, these changes are serving to strengthen CIP and the CGIAR system to further meet the
challenges of food security, poverty, and environmental degradation facing our world
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Mr. Edward Sayegh, Dr. Juan Risi, and Dr. S.
Edison who served with dedication and high standards during their tenure as Board members. I also
Statementby the Board Chair
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welcome our new Board members Ms. Phyllis Kibui, Dr. Zhang Taolin, and Mr. Cesar Paredes, who
joined the Board in 2010.
On behalf of the Board, I would like to thank CIPs donors, investors, and all CGIAR partners for
their support. I also extend my appreciation to CIPs management and staff for their continued
dedication to the organization and its important mission.
Dr. Peter VanderZaag
Chair, Board of Trustees
From left to right: Dr. Stella
Williams, Dr. Zhang Taolin,
Dr. S. Edison, Dr. Simon Best,
Dr. Pamela K. Anderson,
Dr. Peter VanderZaag,
Dr. Jose Valle-Riestra,
Dr. Juan Risi, Ms. Phyllis Kibui
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For the past 40 years, advances in food production led to significant progress in the provision
of cheap and abundant food to meet global demand. However, the grain crisis of 2007-2008 and
subsequent food riots that took place in more than 30 countries brought to light the fact that our
world is currently facing a major food crisis for the first time in generations one that remains
largely unrecognized.
The days of cheap and abundant food are behind us. New pressures are combining with traditional
ones to drive demand up and supply down. Food stocks are the lowest they have been since the
1980s. Investments in agricultural research and development have decreased, and demand for food,
including for the use of products such as biofuels, is on the rise.
In the next two decades, the worlds population will grow by more than a hundred million people a
year. Most of this growth will come in the developing countries, where the pressures on earth, water,
and other natural resources are already intense. The supply of arable land is decreasing in the face of
growing urbanization and climate change. As a result, one of the greatest challenges we will face in
the coming decades will be that of ensuring food security for our world.
It is this challenge, and its terrible urgency, that frame and drive CIPs Strategic and Corporate Plan for
the next ten years.
Food security exists when all people at all times are free from hunger. We know that of the top ten
foods upon which the world depends for food security, potato and sweetpotato rank third and
sixth, respectively. In some parts of the world, they are expected to play an increasingly critical
role in the coming decades. For example, China expects to need to increase its food production by
100,000,000 tons in the next 20 years to meet its growing population with fully 50,000,000 tons of
it coming from potatoes alone. Fortunately, potato and sweetpotato offer enormous potential for
improved yields. We have seen that planting virus-and pest-free planting material for sweetpotato
can boost yields by 30 percent or more underscoring the continued importance of developing and
disseminating resistant varieties adapted to current and potential future environmental stresses.
Improving productivity, however, is not enough. The strategies needed to alleviate hunger are
complex and adapted to the distinct issues facing the three different types of developing countries;
urbanized, agricultural-based, and those in transformation from agriculture to urban-based
economies and structures. Ensuring food security requires a systems-based approach, with long-
term investments and solutions. For CIP this means recognizing how potato and sweetpotato fit
into multiple systems, such as production systems, marketing systems, and value chains. It also
Forewordfrom the Director General
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means expanding their potential value for improving nutrition, gender equity, and livelihoods,
particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable populations.
The grain price crisis of recent years was a true wake up call. In a post-surplus world, we can no
longer take food for granted.
It is with these challenges in mind that CIP has prepared its Strategic and Corporate Plan. The full
plan is quite detailed and complex. However, there are underlying priorities throughout the plan,
which drive its construction and merit highlighting.
First, from the research perspective, the priorities and anticipated outcomes reflected in this plan
are based on a research model. Called the Pro-Poor Research and Development Cycle model, it
includes five stages (targeting, needs/opportunities assessment, research, scaling out, and impact
assessment) organized in a continuous cycle with each step informing the development of the
next one. The model is designed to generate a far more focused research agenda, target needs
and opportunities, adapt to change, and incorporate analyses of impact pathways to better
understand how research outputs are taken up (or not) and how they are (or should be) used to
promote positive results.
The CIP plan also includes a much more intentional focus on issues such as gender and health.
It reflects CIPs continued dedication to the preservation of the worlds remarkably rich heritage
of potato, sweetpotato, and other Andean root crops. The urgency imposed by climate change
drives us to develop varieties that are adapted to its potential effects and methods that support
sustainable crop management systems.
Two other attributes of this plan, which represent important shifts from the past, include new
uses of rigorous international standards by which to measure our outputs and outcomes, along
with a far greater focus on management processes within the organization. CIP is not content to
rest on the laurels of the past. To meet CIPs research agenda and the application of its scientific
findings into systems that increase food security and improve lives, we recognize that CIP must
achieve excellence in everything we do. The world cannot afford for us to accept anything less.
Thank you.
Pamela K. Anderson
Director General
Dr. Pamela K. Anderson,Director General
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Introduction
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CIPs Strategy and Corporate Plan:2009-2018 is designed to enhance the impacts of our
research investments and activities. It builds on a formal Vision Exercise that was undertaken with
CIP staff and stakeholders to align CIPs research agenda with the UN Millennium Development
Goals and ensure that it was directed at areas of greatest need and potential. The plan includes an
impact-driven research agenda and improved management processes to support those objectives.
The priority areas and issues for CIPs research agenda were identified using a formal targeting
exercise, which identified the agroecological regions where potato or sweetpotato cultivation are
most widespread among poor people. This information was combined with data on livelihood
indicators in those regions (e.g., per capita income, nutritional status, child mortality rates, and
maternal mortality rates) to not only underscore areas of greatest need but also pinpoint the
distinct combination of issues and opportunities affecting poor producers and communities that
could be most effectively addressed by CIP.
The results have led CIP to focus on five Geographic Programs, which reflect the three principle
potato and two major sweetpotato agroecoregions of the world that offer the greatest
combination of need and potential impact:
Potato in tropical and subtropical highlands.The high rates of isolation, poverty,
and poor nutrition in these areas, along with their vulnerability to increasing pressures
from climate change, have led CIP to focus on strategies to address poverty and improve
nutrition in these regions.
Potato in sub-tropical lowlands of Asia.These areas have high potential for expanding
potato production by promoting early maturing varieties that can grow during fallow periods
between grain crops to boost food diversity, supply, and farmer incomes.
Potato in temperate Asia.Potato is a key food and cash crop in this region, which is experi-
encing the effects of climate change acutely. The focus of CIP efforts is on boosting yields and
incomes, with development and dissemination of varieties that can resist drought, soil salinity,
and biotic stresses along with methods to improve water and natural resource management.
Sweetpotato in Sub-Saharan Africa.Orange-fleshed sweetpotato offers great untapped
potential to combat widespread vitamin A deficiency and enhance livelihoods, particularly for
A strategyfor enhancing impacts
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women and children in this region. CIP is engaged with many public and private partners in
creative strategies to diversify its use, expand its value, and raise its profile across the region.
Sweetpotato in Asia. Sweetpotato is a multi-purpose crop in Asia, used for food, animal
feed, and processing. Recognizing that Asia is the biggest producer and consumer of
sweetpotato, CIP is focused on expanding its value for poor, small-scale producers through
greater yields, uses, and access.
In addition, the CIP research agenda includes three programs that are not region-specific but
which produce crucial global public good research outputs. CIPs three Global Programs are:
Sustaining genetic resources.As climate change and urbanization place additional
pressure on the land, CIP is redoubling its commitment to the safety and utilization
of the crop collections in its care. Research priorities include support for in-situcommunity
conservation programs and initiatives that encourage the re-introduction of traditional
varieties, along with ex-situcollection and preservation in the CIP genebank.
Accelerating genetic enhancement.The discovery of new genes and the development of
tools to guide their use are critical steps toward continuing improvements in crop protection,
productivity, and value. CIPs breeding program is dedicated to developing durable resistanceto major pests and diseases, enhancing market and nutritional value, and improving
adaptation to climate change and marginal environments.
Understanding complex systems.Multiple interdisciplinary skills are involved in
engaging the social, health, economic, and cultural dimensions that help research to deliver
concrete results. CIP works with diverse specialists (agro-economists, sociologists,gender
specialists, anthropologists, statisticians, post harvest specialists, and health professionals)
to bring together the expertise, strategies, and tactics which add value to CIPs commodity
research.
In 2010, CIP began to implement the principles of its new corporate and strategic plan with
greater accountability in management practices and a reorientation of the research structure to
support the targeted priorities.
The following chapters provide examples of ways CIP is putting those new priorities into practice.
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Priorityare
as
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Potato in tropical and
subtropical highlandsincreasing profits,
improving nutrition
Seed systems
Decision support systems
Risk assesment for key pests
Biological control
DSS for land management for
Value change innovations
climate change adaptation
Resistant biofortified
market-oriented
varieties
to manage pests, diseases (DSS)
INCREASED PROFIT
AND NUTRITION
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Potato was first domesticated in the highlands of the
Andes, which is the primary center for the
conservation of potato biodiversity. The highlands of Asia and
Africa also share similar agro-ecologies and critical characteristics.
They represent remote areas, with high rates of poverty and poor nutrition that
also are at high risk because of climate change. Potato pests and diseases are
increasing and moving up the mountains due to warming trends, at the same time
that there is pressure for intensification of production because of food security
needs. Areas of key focus for CIP in these regions include the development of
varieties with higher micronutrient content to improve nutrition, the use of
innovative agricultural management approaches to preserve soil and water
resources, and the implementation of participatory market approaches
to increase incomes and promote sustainable development in poor communities.
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Iron deficiencyis the most common nutritional
disorder in the world affecting 50% of pregnant
women and 40% of preschool children in
developing countries, according to the World
Health Organization. Since potatoes are naturally
good sources of iron, CIP is working to addfurther nutritional value through breeding, or
biofortification, of potato. It is a very promising
alternative for improving health in poor
communities, where access to meat is limited,
and people cannot afford commercially fortified
foods and vitamin supplements.
The bioavailability of iron in potato is also
important, and can be greater than that from
cereals and legumes. Potatoes have high levels of
ascorbic acid, which promotes iron absorption.
They also have low levels of phytic acid,
which inhibits iron absorption. CIP efforts are
focused on identifying and breeding varieties
that are rich in both iron concentration and
bioavailability.
Health consequences of iron deficiencyinclude impaired physical and cognitive
development, increased risk of morbidity in
children, and reduced work productivity in
adults. In the Peruvian highlands, up to 60% of
preschool children suffer the stunting effects of
malnutrition, with iron deficiency as the main
contributing factor.
Potato is a key food staple in these areas, but
its potential for combating malnutrition is not
well known or exploited. So improving iron
concentrations and bioavailability in potato can
have real impact in these areas, says Gabriela
Burgos, who leads the Quality and NutritionLaboratory at CIP.
CIP has screened nearly 900 native and improved
potato varieties for iron concentrations, finding
wide variations and a large genetic diversity that
can be exploited in breeding programs.
We selected a group of potatoes for their
high levels of iron, conducted a whole series of
crosses with them, and studied the progeny,
explains CIP agronomist Walter Amors. From
a baseline iron content of 19mg /kg, weve
achieved levels as high as 40mg /kg after twoselection cycles.
The future challenge is to combine these
cultivars with CIPs advanced breeding lines that
have disease and pest resistance, high yield, and
high acceptance from farmers.
Pumpingup potatoesfor highlandcommunities iron biofortification
Potato in tropical and subtropical highlands increasing profits, improving nutrition
CIP has screenednearly 900 native
and improvedpotato varieties for
iron concentrations.
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Increasing thebioavailability of ironin potato can reduceiron deficiency rates
in the highlands.
Increasing thebioavailability of ironin potato can reduceiron deficiency rates
in the highlands.
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The Andeanpotato sector repositioning for todays opportunities
CIPs analysis ofthe Andean potato
sector provides datato understand its
growth and economicimportance.
Copies of El Sector Papa en la Regin Andina Diagnstico y Elementos para una Visin Estratgica
(Bolivia, Ecuador y Per) can be found at: http://www.cipotato.org/publications/pdf/005363.pdf
V.
GWINNER There are over 4,000 native Andean potatoes
in an astonishing array of shapes and colors.
Traditionally grown by generations of farmers,
they have a higher nutritional value than
the large-scale industrial varieties and are
increasingly sought after by consumers lookingfor original, healthy foods that are sustainably
and ethically produced. A range of processed and
fresh products from chips to anti-wrinkle creams
is now available with these consumers in mind.
Its a growing market, says Ordinola. It started
five years ago moving about 100 metric tons of
potato in Peru in 2005. In 2010, the figure was
5,000 tons.
The report also focuses attention for scientific
research centers and development institutes
on the continuing need to improve production.
Figures show that crop yields in Bolivia, Peru,and Ecuador are 5.7 t/ha,12 t/ha, and 9.5 t/ha,
respectively - well below the global average of
16.8 t/ha.
Armed with the numbers they need to give a
solid basis for data-driven policies, people are
already beginning to sit up and take notice.
In Ecuador, a public supported fund of over
US$ 6 million for the potato sector has been
established. In Peru, the report has prompted
promotional policies and the creation of technical
regulations and standards. The diagnostic is a
key advocacy tool for Andean farmers who, arealso the guardians of one of the worlds richest
sources of biodiversity.
CIPs Papa Andinainitiative recently published
a diagnostic report, bringing together, for thefirst time, real data on the potato sector across
three key countries - Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
The result is a crucial tool for policy makers,
donors, and planners to understand the market
reality in the heartland of the potato and how it
is positioned in a global context.
Figures show that potato represents an annual
aggregate value of just over $US 1 billion for the
three countries estimated 820,000 producers.
CIP Consultant and Coordinator for Perus
INCOPA project, Miguel Ordinola, explains that
the updated diagnostic has shaped a strategicvision for this region, exploiting comparative
advantages and improving competitiveness.
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Peruvianpotatoes star at Mistura
Over 400 varieties of native potatoes were exhibited for sale at Mistura,
Perus Third International Gastronomic Fair, which in 2010 featured Peruvian
potatoes as a star product. The event drew more than 200,000 visitors with
over 200 Andean potato producers showing their wares. The idea was for
the people visiting Mistura to really encounter native potatoes, says Miguel
Ordinola, Project Coordinator for CIPs Innovation and Competitiveness for
Peruvian Potato (INCOPA) Project. Many people may have heard that Peru has
more than three thousand varieties of potato, but the majority know fewer
than a dozen of them. Here they saw them in living color and experienced
firsthand this enormous and rich biodiversity.
Besides familiarizing Limas consumers with the wide range of native potatoes
available to them, the CIP-INCOPA representation at Mistura was part ofa wider strategy pursuing more ambitious goals for the future. One of our
aims was to bring home to visitors the fact that by positioning these native
potatoes in the world, we are in effect promoting the development of the
country, and helping to generate new revenue for small producers in the high
Andes, explains Ordinola.
CIPs Miguel Ordinola (INCOPA) and Andr Devaux (Papa Andina) at Mistura, were Ordinola
co-coordinated native potatos star presence.
V.
GWINNER
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Mozambiquehas fertile land and access to
major rivers, but imports most of its food. To
reverse this trend, the top leadership of the
country is dedicated to improving the domestic
farming sector. Underscoring this commitment,
Prime Minister Aires Ali, accompanied by Minister
of Agriculture Suares Nhaca paid a visit to CIPs
aeroponic facilities at Lichinga, Mozambique
on 18 February 2010. Their visit highlighted
the importance they place on developing
Mozambiques potato sector, including the need
to increase domestic potato seed production and
lessen the countrys dependence on imported
seed from South Africa.
Aeroponics is a soil-less technique in which
minitubers, to be used as potato seed, are
grown in the air. It can produce harvests with
higher yields (5 to 10 times higher) than with
conventional soil planting, in shorter amounts
of time, and at lower costs. The technique
effectively exploits the vertical space of the
greenhouse and air- humidity balance to
Mozambiques Prime MinisteAires Ali and Minister ofAgriculture Suares Nhaca(right) visit the aeroponicfacility at Lichinga-Mozambique with CIPsVictor Otazu and DieudonneHarahagazwe.
optimize the development of plant roots,
tubers, and foliage.
Lichinga, a remote and poor province of
Mozambique, has the cool weather conditions
necessary for multiplying potato seed. The
aeroponics facility is an important part of CIPs
active involvement with its partners from the
Mozambique Agrarian Research Institute to
improve quality seed production. CIP is also
involved in a parallel effort in Mozambique to
develop improved potato cultivars that can
increase yields in local conditions.
Both researchers and government ministers
are hopeful that with improved potato
technologies, we can provide healthy seed for
the regions resource-poor farmers and see
reductions in seed imports, which currently
cost Mozambique US$2 million each year,
explains CIPs Victor Otazu, who welcomed the
high-level offi cials along with his colleague,
Dieudonn Harahagazwe.
V.
OTAZU
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Potato in sub-tropical
lowlands promoting earlymaturing varieties to diversify
cereal-based systems
Seed systems
Monitoring late blight and
Improve water use effi ciency
Minimize chemical leaching
Agronomy to optimize
70-day varieties
Modeling and
decision support
systems for
intensification
of potato-cereal
systems
SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
productivity
virus
DIVERSIFYING
CEREAL-BASED
AGROECOSYSTEMS
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The Asian subtropical lowlands are located between
20 and 30 degrees north latitude in India, Pakistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Vietnam, Myanmar, and China. Here potatoes are
cultivated in the winter (dry) season. They represent the area with the highest
potential for potato expansion under irrigation. Low average day temperatures
and cool nights from November through February favor the growth and
tuberization of early potato varieties. The goal is to promote early maturing
potatoes that that can be harvested just 70 days after planting and can be
grown during fallow periods between grain crops to boost
systems productivity and farmer profits.
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India is the worldsthird largest producer of
potato, where it plays a critical role in ensuring
food security for this highly populated and
growing nation. Potato is primarily grown by
resource-poor farmers in India, where it is an
important supplemental source of nutrients and
calories for people living on rice-dominated diets.
To further tap the potential of potato in Indias
tropical lowlands, CIP is collaborating with
Indias Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI)
to develop a sustainable and intensive potato-
in-cereals system, where potatoes are grown
during the hot, fallow periods between grain
crops. Key to this strategy is the development of
potatoes that can fully mature within 80 days,
so that they fit into rice or other grains systems.
The potatoes also must be adapted to local
conditions, which require varieties that are heat
tolerant and resistant to late blight, a fungus-like
disease that plagues the region and can destroy
an entire crop within weeks.
Four CIP clones are showing promising results
under field test conditions in the state of
Gujurat. The clones offer yields of 44-50t/ha
in 80 days, outperforming the currently used
improved varieties (30-42t/ha) in less time, and
far exceeding the national yield averages of less
than 20t/ha.
The implications of these advances are
significant, as Mohindar Kadian, CIP agronomistand lead on this project, explains: The
introductions of the heat tolerant and late blight
resistant 80-day varieties will not only enhance
potato in cereal-based systems but also bring
non-traditional potato growing areas under
potato cultivation to improve food security and
livelihood for resource-poor farmers.
But the efforts to promote diversification do not
stop there. CIP and CPRI also are working with
farmers to identify the features and varieties
that can help generate more income. They are
looking at strategies to diversify potato use
and processing in ways that can boost farmers
incomes from their production.
Our goal is to increase potato processing from
its current level of 5% to 20% by 2020, so that
we can improve farmer incomes and address
risks associated with overproduction of potato,
says Kadian.
80-daypotatoes open window
for diversifying cereal-based
systems in India
Developing potatoesthat can grow
between grain cropscan enhance incomes
and food security.
M.
KADIAN
M.K
ADIAN
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Four CIP clones areshowing promising
results for yields,adaptability, and
maturity in 80 days.
Four CIP clones areshowing promising
results for yields,adaptability, and
maturity in 80 days.
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Cooperation 88synonymous
with potato and success
CIPs cooperation88 has become oneof the most widelygrown potatoes in
the world.
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Born of acommon goal shared between CIP
and the Yunnan Normal University in China,
the Cooperation 88 potato has become one of
the most widely grown cultivars in the world,
less than 15 years after its release.
In some areas where it is produced,
Cooperation 88 is so popular in that its name
has become synonymous with the word
for potato, notes CIP Board Chair, Peter
VanderZaag, who served as CIPs coordinator
for Asia when the variety was developed
and introduced.
Having become the preferred potato for fresh
consumption and for the potato chip industry,
it is no wonder that the name is so ubiquitous.
Today, the production area of Cooperation 88
in China is 390,000 ha. In comparison, Russet
Burbank, the highly recognizable leadingpotato cultivar in the United States and
Canada occupies just 175,000 ha.
Cooperation 88 was initially developed in
1988 in Yunnan Province, when CIP and
Yunnan Normal University identified the
need to develop a cultivar that had high
eating quality and was resistant to late blight
disease and various potato viruses. The
challenge was to find ways to adapt existing
late blight resistant varieties, which had been
developed for short-day tropical highland
environments, to the longer-day conditions ofthis subtropical region.
The MSc thesis of a CIP-supported Vietnamese
graduate student, Dao Huy Chien, provided
(reference article: Li C, Wang J, Chien DH, Chujoy E, Song B, VanderZaag P., (3 Nov 2010.)
Cooperation 88: A high yielding, multi-purpose, late blight resistant cultivar growing in Southwest
China. American Journal of Potato Research. Vol 88, isue 2; 190-194.
the strategy for crossing late blight resistant
CIP clones with CIP germplasm that was
disease resistant but not well adapted to
regional conditions. Following two rounds
of selection and 5 years of trials, the #88
was selected as most promising. It provedto be earlier maturing and with yields
that outperformed the control cultivar by
5-76%, with high resistance and excellent
tuber quality. It was offi cially released
in 1996.
Another key benefit of Cooperation 88 is
that it fetches a premium price, because
consumers prefer its appearance and
taste to other varieties. Coupled with its
excellent performance, it is no wonder that
Cooperation 88 has expanded rapidly to
other regions of China (Guizhou, Sichuan,
Guangxi, and Chongquing) and into othercountries, such as Vietnam and Myanmar.
Cooperation 88 has been evaluated
annually since 2002 under local conditions.
It continues to show a high level of durable
resistance to late blight in both the leaves
and tubers.
It also offers excellent resistance to major
potato viruses (PVYo , PVX, and PLRV). You
can observe many fields of Cooperation
88 before finding a single visually infected
virus plant, even when other cultivars areheavily infected, comments VanderZaag. As
a result, farmers can keep and reuse their
seed for many generations, maintaining the
same high quality and yields.
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Potato in temperate Asia
conserving water, enhancingincomes
Seed systems
Drought and late
blight resistant
varieties
Modeling and risk
assessment for
drought
Improve water use effi ciency
CONSERVING
WATER AND IMPROVING
INCOME
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The temperate regions of Asia include portions of China,
Korea, and Central Asia, where potato is an important
food and cash crop. Parts of these regions are experiencing the
effects of climate change at a more rapid rate than the rest of the world. CIPs
focus in this region is to accelerate the adoption of more productive potato
varieties, resistant to drought, soil salinity, and increased risks of biotic stresses.
Equally important are efforts to extend the benefits of improved water and
seed management techniques. In addition, new investments are being made
to help national programs which vary greatly in capacity and experience to
establish and maintain effective seed supply systems. Priority also is being given
to working with social scientists in an effort to establish policies
that lead to improvements in natural resources management and market chains.
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Feeling the heatof climate change, CIP is speed-
ing up the breeding process for developing
drought and disease resistant potato varieties in
Central Asia slashing the time it usually takes
by years.
In 2010, the national agricultural research
program in Kyrgyzstan released five new potato
varieties, only 5 years after the clones had been
introduced by CIP, through a partnership with
the Aga Khan Foundation. Normally it takes up to
20 years to develop and release a new variety.
By using the genetics we have built up these
last 40 years at CIP, weve developed potential
varieties with a high probability of desired traits
for local conditions in Central Asia, explains
Merideth Bonierbale, leader of CIPs Germplasm
Enhancement and Crop Improvement Division.
This allowed us to skip the usual 4-6 years ofselection in the fields and labs of Peru, and plant
them directly in the target countries, where they
could be tested and selected according to local
conditions, she adds.
It can take 12-15 years before a new variety
is offi cially released by a national program. In
Kyrgyzstan, however, the local State Committee
for Variety Testing released the new varieties in
record time, following the required testing for
distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DSU)
and for value for cultivation and use (VCU).
Central Asian countries are being hard hit by
climate change. Shrinking glaciers and extreme
weather conditions are threatening food
security in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which
also serve as the water reservoirs for all of the
countries of Central Asia. Drought, heat, and
high soil salinity are major challenges for this
region, which suffered a collapse of the potato
Picking upthe pacefor potatoes inCentral Asia
research and development system following the
disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s.
CIP has been working with the national
programs and local and international NGOs to
rebuild the sector and introduce varieties thatare not only adapted to the local conditions, but
also offer disease resistance and, in some cases,
high iron and zinc content to increase their
nutritional value, too.
This really has been an example of addressing
needs in a new region, explains Carlo Carli, CIPs
Regional Seed Specialist, based in Uzbekistan.
Central Asia presents a challenging environment,
with high temperatures during its long summer
days.
CIPs historic focus in potato breeding has beenin tropical highland environments, where the
summer days are shorter and cooler, says Carli.
CIP has adjusted to this changing need using
breeding locations and partners in the arid south
of Peru and in other regions of the world, where
longer days, high heat, and drought conditions
exist, he adds.
For Central Asia, CIP is using a multi-pronged
approach that offers a combination of short-,
mid-, and long-term strategies for developing
and disseminating promising varieties. It
includes using advanced breeding clones fromCIP populations that have been bred to be
virus resistant in tropical lowland conditions,
with potential or demonstrated adaptation to
long-day conditions. The advanced clones were
used in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan.
CIP also introduced true seed families that are
adapted to long-day conditions and offer virus
resistance in Tajikistan for clonal selection,
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Sweetpotato in Sub-Saharan
Africa enhancing incomegeneration and health
Positioning sweetpotato
Seed systems
Virus management
Soil fertility management
Effective delivery systems
and build capacity
Orange-fleshed
sweetpotato,virus-and weevil-
resistant varieties
ENHANCING
INCOME GENERATION
AND HEALTH
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Sweetpotato is the third most important food crop in seven Eastern and
Central African countries, and fourth in importance in six Southern
countries. CIP is working with national partners across Sub-Saharan Africa
to exploit the untapped potential of sweetpotato for improving health and
livelihoods, particularly among poor women and children. Key
objectives include combating Vitamin A deficiency, improving
lives for women as producers and consumers of sweetpotato,
developing sustainable seed systems, breeding weevil-resistant varieties, and
improving the quality and range of available varieties to meet local demands.
There is a major focus on providing the organizational and
management structure to support breeding in Africa for Africa, as
well as proof-of-concept projects to explore market expansion, and
scalable approaches for improving nutrition.
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Vision and mission 2Statement by the Board Chair 4Foreword from the Director General 6Introduction 9
A strategy for enhancing impacts 10Priority areas 13Potato in tropical and subtropical highlands increasing profits, improving nutrition 14
Pumping up potatoes for highland communities iron biofortification 16The Andean potato sector repositioning for todays opportunities 18Potatoes a priority for top leaders in Mozambique 20Potato in sub-tropical lowlands promoting early maturing varieties to diversify 22cereal-based systems80-day potatoes open window for diversifying cereal-based systems in India 24Cooperation 88 synonymous with potato and success 26Potato in temperate Asia conserving water, enhancing incomes 28Picking up the pace for potatoes in Central Asia 30Sweetpotato in Sub-Saharan Africa enhancing income generation and health 32Agricultural + health services = win-win in Kenya 34Another foot soldier in the battle against malnutrition CIPs OFSP for Africa catalogue 36Sweetpotato in Asia adding value to a multipurpose crop 38
Impacts of sweetpotato for pig feed in Papua-Indonesia, not just financial 40
Nurseries and taste tests a recipe for better health and livelihoods in Orissa, India 42Global program: Sustaining genetic resources 44Unique partnership continues between CIP and the Pisaq Potato Park 46Wild potatoes genes enlisted in the late blight arms race 48Global program: Accelerating genetic enhancement 50Improved variety Amarilis packs significant impacts 52Color chart sheds (deep orange-yellow) light on sweetpotato biofortification 54Virtual catalogue presents best potato varieties in English, Spanish, and Chinese 55Global program: Understanding complex systems 56Predicting global warmings effects on insect pests 58New tool offers a gendered lens for boosting womens participation in innovative processes 60Strategic corporate processes 62Gold standard upheld in CIP genebank management 64Data Gurus 66
Outputs 2010 69CIP staff publications 2010 70Output reporting 2010 90CIP in 2010 105Financial report 106Donor contributions 108Global contact points 109Senior management team 112CIPs internal structure 113CIP staff list 114CGIAR centers 122
Contents
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Agricultural + health services =
win-win in Kenya
A novel approachis linking OFSPplanting materialdistribution withprenatal careservices.
A novel approachis linking OFSPplanting materialdistribution withprenatal careservices.
CIPARCHIVES
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time visits by pregnant women in their first
and second trimesters. Asked if the voucher
program had increased her work load, one
nurse at Tamlega Dispensary said:
This program is helping me to reach our
monthly targets. Another added, Yes, there
is an increase in my workload. But if more
pregnant women come in today, it will reduce
our health center s workload tomorrow,
since women will learn how to take care of
themselves and their children, and they will
have better information on healthy practices
and nutrition.
A study conducted in November 2010 indicated
increases in womens awareness and value
of the nutritional benefits of OFSP. Another
important finding was the importance of
involving the womens partners. Initially, men
were reluctant to devote land to their wives
sweetpotato production, but became more
supportive and engaged as nutrition messages
became more firmly
engrained in the
community.
The Sweetpotato Actionfor Security and
Health in Africa (SASHA) project is testing a novel
proof-of-concept project that links distribution
of orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) planting
material with prenatal care services. The goal
is to reduce malnutrition and improve lives of
mothers and babies in Kenya. The results may be
even more beneficial than expected. Not only
is the program encouraging women to plant
and use OFSP, it is also increasing their use of
prenatal health services.
Pregnant women, women who are
breastfeeding, and preschool-aged childrenare particularly at risk of vitamin A deficiency,
which is widespread in SSA. OFSP is rich in beta-
carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in
the body. Increased consumption has shown to
be a highly effective food-based approach for
reducing vitamin A deficiency.
Known as MamaSasha, the project provides
vouchers that can be exchanged for OFSP
planting material to women who make pre-
and postnatal visits to target health facilities of
Western Province, Kenya. In addition, community
health workers establish and run communitylevel pregnant womens clubs, with monthly
dialogue sessions on health and nutrition. The
women receive two vouchers per visit each
worth 150 cuttings of two different varieties of
OFSP. They exchange the vouchers for planting
material from secondary vine multipliers, who
are specifically trained in OFSP multiplication
and production. They also receive advice on
planting and managing their sweetpotatoes.
In the first 8 months of the pilot (May-December
2010), 823 women received 4,906 vouchers in
five clinics far exceeding the overall target
of reaching 900 pregnant women in 5 years.
Fully 75% of the vouchers were redeemed at 8
established vine multiplication sites.
The impact on numbers of women seeking
prenatal care was equally impressive. One of the
first facilities to distribute vouchers, Tamlega
Dispensary, reported a 30% increase in first-
Exchangingvouchers forvines to improvehealth outcomesfor mothers andbabies.
H.
OUEDRAOGO
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CIP broughttogetherresearchers from across
six Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to put
together a new catalogue, which provides
detailed information on the 29 varieties of
orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) currently
proving to be the most popular in the region.
There was a need for documented information
about the successful or promising varieties, says
CIP breeder and researcher in Uganda, Robert
Mwanga. This provides valuable information for
donors, policy and decision makers, nutritionists,
NGOs, training institutes, and breeders in areas
where varieties are needed but not yet tested.
And because of its simple format, its also a
helpful advocacy tool to help demystify the
notion that OFSP are not acceptable in Africa.
An estimated 32% of the SSA population suffers
from vitamin A deficiency; a condition that can
lead to blindness, disease, and premature death.
The orange-fleshed varieties of sweetpotato
contain high levels of -carotene (a precursor
to vitamin A), but local dietary preferences have
previously tended towards the more common
paler-fleshed sweetpotato. The -carotene-rich
varieties form the focal point of CIPs regional
sweetpotato breeding program, which promotes
and improves varieties that are resistant
to disease and environmental stresses,
while increasing dry matter to make them
more palatable.
Production and consumption of OFSP has
steadily expanded over the past decade, says
Mwanga. It is a key strategy for alleviating
vitamin A deficiency through a food-based
approach, and the catalogue provides a
reference for promoting the continuedexpansion of OFSP and mobilizing resources.
Most of the varieties have already been
successfully released in at least one country
and are being grown and eaten by farmers.
Three were used by the Harvest Plus Reaching
End Users project in Uganda to test models
for successfully reaching communities with
biofortified crops. In Uganda and Tanzania vines
from some selected varieties also are being
sold for incomes. Other varieties are important
parents in local African breeding and testing
programs. Information on the current status of
each variety is presented in a table at the end of
the catalogue.
Produced in collaboration with sweetpotato
scientists from the Mikocheni Agricultural
Research Institute (MARI) in Tanzania, National
Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI)
in Uganda, Crops Research Institute in Ghana,
and the Agricultural Research Council
Another foot soldier in the battle
against malnutrition CIPs OFSP
for Africa catalogue
The catalogueoffers detailed
informationon promising
and successfulvarieties to meet
local needs.
FOR AFRICA
2010
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(ARC-VOPI) in South Africa, the catalogue lays
out comprehensive information for each variety
including photographs, detailed descriptions
(morphological characteristics), and agronomic
attributes such as yield, adaptability, and
resistance to pests and disease. Since taste
and preferences are important when trying
to change dietary patterns, users can see how
each variety performs in terms of its relative
attractions for consumers, nutritional content,
and processing qualities.
We were keen to produce information that
was educative, could reach a wide audience,
and be easily used without scientific jargon,
says Mwanga.
With many African countries needing financial
support to promote and disseminate OFSP to
their vulnerable communities, the catalogue
is expected to be useful in efforts to lobby
donors and African country governments
for funding.
Copies of the catalogue and information on how to obtain varieties are available from CIPs regional offi ce
for Sub-Saharan Africa in Nairobi, Kenya ([email protected]) or CIPs liaison offi ce in Uganda ([email protected]; s.tumwegamire@cgiar).
ORANGE-FLESHED SWEETPOTATO FOR AFRICA CATALOGUE
K566632Country of origin: Kenya
Pedigree: Unknown but SSR analysis
suggests closely related to Resisto
5
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS
Canopy or Semi-erect
plant type
Leaf Green when mature, purple when
young, 5-6 moderately deep lobes
Vine Green, short (< 3 cm) internodes,
very thin (< 4 mm) diameter
Flowering Late and profuse
ability and
habits
MAJOR AGRONOMIC ATTRIBUTESMaturity period 4 months
Root yields 15.0-20.0 t/ha
Adaptability Widely adapted except in water
stressed areas
Resistance Low to sweetpotato weevils
to pests
Resistance Moderate to Alternaria blight and
to diseases low to sweetpotato virus disease
ROOT CHARACTERISTICS
Shape Round elliptic
Skin colour Intermediate pink
Dry matter 25.0-26.0%
Flesh colour Deep orange, (29A: 28D)
(CIP colour chart)
-carotene 700.0-800.0 g/100g fwb
content
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS
Colour of Deep orange, appealing to
boiled roots adults and children
Texture of Moderately dry mouth feel
boiled roots
Taste Very sweet
h feel
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Sweetpotato in Asia
adding value to amultipurpose crop
Seed systems
Soil fertility/Integrated
Weevil management
Model on intensive
nutrient management
crop-livestock systems
using sweetpotato feed
Dual purpose,
drought,
salinity, and
weevil resis-
tant varieties
ADDING
VALUE TO A
MULTIPURPOSE
CROP
Phenology
models and
mapping weevil
risks
Feed,
storage,
processing
technologies
Value chain
development
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Asia accounts for 86 percent of world sweetpotato production,
where it is used for both food and animal feed. China is the biggest
producer of sweetpotato, but it is also a major crop in India, Bangladesh,
Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and other Pacific Islands. In South Asia,
sweetpotato is an important staple for food security. Building on
research conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, a parallel effort is
underway to introduce and support acceptance of orange-fleshed
sweetpotato varieties that can help combat vitamin A deficiency and
carry traits for tolerance to drought, salinity, and pests. CIP
is also continuing research efforts to enhance small-scale farmers
incomes and livelihoods through the expanded use of sweetpotato
for processed foods and as an alternative source of animal feed.
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Impactsof sweetpotato for pig feedin Papua-Indonesia, not just financial
Better pig productionusing sweetpotato
feed improved farmerslives in multiple ways.
Positive projectimpactsreach beyond
economic gains, especially for poor smallholderproducers. As shown by an evaluation of a CIP
program using sweetpotato to improve pig
production in Papua-Indonesia, they also can
be measured in terms of numerous livelihood
assets. CIP research scientist, Sukendra Mahalaya,
used a Sustainable Livelihood framework to
measure project impacts on human, social,
physical, natural, and economic livelihood assets.
The results showed improvements in social
cohesion, animal husbandry skills, technology,
and planting material quality, in addition to
increases in income and yields.
Papua is Indonesias most remote and least
developed province. Fully 41% of the population
lives below the poverty line. Sweetpotato is the
main staple for people, accounting for 90% of
the daily diet in many areas, and it makes up as
much as 100% of the pig feed.
Pigs and sweetpotato are an integral part of
Papuan traditional farming systems, explains
Mahalaya. The pig also plays an increasing
role in income generation as it demands high
prices; a 50-60kg pig can sell for 6-7 million
Rupiah (US$ 600 -700). Sweetpotato and pig areconnected to all the Papuan traditional events,
such as marriages, funerals, and the resolution
of conflicts.
The project, led by CIP and the South Australian
Research and Development Institute (SARDI),
used a participatory approach focused on
animal health to improve livelihoods for the Dani
people in the Baliem valley. It introduced new
drought resistant sweetpotato varieties, new
sweetpotato-based formulas for pig feed, and
improved buildings for raising the animals.
The project was aimed at helping local peopleout of poverty. The Sustainable Livelihood
framework, which helps understand the way
in which livelihoods are constructed and how
and why they change over time, was therefore
a good tool to identify the best way to support
these communities, says Mahalaya. Results from
quantitative and qualitative data collected from
local households demonstrated impact across all
categories in the framework.
For project participants, Mr. and Mrs. Elopere, the
human impact is clear:
This project has helped us improve our family
livelihoods, they note. Now we always have
enough food to eat, and more importantly, we
can send our children to study in universities. We
never dreamed that we would have two Bachelor
degree holders in our house!
S.
MAHALAYA
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Natural: improved sweetpotato genetic diversity, higher yields, more crop
production effi ciency, improved resistance to environmental stress,
reduced dependence on natural resource products for income
Physical: improved pigsty technology
Human: improvements in education and sweetpotato-pig husbandry skills
Social: improved social cohesion through the formation of communityorganizations
Financial: enhanced sweetpotato and pig production capacity and
cash income
Sweetpotato is a main staple for people and their pigs in Papua - Indonesia.
Livelihood assets improvements
in Papua Indonesia
C.
LEON-VELARDE
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CIP is workingwith public partners, farmers,
and women in Orissa, India to meet the need
for quality sweetpotato planting material
and sustainable ways to increase production,consumption, and benefits from orange-fleshed
sweetpotato (OFSP). They are undertaking a
two-pronged strategy using community-based
nurseries to develop healthy planting material
along with a participatory assessment of various
recipes for integrating OFSP into traditional tribal
dishes to promote wider consumption. Early
results are reaching tribal farming communities
in five rural districts of the state.
The expanded use and productivity of OFSP
holds great promise in Orissa, which produces
more sweetpotato than any other state in India.Orissa is one of the poorer states of India, with
high levels of malnutrition. More than half the
population (57%) consumes less than half of
the recommended daily allowance for vitamin
A. OFSP can provide an effective food-based
method for meeting those daily vitamin A needs.
Since 2003, we have been working with our
government partners and farmers in poor, tribal
communities to identify varieties that adapt well
to local conditions and meet preferences for
taste, texture, bulking, vine characteristics, and
other qualities, explains Sreekanth Attaluri, a CIP
agronomist and research coordinator based in
Orissa. The challenge now is to meet production
demand and to increase consumption levels
using these improved OFSP varieties.
In 2010, CIP provided three improved and
adapted varieties of OFSP to nurseries in 10 tribal
villages for development of planting material.
Sweetpotato in Asia adding value to a multipurpose crop
Nurseriesand taste tests a recipefor better health and livelihoodsin Orissa, India
Training also was provided to 55 farmers in
improved nursery management techniques.
The result was the production of higher quality
material in a shorter period of time, which wasdistributed to 240 beneficiaries.
Of the three sweetpotato varieties provided, one
was particularly successful at meeting farmer
preferences. It produced longer vines than
the others after 2 months (40-55 cm vs. 25-30
cm), so there was more to be used as planting
material. It produced much higher average
yields than the local white-fleshed variety (17t/
ha vs. 7t/ha). It also surpassed the other varieties
in terms of farmer preferences for taste, texture,
uniform shape, red skin, and high dry matter,
while providing a higher carotene content thanthe white-fleshed varieties used traditionally.
To encourage greater consumption and
promote a shift in consumption from the white-
fleshed to more orange-fleshed varieties, CIP
and its government partners also conducted
participatory taste tests integrating the
preferred, improved sweetpotato into traditional
indigenous recipes. As Attaluri describes,
We recognize that to improve consumption,
sweetpotatoes need to be usable in different
forms that appeal to adults and children, and
they must be easy to prepare at home.
Twenty-nine women from 20 villages
participated in the taste tests. They evaluated
six different products for appearance,
color, smell, flavor, sweetness, texture, and
overall acceptability. The recipes included
products appealing to adults, children, or
both, and the product ratings also took into
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A two-pronged
approach seeks to meetdemand for planting
material and increaseconsumption of OFSPthrough participatory
processes
A two-pronged
approach seeks to meetdemand for plantingmaterial and increaseconsumption of OFSPthrough participatory
processes
consideration factors such as product cost,
preparation time, availability, and whether or
not it was considered traditionally or culturally
appropriate.
The hope is that the participatory nature
of the process and use of traditional foods
will encourage change and an increased
consumption of the more nutritious
sweetpotato varieties. Informal follow-up by
NGOS working closely with the communities
suggests that the two recipes which received
the highest ratings from participants, a chutney
and a spicy pickle, are being used and even
offered for sale at local markets.
S.A
TTALURI
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Global Program:
Sustaining geneticresources
Quality of germplasm
collections
Dynamic in-situ
conservation
ISO accreditation
Comprehensive
characterization and
evaluation
SUSTAINING
GENETIC RESOURCES
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CIPs genebank is its single greatest physical asset. It is the
first genebank in the world to have ISO 15025 accreditation
on safe and secure germplasm movement and disease detection.
As climate change and urbanization place additional pressure on the land,
CIP researchers are redoubling their commitment to the safety and utilization of
the crop collections in their care. Priorities include support for in-situcommunity
conservation programs and initiatives that encourage the re-introduction
of traditional varieties in areas now dominated by commercial cultivars, along
with the ex-situcollection and preservation in the genebank. Steps are being
taken to fully characterize and evaluate all Center genebank
holdings thereby expanding the utility of CIP-held collections
and promoting greater diversity in farmers fields.
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Uniquepartnershipcontinues
between CIP and the Pisaq Potato Park
Members of the
Association of theCommunities of thePotato Park presentnative potatoes toDr. Anderson forsafekeeping inthe CIP genebank.
Members of the
Association of theCommunities of thePotato Park presentnative potatoes toDr. Anderson forsafekeeping inthe CIP genebank.
CIPARCHIVES
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On 6 December2010, CIP signed a new
agreement with the Association of
Communities of the Potato Park (Pisaq, Peru),
which represents six Quechua-speaking farmer
communities in the high-Andean Cusco region.
The agreement is the second Convention for
the Repatriation, Restoration, and Identification
of Scientific and Traditional Practices for Food
Security and Sustainable Development between
the two organizations. The first convention,
signed in 2004, led to the repatriation of more
than 400 native varieties to the Potato Park,
restoring the biodiversity and productivity of
potato in the area, which had been devastatedduring years of terrorism and violence.
Other achievements of the agreement have
included scientific validation of much of the
ancestral wisdom around potato cultivation,
the exchange of scientific and local knowledge,
and the acknowledgement and strengthening
of the traditional potato arariwa, or guardians,
who guarantee the preservation of the crops
biodiversity for the benefit of both present and
future generations. In addition, 758 samples
from local native potato varieties have been
analyzed at CIP for genetic characterization,revealing the high genetic diversity that exists
among the varieties. Also, clean seed from the
native varieties, free from pests or disease, now
is being successfully managed by the
communities farmers.
One of the highlights of the signing ceremony
occurred when two members of the Potato Park
association presented CIPs Director General,
Pamela K. Anderson, with a selection of native
potatoes from their communities for safekeeping
in the CIP genebank.
We bring our native potatoes, which are
threatened by climate change, so that CIP can
store them, study them, and return them to us
healthier, and so they do not disappear from
our fields, said one of the two women who
presented the material to Dr. Anderson.
The agreement represents a dynamic strategy
that combines in situconservation in the
communities of origin of the native varieties
with ex situpreservation in the CIP genebank to
respond to the challenges of climate change,
social upheavals, or economic pressures.
The ceremony was a powerful demonstration
of the significance of this convention, and of
the desire of our Andean community partners
to continue preserving and sharing this
important natural resource, says Dr. Anderson.
As we round out the UN International Year of
Biodiversity in 2010, it is a fitting tribute to the
rich treasure of biodiversity.
The President of the Potato Park association,
Dr. Alejandro Pacco Sutta, focused on the
importance of the agreement, explaining that
it was part of a deep-rooted Andean tradition
of ayni(collaboration) and constituted a sacred
commitment between the parties.
Lino Mamani Huaracca, from the Potato Park
explained the agreements importance to the
communities located in the Sacred Valley of the
Incas. By maintaining potatos biodiversity we
are safeguarding our food source. We can replace
sick potatoes with new, clean material and everyfamily is benefiting from this. At the same time
we are reclaiming and reinforcing our culture,
our customs, and our dances.
Alejandro Argumedo,Director AndesAssociation; Pamela K.Anderson, CIP DirectorGeneral; and AlejandroPacco Sutta, President
of the Association ofthe Communities of thePotato Park celebratethe signature of the anew agreement.
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Wildpotatoesgenes enlisted in the
late blight arms race
Wild potatoesare the ancestral relatives of
todays cultivated crop. Though not edible,
these pea-sized tubers hold an unseen wealth of
genetic traits, some of which may help improve
resistance to the crops most devastating
disease late blight. Results of a recent CIPstudy have identified a large number of genes
in the wild species Solanum cajamarquensethat may be useful for breeding for late blight
resistance.
Wild potatoes are important because their
full genetic potential is as yet untapped for
agriculture, says Meredith Bonierbale, Head
of CIPs Germplasm Enhancement and Crop
Improvement Division. Many genes conferring
resistance to todays major pests were left
behind in the processes of domestication and
crop improvement.
When CIP scientists inoculated S. cajamarquense
plants with an extremely virulent strain of late
blight, they showed high resistance to the
disease, with only small lesions in few plants.
Based on their study, the scientists were able to
identify a long list of genes that could be useful
for breeding.
But the challenge is that the fungus-like pathogen
Phytopthora infestansthat causes late blight
mutates continuously. As CIP plant pathologist
Willmer Perez explains, breeding for resistance is
an ongoing venture: Many cultivated varieties
that previously showed resistance lose it overtime, as the pathogen fights to adopt and survive.
Perez is one of a team of specialists who
systematically look for new and different sources
of resistance to late blight among the collections
of wild germplasm in CIPs genebank, which holds
samples from 143 of the 187 documented wild
potato species. Since 2008, they have worked on
56 species that had not previously been studied.
Right now we have several wild species under
investigation, explains Perez. To date weve only
tested about 40% of all the germplasm that we
have in the genebank collection. That leaves 60%still untapped. They are in effect a kind of secret
weapon, harboring new resistance to which the
disease has not yet been exposed.
Wild potatoes also offer a rich source of resistance
to other diseases and abiotic stresses, such as
drought and soil salinity. CIP breeders are
working to adapt and routinely apply in vitrotechnologies such as embryo rescue to facilitate
the process of crossing wild potatoes with
cultivated varieties.
The potential is vast. But time is of the essence.The FAO forecasts that with climate change,
the area where wild potatoes grow may be
reduced by as much as 70%. Thus it is imperative
that these genetic gems are preserved and
investigated now. We never know what the next
problem threatening our food supply and security
is going to be. What we do know is that part of the
answer may come in something the size of a pea.
Small as a pea, wildpotatoes hold a
promising treasure ofgenetic traits.
Global Program: Sustaining genetic resources
A.S
ALAS
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Flowers of Solanumcajamarquense, a wild
potato that may beuseful for breeding for
late blight resistance.
Flowers of Solanumcajamarquense, a wild
potato that may beuseful for breeding for
late blight resistance.
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Global Program:
Accelerating geneticenhancement
Ahipa for new uses
ACCELERATING
GENETIC
ENHANCEMENT
Populations and tools
for breeding potato
and sweetpotato
Novel methods and
schemes for breeding
for vegetatively
propagated crops
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CIPs genetic enhancement program focuses on developing,
sharing, and applying genetic science and interdisciplinary
experience to ensure the presence of varieties that meet the changing
needs of small-scale farmers and are adaptable to diverse farming systems. In
addition, it includes a greater focus on meeting the growing consumer demands
for healthier foods, richer in micronutrients, and diversified diets. The Genetic
Enhancement Program provides the global research outputs to help sustain and
build breeding capacity and products in specific agroecologies,
while also providing materials and knowledge of high relevance
to the broader scientific community.
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ImprovedvarietyAmarilis packssignificant impacts
Global Program: Accelerating genetic enhancement
CIPARCHIVES
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Disease-resistantpotato cultivars have made
significant impacts in the Peruvian Andes, with
an estimated net benefit accruing to farmers
through the adoption of one CIP-bred variety,
Amarilis, amounting to almost US$9 million.
Late blight is one of the most devastating diseases
of food crops and is a major concern for potato
growers around the world. The disease can deliver
a double economic blow to farmers, reducing
incomes due to lower yields and increasing costs
for expensive chemical fungicides. When weather
conditions are favorable to the pathogen, the
disease can wipe out a whole potato crop in amatter of weeks. In Peru alone, annual losses
due to late blight are estimated to equal US$7-
25 million per year, and worldwide, they are
estimated to reach US$10 billion.
The most sustainable means of controlling late
blight is by breeding disease resistant potatoes.
CIP and its partners have been developing and
promoting late blight resistant cultivars for over
two decades. Recent advances, such as DNA
fingerprinting of the pathogen and the genetic
sequencing of the potato, have provided vital
information for breeders, who use a complexprocess of recurrent selection to breed varieties
with durable late blight resistance. Amarilis, a
variety with high-level resistance, was bred by
the Center and first released by Perus National
Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) in 1993.
Past studies of Amarilis showed that its resistance
to late blight, excellent culinary attributes, high
yield, and short growing period made it an
excellent option for farmers. However, previous
impact studies of disease-resistant cultivars have
confronted several challenges in estimating
economic benefits to smallholder farmers.
There are diffi culties associated with variations
in late blight risk and resistance depending on
weather or locations. Calculating costs is complex
because it includes not only yield losses but
also opportunity costs, those associated with
purchasing fungicides, and human health costs
connected with fungicide use. Measuring actual
adoption rates by farmers of resistant cultivars
presents diffi culties, too.
To address these challenges, CIP used plot-level
data and econometric analysis gathered from
surveys of 291 farmers with 588 plots located
in the three main potato-producing areas of
the Peruvian Andes: Huanuco, La Libertad, and
Cajamarca. The surveys also gathered data
regarding household characteristics such as
education levels, assets, access to credit, andincome from non-agricultural activities to more
fully understand livelihood and income aspects.
Results provide empirically-based estimates
suggesting that the adoption of the Amarilis
potato led to a 24% reduction in the amount of
fungicide use per hectare in some regions, and
an average increase on yields of about 9%
per hectare.
Late blight is apparently becoming ever more
damaging, as warming trends associated with
climate change provide optimal conditions forthe disease. In this context, estimates for longer-
term benefits to farmers from Amarilis range
from US$ 3.7-20 million.
Reference publication: Salazar, Lina; Winters, P.; Maldonado, Luis. (CIP); Hareau, Guy (CIP); Thiele, G.
(2009) Assessing the impact of late blight resistant varieties on smallholders potato production in the
Peruvian Andes. CIP Working Paper 0256-8748. Available at: http://www.cipotato.org/publications/
pdf/005381.pdf
Global Program: Accelerating genetic enhancement
The mostsustainable meansof controlling lateblight is by breedingresistant varieties,like the CIP-bredAmarilis
CIPARCHIVES
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CIP has publisheda Catalogue of Advanced
Clones, available online and on DVD, which
provides up-to-the-minute information on the
potato advanced clones and varieties available
for worldwide distribution. The catalogue
contains detailed information on 220 advancedclones and 55 improved varieties of potato.
Directed at national research programs,
universities, producers associations, and private
companies, the catalogue is an important
resource for any researcher or institution
interested in obtaining candidate varieties
of potato with biotic resistance (to pest and
disease), high yield, and potential for both fresh
consumption or processing.
The catalogues design resembles that of an
online shopping site. Users can search in two
ways: 1) by variety name or clone number or2) by selection criteria (morphology, pest and
disease resistance, agronomic characteristics,
etc.). Both options will give the user information
on technical characteristics, worldwide
distribution area, and postharvest performance
features, as well as illustrations of the plant,
tuber, and flowers.
Clicking on the shopping cart icon assigned
to each entry generates an order request for
that clone or variety, which is transferred to
a specialist from the CIPs Acquisition and
Distribution Unit.
The clones in the catalogue contain sources
of resistance to late blight and potato virus
diseases. They are the result of years of research
and selection aimed at creating new varieties in
different agro-ecological environments. Some
have already been tested in specific regions andconditions, says Stef De Haan, CIP breeder and
coordinator for Red Latin Papa (Ibero-American
Network for Innovation in Potato Breeding and
Dissemination), a key partner in the project.
The catalogue takes full advantage of the latest
technological advances. For the first time, it
is available in Chinese, as well as the more
traditional English and Spanish versions.
The decision to translate into Chinese reflects
the fact that China is the worlds largest producer
of potatoes and that CIP is establishing theCIP-China Center for Asia and Pacific (CCCAP)
in Beijing. The translation was made possible
thanks to the collaboration of Chinese student
Li Qingquan, from the Heilongjiang Academy of
Agricultural Science, who trained in breeding for
more than a year at CIP.
Virtualcatalogue presents best potatovarieties in English, Spanish, and Chinese
Users can search byvariety name, clonenumber, or selectioncriteria to find thebest matches fortheir needs.
The online catalogue is available at: https://research.cip.cgiar.org/redlatinpapa/pages/home.
php?lg=en A DVD version can be obtained by contacting: ([email protected]).
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Global program:
Understandingcomplex systems
Food-based
approaches to
human nutrition and
health agriculture
Partnerships,
markets and
policies
Synthesis of
lessons for seed
and Integrated
crop management
UNDERSTANDING
COMPLEX SYSTEMS
Adaptative capacity
and resilience of
production systems
Risk assassment for
potato insects and
diseases
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CIPs scientists and social scientists are linking insights and
advances from multiple disciplines to address the complex challenges
associated with ensuring food security and improving lives. They work at different
levels of scale to integrate the use of improved genetic materials into cropping
and production systems, understand linkages between agriculture and human
health, and engage the socio-economic context to ensure
that CIPs science agenda is driven by and results in pro-poor impacts.
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Predicting global warmingseffects on insect pests
Pests cause 30-50%of yield losses in
agricultural crops in developing countries.
With climate change, those rates could
likely increase further, adding to the already
diffi cult challenges facing food security and
economic development. To better estimate,
and ultimately help mitigate, the impacts of
global warming on pest risk to food crops,
CIP has developed a new model to predict
how rising temperatures will affect insect
populations.
The model is focused on the potato tuber
moth, Phthorimaea operculela, but can be
applied to other insect species as well. Used
with GIS mapping, it can simulate pest risk
scenarios at global or regional levels under
varying temperature scenarios.
The software brings together advancesfrom multiple modeling approaches and
from Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) mapping technology, highlights CIP
modeling expert Marc Sporleder.
Considerable attention has been given to
the impacts of climate change on insect
abundance and severity in temperate regions,
but little is known about potential impacts
in tropical regions. Moreover, recent studies
suggest that climate change may favor pests
over their natural predators, disrupting
classical biocontrol of insect pests.
The 1997 El Nio effect in Peru provided
a potential preview of risks to come.
Temperatures on the Peruvian coast were
about 5C higher than average, and insect
pest populations flourished. Farmers
responded by applying high doses of