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CIEE Prague, Czech Republic Course Title: EuroStory, or The Rise of Populism in Neoliberal Times

Course Code: POLI 4001 PRAG

Programs offering course: CES/CNMJ Language of instruction: English U.S. Semester Credits: 3 Contact Hours: 45 Term: Fall 2018 Course Description The recent political and social “earthquake” caused by the results of the U.S. presidential election and the Brexit referendum has taken many social scientists by surprise. This course explores the underlying factors that led to the upsurge of populism in the European context. The course combines theory and comparative case studies in order to facilitate insights into the key topics in the current public debate in Europe, including European debt and refugee crisis, Brexit and French presidential election, and the specter of illiberalism in Eastern Europe. It examines the sociological perspectives of the role of the media, the discourse and construction of identity, and analyzes the significance and the complex impact of these phenomena at both macro and micro levels in order to reveal neoliberal practices and surges of populistic policies and rhetoric. In addition, it offers international students the European political, social and cultural background and contexts in order to help them fully understand the complexity of presented contemporary challenges. Learning Objectives Upon completing of this course, the students will be able to:

● understand and produce a reasoned critique the concepts of neoliberalism, populism and globalization and appraise their impact on day-to-day life, with specific focus on the region of Central and Eastern Europe;

● compare and distinguish different political dynamics and rhetoric across Europe through sophisticated evidence;

● apply relevant social-scientific theories of discourse, media, identity, globalization and European integration on specific cases;

● recognize and critically discuss the multifaceted relationship between democracy and populism;

● demonstrate complex understanding of the impact of neoliberalism/populism on everyday life in European countries and on their own lives).

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Course Prerequisites This course requires previous experience (at least two 200-level courses) in the following fields:

sociology, political science, international relations, media studies, political economy or modern

history.

Methods of Instruction This course uses a combination of interactive teaching techniques with short lecture-style sessions, particularly emphasizing student-centered learning and active participation. In order to provide students with comprehensive learning experience, the class will be facilitated through a series of succinct lectures with interactive audiovisuals, class discussions in Socratic style and debates that will facilitate the development of higher thinking skills. In addition, students will engage in learning activities requiring their active participation (both individually and in teams), such as team projects and role plays, short written assignments to enhance student cognitive development of reasoning. Finally, guest speakers and excursions will also be arranged for several topics. Assessment and Final Grade

1. Reflection Papers: 20% 2. Leadership of Socratic Seminar Activity: 20% 3. Essay: 15% 4. Final Exam: 25% 5. Class Participation: 20%

Course Requirements Reflection Papers Each student is expected to submit a weekly reflection paper, starting from week 2. Reflection paper will be guided by Close Reading Protocols provided by the teacher for each reading. Students are expected to carefully investigate a text and answer text-dependent questions as well as to make connections to essential conceptual questions of current political issues and themselves. Individual reflection papers will help students to justify their claims in class discussion as well as in preparation of small group projects. Papers for the current week are always due by the end of the following week. Each paper must be 250 words in length. The semester includes a total of 10 reflection papers from which the best eight will be graded.

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Leadership of Socratic Seminar Activity Over the first half of course of the semester (Week 1-7), students in small groups/pairs take a leadership role in Socratic Seminar such as Fishbowl and alike. Students are responsible for a thorough examination and critique of the provided text and (collaboration on) preparation of an engaging discussion around the complexity of ideas in the text provided prior to the class. Their facilitation of the group discussion (15min) in class will be evaluated upon the Socratic seminar quality criteria: 1. Engagement, 2. Respect, 3. Meaning-making and 4. Use of evidence. They may not use the discussion to assert their opinions but to facilitate the creation of new perspectives of their peers. Essay In this short take-home essay, students are expected to assess and critically examine some of the central controversial issues and current challenges in Europe. The choice of topics will be provided during week 3, however, students are highly encouraged to pursue their own areas of interest, pending approval. The assessment criteria include a clear structure, rigorous writing, critical analysis, originality of thought, social-scientific insight of well-grounded argumentation, ability to apply theory to a specific case and a professional usage of quality academic sources. Deadline for submission is the end of week 10. Expected length: 1125-2250 words Final Exam A final in-class exam, comprising of two short essays is based upon conceptual and factual topics discussed during the course of the semester. Students will be asked analytical questions arising from the readings, lectures and discussion in the second half of the course. Students are allowed to use class readings, internet sources and their own notes. Submission is done electronically via Canvas. The criteria for evaluation include the quality and depth of contribution to the discussion of the particular issue, demonstration of complex comprehension of the phenomena and ability to apply theories and concepts to specific cases in order to produce sophisticated evidence for own well-argued reasoning. Length: 1875-3750 words (per essay) Class Participation A strong emphasis is placed on student-centered learning, individual development, pace, learning style as well as individual contribution of students to benefit other fellow students. The teacher will support the individual development of students by providing them written feedback on multiple occasions throughout the semester. CIEE Prague Participation Policy Assessment of students’ participation in class is an inherent component of the course grade. Students are required to actively, meaningfully and thoughtfully contribute to class discussions and all types of in-class activities throughout the duration of the class. Students are responsible

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for following the course content and are expected to ask clarification questions if they cannot follow the instructor’s or other students’ line of thought or argumentation. The use of electronic devices is only allowed for computer-based in-class tests, assignments and other tasks specifically assigned by the course instructor. Students are expected to take notes by hand unless the student is entitled to the use of computer due to his/her academic accommodations. In such cases the student is required to submit an official letter issued by his/her home institution specifying the extent of academic accommodations. Class participation also includes students’ active participation in Canvas discussions and other additional tasks related to the course content as specified by the instructor. If missing a class, the student is expected to catch up on the class content and to submit well-reflected and in-depth contributions to Canvas discussions on the particular topic or reflections to the instructor to ensure that his/her absence from the class will not significantly affect his/her participation grade. CIEE Prague Attendance Policy CIEE Prague Attendance Policy is in line with the attendance policy as outlined in the Participant Contract. The current version is on the Canvas Course Site and on the Canvas Community Site. CIEE Academic Honesty Statement

Presenting work of another person as one’s own, failure to acknowledge all sources used, using unauthorized assistance on exams, submitting the same paper in two classes, or submitting work one has already received credit for at another institution in order to fulfill CIEE course requirements is not tolerated. The penalty ranges from failure in the course to dismissal from the program. The Academic Director should be consulted and involved in decision making in every case of a possible violation of academic honesty. Weekly Schedule

Week 1

Diving into the problem and defining the key concepts We will discuss and evaluate workable definitions for the key concepts of populism, neoliberalism and globalization, which would allow us to better understand and analyze contemporary changes in our societies.

Week 2

What is going on here? Key topics in the European public debate European debt crisis, conflict in Ukraine, “refugee crisis”, the future of European integration, terrorism, “fake news”, Russian hybrid warfare and the

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role of NATO are some of the prominent topics in the European public debate and are therefore crucial for the course focus. We will introduce different current issues and examine how they are framed by the different actors across Europe. We will approach these topics from variety of perspectives, using different analytical tools. Required reading: 1) BBC: Refugee crisis explained 2) CNN: Context of the conflict in Ukraine 3) Stratfor: 2017 Annual Forecast Europe 4) Kriesi and Pappas, 303–25.

Reflection Paper 1 due.

Week 3

Enhancing the optics: introduction of conceptual tools

We will develop essential tools that enable us to closely analyze the central course phenomena: the concepts of identity, nationalism, symbolic boundaries, metropolitan culture and social polarization, the elite and horseshoe theories, bounded rationality and cognitive biases. Among other, we will also tackle crucial epistemological research questions. For instance, how can we understand the social reality? How can we conduct qualitative (but also quantitative) research on some of these key issues? What are the limitations of our knowledge about social reality? Required reading: 1) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nationalism 2) Lamont and Molnár, 167–95. 3) Stets and Burke, 224–37. 4) Ritzer and Stepnisky, 448–53.

Reflection Paper 2 due. Socratic Seminar 1 will take place in the second class session. Essay Topic due.

Week 4

Looming storm of crisis: globalization & critical factors We will evaluate the role of the process of globalization in the European context discussing some of the leading theories of globalization. We will closely investigate the relationship between globalization and neoliberal world order, the role of the Washington consensus policy prescriptions and the way

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globalization is portrayed by the populist actors across Europe and ideological spectrum. We will critically examine the widespread rhetoric of crises in Europe, e.g., the term “crisis” used in variety of contexts – migration & security, inequality & debt and the crisis European Union legitimacy. Required reading: 1) Lechner and Boli, eds., 7–49. 2) Marangos, 197–208. 3) Moffitt, 189–217.

Reflection Paper 3 due. Socratic Seminar 2 will take place in the second class session.

Week 5

Brexit...and Grexit? The case study of the United Kingdom and Greece Firstly, we will get a deep insight into the challenges Greece is facing, connected to the government debt crisis in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008, where left-wing populist SYRIZA party ascended to power. In the case of the UK, we will analyze the background of the Brexit - a YES result in a referendum to leave the European Union. Required reading: 1) BBC: Britain and the EU - a long and rocky relationship 2) LSE Blog: It’s NOT the economy, stupid - Brexit as a story of personal values 3) Pappas and Aslanidis, 181–96. Reflection Paper 4 due. Socratic Seminar 3 will take place in the second class.

Week 6 Midterm Exam Period

Inventing the reality? Media and the representation of the world around us We will examine the media portrayal of our societies through text and images by evaluating the linguistic turn in social sciences and the theory of discourse. Furthermore, we will analyze some of the challenges and trends of European media sphere and the intricate interplay between social and traditional media; mainstream and alternative media; offline and online media. Required reading: 1) Short video: the agenda-setting function of media 2) Short video: Hybrid media system by Andrew Chadwick 3) Tannen et al., 750–772. 4) Balmas, 430 –454.

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5) Cacciatore, Scheufele, and Iyengar, 7–23.

Socratic Seminar 4 will take place in the second class.

Week 7 Midterm Exam Period

Field trip and the British Parliamentary style debate After the field trip connected to an up-to-date political issue, we will organize a British Parliamentary style debate reflecting on issues learnt from the previous excursion. Students will be assigned specific roles in the debate. Required reading: British Parliamentary debate rules To be specified depending on the field trip site. Reflection Paper 5 due. Socratic Seminar 5 will take place in the second class.

Week 8

Mass migration, Euroscepticism and Populism: the case study of Austria and Germany While economically prosperous, both countries have experienced a significant upsurge of anti-systemic and populist movements. The public debate regarding the “refugee crisis” and the willkommenskultur has significantly polarized the electorate. For that reason, we will focus on the German 2017 general election and the recent rise of the Alternative for Germany. In the case of Austria, we will discuss the protracted 2016 Austrian presidential election and examine the historical context of the “Alpine populism” from Jörg Haider to the almost-success of Norbert Hofer. Required reading: 1) BBC: What does Alternative for Germany (AfD) want? 2) Foreign Affairs: Merkel's Last Stand 3) Heinisch and Hauser, 79–93.

Reflection Paper 6 due.

Week 9

Neoliberalism in everyday life This week will evaluate the impact of the key phenomena of neoliberalism and populism on the everyday life. These macrostructural factors and processes have non-trivial implications on the individual level as well, shaping our understanding of the world and our own identity. Our focus will be on the

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issues of individual responsibility, political participation, values, health and happiness. Required reading: 1) Gallup: The Happiest and Unhappiest Countries in the World 2) Giesler and Veresiu, 840–57. 3) Carr and Batlle, 160–76. 4) Boltanski and Chiapello, 161–88. Reflection Paper 7 due.

Week 10

Populism between tulips and Marianne: the case study of Netherlands and France We will examine the specific dynamics of the Netherlands from the founding of the LPF party under Pim Fortuyn through the 2017 Dutch general elections and the role of Geert Wilders, and zoom in on the demise of mainstream political parties in the Fifth French Republic. Of our particular interest will be the 2017 presidential and legislative election. Required reading: 1) The Conversation: A history of Dutch populism 2) The Atlantic: How populism took root in France

Reflection Paper 8 due. Essay due.

Week 11

Guest lecture, documentary and discussion In the first class of the week we will host a guest speaker on a specific issue. In the second class, BBC's documentary After Brexit: The Battle for Europe will be screened and discussed. The debate will focus on a critical evaluation of the documentary in terms of production quality and contribution to the understanding of the factors behind the European populist upsurge. Required reading: To be specified depending on the guest lecturer. 1) Aslanidis, 88–104. Reflection Paper 9 due.

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Week 12

The Rise of the illiberal? The case study of the V4 countries. We will discuss the particulars of the Visegrad Four countries, which include Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. Specific attention will be paid to the historical context and present challenges posed by the “refugee crisis,” the emergence of self-described illiberal politicians and the conflict in neighboring Ukraine. Required reading: 1) The Economist: Illiberal central Europe – Big, bad Visegrad 2) Politico: Brexit and Trump encouraged Eastern Europe populism

Reflection paper 10 due. The final exam to be taken in the first class of week 12.

Course Materials Readings Agnieszka Stępińska, Artur Lipiński, Agnieszka Hess, and Dorota Piontek. “Poland: A Fourth

Wave of Populism?” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 311–25. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Angermuller, Johannes., Dominique. Maingueneau, and Ruth. Wodak. The Discourse Studies Reader: Main Currents in Theory and Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 2014.

Aslanidis, Paris. “Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutation and a New Perspective.” Political Studies 64 (2015): 88–104.

Axford, Barrie. Theories of Globalization. Cambridge: Polity, 2013. Balmas, M. “When Fake News Becomes Real: Combined Exposure to Multiple News Sources and

Political Attitudes of Inefficacy, Alienation and Cynicism.” Communication Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 430 –454.

Banducci, Susan, Laurel Elder, Steven Greene, and Daniel Stevens. “Parenthood and the Polarisation of Political Attitudes in Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 55, no. 4 (November 2016): 745–66.

Berning, Carl C., and Conrad Ziller. “Social Trust and Radical Right-Wing Populist Party Preferences.” Acta Politica, March 2016, 1–20.

Boltanski, Luc, and Eve Chiapello. “The New Spirit of Capitalism.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 18, no. 3/4 (2005): 161–88.

Bove, Vincenzo, and Tobias Böhmelt. “Does Immigration Induce Terrorism?” The Journal of Politics 78, no. 2 (April 2016): 572–88.

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Cacciatore, Michael a., Dietram a. Scheufele, and Shanto Iyengar. “The End of Framing as We Know It … and the Future of Media Effects.” Mass Communication and Society 19, no. 1 (2016): 7–23.

Carr, Sam, and Ioannis Costas Batlle. “Attachment Theory, Neoliberalism, and Social Conscience.” Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 35, no. 3 (2015): 160–76.

Císař, Ondřej, and Václav Štětka. “Czech Republic: The Rise of Populism From the Fringes to the Mainstream.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 285–98. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Conley, Heather A.; Mina, James; Stefanov, Ruslan; Vladimirov, Martin. The Kremlin Playbook: Understanding Russian Influence in Central and Eastern Europe. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.

Csigó, Péter, and Norbert Merkovity. “Hungary: Home of Empty Populism.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 299–310. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Deacon, D., and D. Wring. “The UK Independence Party, Populism and the British News Media: Competition, Collaboration or Containment?” European Journal of Communication 31, no. 2 (2015): 169–84.

Engesser, Sven, Nicole Ernst, Frank Esser, and Florin Büchel. “Populism and Social Media: How Politicians Spread a Fragmented Ideology.” Information, Communication & Society, 2016, 1–18.

Enyedi, Zsolt. “Paternalist Populism and Illiberal Elitism in Central Europe.” Journal of Political Ideologies 21, no. 1 (2016): 9–25.

Fallend, Franz, and Reinhard Heinisch. “Collaboration as Successful Strategy against Right-Wing Populism? The Case of the Centre-Right Coalition in Austria, 2000–2007.” Democratization 23, no. 2 (February 23, 2016): 324–44.

Fawzi, Nayla, Magdalena Obermaier, and Carsten Reinemann. “Germany: Is the Populism Laggard Catching Up?” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 111–26. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Fukuyama, Francis. “The End of History?” The National Interest 16 (1989): 3–18. Gerodimos, Roman. “The Ideology of Far Left Populism in Greece: Blame, Victimhood and

Revenge in the Discourse of Greek Anarchists.” Political Studies 63, no. 3 (August 2015): 608–25.

Giesler, Markus, and Ela Veresiu. “Creating the Responsible Consumer: Moralistic Governance Regimes and Consumer Subjectivity.” Journal of Consumer Research 41, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 840–57.

Hameleers, M., L. Bos, and C. H de Vreese. “The Netherlands: A Heartland Full of Insights into Populist Communication.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 138–50. New

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York and London: Routledge, 2017. Heinisch, Reinhard, and Kristina Hauser. “The Mainstreaming of the Austrian Freedom Party:

The More Things Change.” In Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?, edited by Tjitske Akkerman, Sarah L. de Lange, and Matthijs Rooduijn, 79–93. New York and London: Routledge, 2016.

Higley, John. “Elite Theory and Elites.” In Handbook of Politics, 161–76. New York: Springer, 2010.

Holmes, Seth M., and Heide Castañeda. “Representing the ‘European Refugee Crisis’ in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and Difference, Life and Death.” American Ethnologist 43, no. 1 (2016): 12–24.

Hubé, Nicolas, and Naomi Truan. “The Reluctance to Use the Word Populism as a Concept.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 181–94. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Jones, Guno. “What Is New about Dutch Populism? Dutch Colonialism, Hierarchical Citizenship and Contemporary Populist Debates and Policies in the Netherlands.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37, no. 6 (2016): 605–20.

Kaniok, Petr, and Vlastimil Havlík. “Populism and Euroscepticism in the Czech Republic: Meeting Friends or Passing By?” Romanian Journal of European Affairs 16, no. 2 (2016): 20–35.

Khaldarova, Irina, and Mervi Pantti. “Fake News: The Narrative Battle over the Ukrainian Conflict.” Journalism Practice, 2016, 891–901.

Kostadinova, Petia. “Media in the New Democracies of Post-Communist Eastern Europe.” East European Politics & Societies 29, no. 2 (2015): 453–66.

Kriesi, H., and T.S. Pappas. “Populism and Crisis: A Fuzzy Relationship.” In European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession, edited by H. Kriesi and T.S. Pappas, 303–25. Colchester: ECPR Press, 2015.

Labonté, Ronald, and David Stuckler. “The Rise of Neoliberalism: How Bad Economics Imperils Health and What to Do about It.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 70, no. 3 (March 2016): 312–18.

Lamont, M, and V Molnár. “The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences.” Annual Review of Sociology 28 (2002): 167–95.

Lechner, Frank J., and John Boli, eds. The Globalization Reader. John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Lindekilde, Lasse, Preben Bertelsen, and Michael Stohl. “Who Goes, Why, and With What

Effects: The Problem of Foreign Fighters from Europe.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 27, no. 5 (September 2, 2016): 858–77.

Mahdavi, Mojtaba., and W. Knight. Towards the Dignity of Difference? Neither “End of History” nor “Clash of Civilizations.” Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2012.

Marangos, John. “What Happened to the Washington Consensus? The Evolution of International Development Policy.” Journal of Socio-Economics 38, no. 1 (2009): 197–208.

March, Luke. “Left and Right Populism Compared: The British Case.” The British Journal of

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Politics and International Relations 19, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 282–303. Moffitt, Benjamin. “How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in

Contemporary Populism.” Government and Opposition 50, no. 2 (2014): 189–217. Mudde, Cas, and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York:

Oxford University Press, 2017. Ono, Hiroshi, and Kristen Schultz Lee. “Welfare States and the Redistribution of Happiness.” In

Behavioral Economics of Preferences, Choices, and Happiness, edited by Shinsuke Ikeda, Hideaki Kiyoshi Kato, Fumio Ohtake, and Yoshiro Tsutsui, 463–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016.

Pappas, Takis S., and Paris Aslanidis. “Greek Populism: A Political Drama in Five Acts.” In European Populism in the Shadow of the Great Recession, 181–96. Colchester: ECPR, 2015.

Parmar, Divya, Charitini Stavropoulou, and John P A Ioannidis. “Health Outcomes during the 2008 Financial Crisis in Europe: Systematic Literature Review.” BMJ, 2016, 1–12.

Pirro, A.L.P., and S. van Kessel. “United in Opposition? The Populist Radical Right’s EU-Pessimism in Times of Crisis.” Journal of European Integration, 2017, 1–16.

Pirro, A L P. “Populist Radical Right Parties in Central and Eastern Europe: The Different Context and Issues of the Prophets of the Patria.” Government and Opposition 49, no. 4 (2014): 599–628.

Polyakova, Alina, and Neil Fligstein. “Is European Integration Causing Europe to Become More Nationalist? Evidence from the 2007–9 Financial Crisis.” Journal of European Public Policy 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 60–83.

Pytlas, Bartek. “Radical-Right Narratives in Slovakia and Hungary: Historical Legacies, Mythic Overlaying and Contemporary Politics.” Patterns of Prejudice 47, no. 2 (May 2013): 162–83.

Ram, Melanie H. “Europeanized Hypocrisy: Roma Inclusion and Exclusion in Central and Eastern Europe.” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe : JEMIE 13, no. 3 (2014): 15–44.

Reynié, Dominique, and Matthew Goodwin. “‘Heritage Populism’ and France’s National Front.” Journal of Democracy 27, no. 4 (2016): 47–57.

Ritzer, George, and Jeffrey Stepnisky. Modern Sociological Theory. London: SAGE Publication, 2017.

S., Papathanassopoulos, Giannouli I., and Andreadis Ioannis. “Greece: Populism Between Left and Right.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 197–206. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Salovaara, Inka, and Janis Juzefovics. “Who Pays for Good Journalism?” Journalism Studies 13, no. 5–6 (2012): 763–74.

Shields, Stuart. “Neoliberalism Redux: Poland’s Recombinant Populism and Its Alternatives.” Critical Sociology 41, no. 4–5 (2015): 659–678.

Schielicke, Julia, and Anna-Maria Schielicke. “Attitudes Driving Support for PEGIDA – a 2015–16 Two-Wave Panel Study.” Czech Journal of Political Science XXIV, no. 1 (2017): 37–55.

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Schmuck, Desirée, Jörg Matthes, and Hajo Boomgaarden. “Austria: Candidate-Centered and Anti-Immigrant Right-Wing Populism.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 85–98. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

Sortheix, F. M., and J.-E. Lonnqvist. “Personal Value Priorities and Life Satisfaction in Europe: The Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Development.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 45, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 282–99.

Stanyer, J, C Archetti, and L Sorensen. “The United Kingdom: Hybrid Populisms, Mixed Fortunes, and Unstable Support.” In Populist Political Communication in Europe, edited by Claes De Vreese Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Carsten Reinemann, Jesper Stromback, 165–80. New York and London: Routledge, 2017.

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Stetka, Vaclav, and Henrik Örnebring. “Investigative Journalism in Central and Eastern Europe: Autonomy, Business Models, and Democratic Roles.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 18 (2013): 413–35.

Stets, Jan E., and Peter J. Burke. “Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63, no. 3 (September 2000): 224–37.

Tannen, Deborah, Heidi Ehernberger Hamilton, Deborah Schiffrin, and Carolyn Temple Adger. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.

Teghtsoonian, Katherine. “Depression and Mental Health in Neoliberal Times: A Critical Analysis of Policy and Discourse.” Social Science & Medicine 69, no. 1 (2009): 28–35.

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