chuyện Đông- chuyện tây( an chi)

8/14/2019 chuyn ng- chuyn ty( an chi)

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Chuyn ng- Chuyn TyHc Gi An Chi1- (KTNN 95, ngy 01-11-1992)Sa Tng c cng bo v ng Tam Tng i thnh kinh, cui cng c o v tr

thnh Kim thn La Hn. V c g m thnh thong vn nghe ngi ta chi l " quSaTng?

AN CHI: y l hai Sa Tng khc nhau. Sa Tng trong ting chi l Sa Tng bnCha Jesus, cn SaTng m bn ni n l Sa Tng bn Pht Thch Ca. Sa Tng bno Thin Cha l trm ca loi qu, thng c ni n trong Tn Uc ca KinhThnh, chnghn: "Ngi ni ng vng chu qu Satan cm d bn mi ngy, chung vi th rng, v c thin-s hu vic Ngi" (Mc, 1:3). Satan y chnh ltn con qu m ngi ta vn pht m thnh "Sa Tng". Vy xin phn bit r ko oancho Sa Ng Tnh trong Ty du k. 2- (KTNN 95, ngy 01-ll-1992)Mi hai bn nc trong "phn gi 12 bn nc" l g? C phi chng l 12 cng vtrong x hi xa ca ta v Trung Quc nh: Cao l cng, hu khanh, tng; trung ls, nng, cng, thng; v thp l ng, tiu, canh, mc? cn trong v c c phi l

thanh khit, trong sch v nh bn, tham hay khng?

AN CHI: Nhiu ngi vn quan nim mi hai bn nc ng nh ng nu.Chng ti khng tin cch gii thch trn m cho rng Hunh-tnh Paulus Ca gingc l hn:"Con gi mi hai bn nc: Thn con gi nh chic , hoc gp bn trong, hocmc bn c, hoc a ngi tt, hoc a ngi xu, may th nh, ri th chu.Ting ni mi hai bn nc l ni cho vn".(i Nam quc m t v, tp I, Si Gn, 1895. X. ch bn, tr. 46-7).

iu m tc gi ging rng "Ting ni mi hai bn nc l ni cho vn" th chngti li quan nim l do t nguyn dn gian m ra. i vi thnh ng ang xt r rngl hai ting trong, cphi c hiu rnghn cch hiu m ng nu.3. (KTNN 95, ngy 01-11-1992)R ng sn c phi mun ni ng cung thi t? Du Nam ging c phi mun nitch trn ni Nam Ging (nng Ging Tin) hay khng?

AN CHI: Trc ht xin ni rng y l r ng sng, du Nam gin ch khng phil "ng sn" v Nam ging". Sng l ging: vy ng sng l ging phang. Gin l khe ni: vy Nam gin l khe ni pha Nam. Vr ng sng btngun tch ng sng thn phc, ngha l nm thng bng trn ging pha ng.Chuyn rng nh Vng o c nhiu con trai cha v nn Hy Gim mi cho ngisang kn chng cho con gi. m con trai nh h Vng bit th nn anh nocng lng xng tm cch lm cho khch . Ch c Vng Hy Chi l nm khnh trnging pha ng, coi nh khng c chuyn g xy ra. Nghe ngi nh thut li, Hy

Gim bit Hy Chi t l r qu, bn chn ngy lnh thng tt m g con gi cho. QuVng Hy Chi l th gia (caligrapher) ni ting; ngy nay h ni n th php(calligraphie) Trung Hoa th phi nhc n Vng Hy Chi. Vy r ng sng khnglin quan g n ng Cung thi t.

Cn vdu Nam gin th bt ngun t li ca mt bi trong Kinh Thi ca TrungHoa: Vu d th tn, Nam gin chi tn ngha l i hi rau tn bn khe ni pha Nam.Ch s tn to ca ngi con gi. Du Nam gin l con du chu thng chu kh. Vy


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Nam gin khng lin quan g n Ging Hng ca T Thc hoc Ging Kiu ca TUyn c. Truyn Lc Vn Tin c cu:

Xem p ha hai:Ny du Nam gin, n trai ng sng.

4. (KTNN 95, ngy 01-11-1992)

Nh Ng (939-965) tuy c b Dng Tam Kh cp ngi nhng Ng Quyn cng xng vng, ng C Loa; sau Ng Xng Ngp v Ng Xng Vn cngc sgi l Hu Ng vng. V l do g m ca ming dn gian lun lun ni:"inh, L, L, Trn, L, Nguyn m khng nhc n nh Ng"? Phi chng do bihch ca c Nguyn Tri?

AN CHI: bn cho rng do nh hng ca Nguyn Tri trong bi Bnh Ng i co(khng nhc n nh Ng) nn ngi ta vn c thi quen ni "inh,L, L, Trn "thi m khng nhc n nh Ng mc d nh Ng c trc nh inh. Qu l ngi tac thi quen da vo Bnh Ng i co m ni nh th tht, nhng y ch l davo bn dch ca Bi K c Trn Trng Kim s dng trong Vit Nam s lc chkhng phi da vo nguyn vn ca Nguyn Tri. Bi K dch: "T inh, L, L, Trngy nn c lp; cng Hn, ng, Tng, Nguyn hng c mt phng". Nhngchnh Nguyn Tri th li vit: "T Triu, inh,L, Trn chi triu to ng quc; dHn, ng, Tng,Nguyn nhi cc nht phng" ngha l "T khi (cc triu i)Triu, inh, L, Trn bt u dng nn nc ta (th chng ta) cng vi (cc triu)Hn, ng, Tng, Nguyn mi bn mi lm ch mt phng (ring ca u Lc caThc Phn b Triu gm thu vo nc Nam Vit nn ngi xa vn quan nimrng Triu l vua ca nc ta. Bng chng l n th Triu vn cn tn ti micho n ngy nay ti ng Sm, x Hng Thi, huyn Kin Xng, tnh Thi Bnh.

Vy Nguyn Tri khng vit "inh, L, L, Trn" m vit "Triu, inh, L, Trn".Nh Triu c quan nim nh triu i u tin ca Vit Nam xng , nganghng v ng thi vi nh Hn bn Trung Hoa do Hn Cao t Lu Bang khai sngnm 206 trc Cng nguyn. Cn nh Trn, triu i lin trc nh L (nh H th b

xem l ngy triu) ca Vit Nam, l triu i ng thi vi nh Nguyn, triu i lintrc nh Minh ca Trung Hoa. Chnh v th m Nguyn Tri mi t nh Triu uv nh Trn cui ca v "Triu,inh, L, Trn" m i vi v "Hn, ng, Tng,Nguyn" trong Triu i vi Hn cn Trn i vi Nguyn.

Th l Nguyn Tri khng nhng khng ni n nh Ng ca Ng Quyn m cngkhng ni n nh L ca L i Hnh tc L Hon. Ta khng nn i hi NguynTri phi ni cho y v y ng khng vit s k m ch lm vn hng bin tuyn co v mt thng li v i ca dn tc i vi qun xm lc nh Minh. Nubt b v thiu st, th t nh Hn n nh ng, ng cn "b qun" cc nh sauy na: Ngy, Thc, Ng (thi Tam quc); Ty Tn, ng Tn, Tng, T, Lng,Trn, Bc Ngy, Ty Ngy v ng Ngy, Bc T, Bc Chu (thi Nam Bc triu);Tng v Ty. Tng cng n 16 nh, u phi l t.

5. (KTNN 58, ngy 15-ll-1992)C ngi ni rng ngi Php ly con g trng lm vt t cho dn tc mnh. Xin chobit ti sao?

AN CHI: Trc ht, xin ci chnh rng con g trng khng phi l vt t (totem) cadn tc Php.Th n, ngi ta cng khng ni con g trng m phi ni y lcon g trng G-loa (con gaulois). V con g trng G-loa l mt biu tng(emblme) - ch khng phi "vt t" - ca dn tc Php. Vt t v biu tng l haikhi nim khc nhau. Vic ly con g trng G-loa lm biu tng c bao hm mt


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s chi ch nh trong . T tin ca ngi Php l ngi G-loa(Gauiois). NgiG-loa, ting La Tinh gi l Gallus. Danh t Gallus trong ting La Tinh li c mt tng m tuyt i l gallus, c ngha l con g trng. Th l ci v ng m gallusca ting La Tinh va biu hin khi nim "ngi G-loa" li va biu hin khi nimcon g trng". Vy c theo ngn ng ny, ngi ta c th chi ch bng ng thc:

Ngi G-loa (Gallus) = con g trng (gallus).

l l do ti sao ngi Php li ly con g trng G-loa lm biu tng ca dn tcmnh. Nu ta bit rng ting Php hin i l do ting La Tinh thng tc (latinpopulaire) m ra th ta cng s khng ly lm l ti sao ngi Php li cn c voting La Tinh chn biu tng cho dn tc mnh nh th. 6- (KTNN 96, ngy 15-11-1992)Hoa K hin nay c bao nhiu tiu bang? Tn ca cc tiu bang ?

AN CHI:Hoa K c 50 bang:

1. Alabama, 2.Alaska, 3. Arizona, 4. Arkansas, 5. California, 6.Colorado, 7.Connecticut, 8. Delaware, 9. Floria, 10.Georgia, 1l. Hawaii, 12. Idaho, 13. Illinois,14. Indiana, 15. Iowa, 16. Kansas, 17. Kentucky, 18. Louisiana, 19.Maine, 20.Maryland, 21. Massachusetts, 22. Michigan, 23. Minnesota, 24. Mississippi, 25.Missouri, 26. Montana, 27. Nebraska, 28. Nevaa, 29. New Hampshire, 30. NewJersey, 31. New Mexico, 32. NewYork (ch : thuc bang ny c thnh ph cng tnNewYork, trc vn phin bng m Hn Vit l Nu c.Nhng th ph ca bangNew York li l Albany), 33.North Carolina, 34. North Dakota, 35. Ohio, 36.Oklahoma, 37. Oregon, 38. Pennsylvania, 39. Rhode Island, 40. South Carol1na, 41.South Dakota, 42.Tennessee, 43. Texas, 44. Utah, 45. Vermont, 46.Virginia, 47.Washington, 48. West Virginia, 49.Wisconsin, 50. Wyoming.

Vng Alaska, nm pha TyBc ca Hoa K, l t m nc Nga Sa hong nhng

cho Hoa K t nm 1867, tr thnh bang th 49 canc ny t nm 1958. Quno Hawaii (tn c lSandwich), th ph l Honolulu, l lnh th ca Hoa K t nm1898, tr thnh bang th 50 ca nc ny cng t nm 1958. 7- (KTNN 96, ngy15-11-1992)Ti sao li gi nhng ngi bn nam bn n (li ci) l "p-.

AN CHI: Ci tn p- dng ch nhng ngibn nam bn n l kt qu ca mtli hiu sai lch nay tr thnh thng dng. l do ting Php pd, dng tt capdraste. y l mt danh t gm hai t cn gc Hy Lp: pd- (


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rivire Claire (sng Trong). H cng dch tn sng Hong H ca Trung Hoa sangting Php l fleuve Jaune (sng Vng) ri li da theo cch din ny m dch tncon song Dng T (Dng T Giang) thnh fleuve Bleu (sng Xanh) mc d hcng c mt tn phin m t Dng T Giang thnh Yang-tseu-kiang (trcthngvit l Yang-ts-kiang). Vy Hng H hay sng Hng ch l nhng "bn dch"sang ting Vit ca ting Php fleuve Rouge m thi. Xin phn bit vi Hng Giang,

mt chi lu xa ca sng Hng, chy qua tnh Hi Dng. 9. (KTNN 97, ngy 01-12-1992)Ti sao t tp 1 n tp 5, i truyn hnh Thnh ph H Ch Minh khng gi lun bphim di ca Mexico bng ci tn "Ngi giu cng khc" m gi l "Nc mt ngigiu sau li phi thay i tn gi t tp 6 tr i? Hai cch gi c g khcnhau khng?

AN CHI: Tn gc ca b phim ny ng ra l Ngi giu cng khc. Tn phim bngting Ty Ban Nha (Ngi Mexico ni ting Ty Ban Nha) l Los ricostambien lloran.S d 5 tp u ca b phim c gi l Nc mt ngi giu c l v theo bndch ca o Minh Hip, ngi dch li phim (t ting Nga) cho i truyn hnhPh Yn (X. Tui tr ch nht, s 40-92, tr.17). Hai cch gi trn y c khc nhauhay khng? Sau y l li ca o Minh Hip: "Qu tht ti phi suy ngh rt lutrc khi quyt nh dch l Nc mt ngi giu m vn bo m chuyn ti c ngha chnh xc ca tn phim (...), ng thi nghe hay hn() Ti ngh khng c gkhc nhau gia hai tn phim (Tui tr ch nht, s 40-92). S tht th qu l c khcnhau. Nc mt ngigiu l mt cu trc phi v ng tnh (non-prdicativ) cn Ngigiu cng khc th l mt cu. Hai cu trc khc nhau n nh th th khngth ni rng hm ngha ca chng hon ton nh nhau c. Nu cn th cc tc gi ni Las Ingrimas de los ricos (Nc mt ngi giu) ri. Nhng h li ni Los ricostambien lloran. Vy tng c nn dch thnh Ngi giu cng khc cho st vinguyn vn. 10 (KTNN 97, ngy 01-12-1992)Ti sao Colomb c cng tm ra chu M m tn ng li khng c dng gi chuny? Tn nc Colombia clin quan g n tn ca Colomb hay khng?

AN CHI: Chnh Christophe Colomb gi chu M l Ty n (Indes occidentales)v nhm tng rng l nc n . Do cch t tn ny ca Colomb m thdn da chu M c gi l Indien (ting Php), Indian (ting Anh), ngha lngi n . Saukhi bit r s tht, ngi ta mi dn dn gi chu M bng ci tnAmerique (ting Php), America (ting Anh) nh hin nay. ng l trong tn ncColombia c tn ca Colomb. ng n min t ny nm 1502 nhng trc thAlonso de Hojeda pht hin ra n t 1499. Sau khi hon thnh vic chinh phct ny vo nm 1539 th Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada gi n l Nueva Granada;mi v sau n mi c gi l Colombia. 11. (KTNN 98, ngy 15-12-1992)Tam tc trong "tru di tam tc" l nhng tc no?

AN CHI: Hai ting tam tc c t nht l bn cch hiu m T nguyn (mt b t inting Hn ra mt nm 1915) cho nh sau:

1. Cha m, anh em, v con l tam tc (Ph mu, huynh , th t vi tam tc).2. H cha, h m, h v l tam tc (Ph tc, mu tc, th tc vi tam tc).3. Cha, con, chu (= con ca con) l tam tc (Ph, t, tn vi tam tc).4. Anh em ca cha, anh em ca mnh, anh em ca con l tam tc (Ph cn , kcn , t cn vi tam tc).

V c nhiu cch hiu nh trn cho nn ngay v n Nguyn Tri cch y 555 nm(1442) cng c ngi thi nay hiu khc nhau. Cao Huy Gi dch i Vit s kton th vit nh sau:"Ngy 16 (thng 8 nm Nhm Tut - AC), git hnh khin


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vc c bn tai, ngha l bn mang, hay khng, y chng ti ch mun dn chngv ci ngha m mnh nu. Chtai, Hn t vit l, c Dictionnaire classiquede la langue chilnoise ca F.S. Couvreur ging l "ouiles de poisson" cn Mathews'Chinse-english Dictionary cng ging l "the gills of a fish". Vy taitheo l mang cnheo. Mang c nheo m i vi u con cua th r rng l chuyn chp v chng uvo u!

15- (KTNN 98, ngy 15-12-1992)Rn c ph c mo hay khng? Nu khng, ti sao mt s ni min Bc li clu hnh cu"Rn ph 1. mo"?

AN CHI: V chuyn "rn ph mo", trong Chn tri khoa hc(ca bo Khoa hc phthng) thng11.1990, k s Nguyn Quc Thng gii thch r rng nh sau: "Rnthuc lp b st cn mo thuc lp ng vt c v, hai lp ny rt xa nhau v mttin ha. Theo nguyn tc ca sinh vt hc, 2 loi khc nhau ca cng mt ging rt kh giao phi vi nhau hung h y rn v mo c cu to c quan sinh dchon ton khc nhau, s lng nhim sc th trong t bo cng khc nhau, do khng nh chng khng th giao phivi nhau c" (tr.56).

Tt nhin l c nhiu ngi qu quyt rng chnh mt h nhn thy rn ph mo.Nhng s tht th hoc l h nhn g ha cuc hoc l iu ny c nhiu phnchc chn hn - h "tung tin vt mt cch v ti v m thi. Cn "rn ph l. mo"ch l mt bin dng ca thnh ngdn ba l. mo, mt phn hn l cng c dongi ta vn b m nh bi ci chuyn "rn ph mo". L. mo l ci u hi nh, tcl ci phn hnh tam gic bn hng nh m nh l ni hai mi nh gip nhau. Ngyxa khi th mc ct nh xong, h thng dn mt l ba vo ci l. mo nh theo tnngng, m c khi cng ch n gin l theo thi quen ngh nghip. Cu dn ba l.mo bt ngun t thc t ny; v sau n b t nguyn dn gian bp mo nn mithnh rn ph l. mo.

(tr li: vvn)

16. (KTNN 99, ngy 01-01-1993)T "Bt t nin canh" c phi l t ng k kt hn ngy xa hay khng? C phi"bt t" c ngha l tm t cn "nin canh" l c gi tr trong mt nm hay khng?

AN CHI: Ni cho ng c php ting Hn th l nin canh bt t, c ngha l tmch thuc v tui tc. l tm ch CAN CHI (th d: Mu T, K Su, Canh Dn, tMi, v.v) gm c hai ch ch gi, hai ch ch ngy, hai ch ch thng v hai ch chnm m mt con ngi ra i. T nin canh bt t l t ghi gi, ngy, thng vnm sinh theo m lch ca chng trai hoc c gi trao cho nh gi hoc nh trai icoi thy xem tui hai bn c hp nhau hay khng. H hp tui vi nhau th mi bntnh n chuyn hn nhn chnh thc. Vy khng phi l t ng k kt hn. Vli, chng c khi tnh chuyn hn nhn mi c khai nin canh bt t. Ch cn i xemt vi bit chuyn bn mng th cng phi khai tm ch cho thy ri (khng ctm ch th thy lm sao ln bng c).7. (KTNN 99, ngy 01-01-1993)Hai ting c l trong "du c l" xut x t u? C phi tn mt loi cy nokhng?

AN CHI: C ngi lin h hai ting c l ny vi hai ting C L l tn m ngi
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xa mit di dng gi nc Min in. S l trc y c mt loi du c lmang nhn hiu Mac Phsu, sn xut ti Min in, c ng gi b c trong Nam achung. Ngi ta cho rng v th u ny c sn xut ti nc C L (=Min in)nn n mi c gi l du c l (=du sn xut ti nc C L). Sau khi hai tingc l tr thnh thng dng trong phng ng Nam B th ng danh t du c l cdng rng ri ch tt c cc loi du cao, bt k chng c sn xut ti nc

no, ng nhin l k c ti nc Tu. Cn chnh ngi Tu th li gi du c ll vn kim du (ting Qung ng: mn cm y du) bt ngun t nhn hiu ca mtth du c l l hiu Vn Kim. Hin chng ti cha tm c tn ca mt loi cyno gi l cy "c l".

(tr li: vvn)

18. (KTNN 99, ngy 01-01-1993)Trong bi 'Hong hu Hiu Vn, lng C Trai v t Minh Linh" ng trn Ca Vit s15, thng 6-1992, T Am Nguyn Toi da vo th tch ca Trung Quc khngnh rng Mc ng Dung khng phi l ngi Vit m l ngi n t Trung Quclu lc sang. Xin hi ngi ph trch mc"Chuyn ng chuyn Ty" ngh sao v

iu khng nh ny?

AN CHI: Ngi u tin pht hin ra rng Mc ng Dung thuc sc dn n Man lTrn Quc Vng ti Hi ngh khoa hc v Nguyn Bnh Khim t chc Hi Phngthng 2.1985. C liu ca ng l mt s iu ghi chp trong Minh s. By nm sau,T Am NguynToi li tip tc khng nh ging nh Trn Quc Vng. Ngoi Minhsra, ng cn nu tn sch ng Hon huyn chca Trn B o i Thanh. Chngti cho rng chng qua Trn B o cng ch vit theo Minh s m thi v rngnhng iu m sch ny chp v thnh phn dn tc ca Mc ng Dung l honton khng th tin tng c.

Ch ring mt vic ngi i Minh "bit qu r" v lai lch ca Mc ng Dung trongkhi chnh ngi i Vit th li hon ton m tt v iu , ch ring mtvic thi,cng l iu hon ton ng ng ri. Hung h ch tuyn c v ch bo cquan chc ca nc ta vo thi L tht cht ch v chu o, th lm sao mt tn chacng ch kit - nu qu ng ta l ngi n Man - nh Mc ng Dung li c th lenli vo lm ch huy s t nm 1508 ln ngi hong 19 nm sau ?

Theo truyn thuyt th Mc ng Dung xut than t ngh nh c - cn chng ti thcho rng by gi ng ta l mt Khng Thng ch thi - nn Minh s mi da vo m ghi chp mt cch h rng ng l ngi n Man, v n Man l mt scdn chuyn sng lu ng trn ghe thuyn lm ngh nh c v c khi l c nghcp bin na. Hoc cng c th Minh s c ghi chp nh th gin tip nhnnh mt cch trch thng rng mt tn n Man cng kh nng lm vua nci Vit nh thng. D th no mc lng, chng ti cho rng ngi Vit Nam khng

th t lng tin tuyt i ca mnh vo sch Tu c, nht l sch Tu m li vitv nhng vn lch s t nhca Vit Nam.

19. (KTNN 99, ngy 01-01-1993)Ting Anh c t Christmas ch l Gingsinh, li cn c c t Yule na. Xin chobit xut x ca t ny.

AN CHI: Yule l hnh thi hin i bt ngun t ting Anh trung i yol, ting Anh ci geol, vi bin th geohhol. ng ngha v cng gc vi n hin nay l ting Thy
http://vnthuquan.net/diendan/tm.aspx?m=252764&mpage=2&key=#255004#255004http://vnthuquan.net/diendan/tm.aspx?m=252764&mpage=2&key=#255004#255004


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in, ting Na Uy v ting an Mchjulm ting Phn Lan lng ging mn vpht m thnhjoulu. Theo Eric Partridge, hnh thi c i geol bt ngun t mt hnhthi tin thn l geol, mt kiu hon v ng m (metathesis) cng gc vi ting LaTinh gelu, c ngha l bng gi. Do m ting Anh c i cn c danh tgeola ch thng December (thng Chp dng lch), m ngha t nguyn l thng bng gi.Cn geol, nay l Yule, l ngy l ca thng geola, tc l ngy Ging sinh. 20. (KTNN

100, ngy 15-01-1993)Ti sao li gi l "ng To"? "To" l g?

AN CHI: To l ting Hn c theo m Hn Vit, c ngha I bp. i to l bp to,nu cho chin s (qun i) hoc nhn vin (c quan) n tp th rt ngngi. Trung to l bp va, nu cho cn b trung cp. Cn tiu to l bp nh, nuring cho cn b cao cp. Li cn c c to l bp nh loi c bit thng hohng. Theo tn ngng xa, bp c thn bp gi l to qun, to vng hoc tothn, khu ng cn gi l to cng. Ngi Vit Nam dch to cng thnh ngto. Dn gian Vit Nam cn ly hai ting ng to ch tng hn trong ba hn tdng bc cho bc ni ln m xo m nu. Nhng hn t ny thot u th chynm, ri lu ngy di thng, tr nn en thi en thui (v vy m trong khu ng Nam B trc y, ngi ta cn dng hai ting ng to gi a ngi n , riv sau c lnh da en na). 21- (KTNN 100, ngy 15-01-1993)Ti sao li ni "ngy t ngy tt" v t nin" (l quanh nm). Hai ting "t ny clin quan g vi nhau hay khng?

AN CHI: Hn ng c mt t ghi bng ch, m m Hn Vit l t, c ngha lnm, l ma. Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary(p.1023. ch.6935) ging l: "Ayear, a season. Sch L th xun thu c cu: Kim tm ha, lai tm mch nghal ma ny tt la go, ma ti tt la m. V n cng mt trng ngha vi ttnnngi ta ghp n vi t ny thnh t tt, ri li xen ngy vo m ni thnh ngyt ngy tt.

Cn ttrong "t nin th li khng lin quan g n ttrong "ngy t ngy tt" c.

N l ttrong t b, t ma, ngha l mt bin th ng m catl bn. T b lbn b, ngha l mi pha; t ma l sut bn ma, ngha l quanh nm. S dichuyn t nhin v hp l tbn sang mi, sangquanh trong ngha ca t b, tma dn n cch hiu sai lch rng tc ngha l quanh, l khp, l c, v.v.. Vicch hiu sai lch ny, ngi ta ni t nin m hiu l quanh nm. 22. (KTNN100, ngy 15-01-1993)Con ln l con g? C phi cng l con k ln hay khng? Ti sao ngoi Bc gi l"ma s t" m trong Nam li gi l "ma ln"?

AN CHI: Con ln cng gi l con k ln. Nguyn kl tn ca con c, cn ln l tnca con ci. Ngi ta ghp li m gi chung l k ln. Ngy nay ln hoc k ln chc con c ln con ci. Ting Php dch l unicorne, ting Anh l unicorn. Ln l convt ng hng th hai trong t linh: long (rng), ln, qui (ra), phng (phnghong). N l mt con vt thn thoi thn hu, mng nga, ui b, ming rng,mi to, c mt sng, lng trn lng th ng sc m di bng th mu vng. Tctruyn rng n l mt con vt hin lnh (nhn th), khng p ln c ti v khnglm hi cc vt sng. Tc cn truyn rng v n l mt con th c nhn nh th chonn vua cha ai l ngi c nhn th mi c nhn thy n. Ma ln tc l ma kln. S d trong Nam gi ma ln m ngoi Bc gi l ma s tl v nhc trng thcon ln ging con s t(i Nam quc m t v ca Hunh-tnh Paulus Ca cngging ln l mt "con th ging con s t"). V vy, ngi ta nhm ma ln thnh"ma s t ri c th m gi lu ngy thnh quen. Nhng c nhn vo ci u ln


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( ma) vi ci ming rng, ci mi to v ci sng ni cm th bit ngay khngphi l con s t ri. 23. (KTNN 100, ngy 15-01-1993)Ti sao li gi l "con gip"? Mi con gip c bao nhiu nm?

AN CHI: Hai ting con gip l mt li ni ca phng ng Nam B. Trong phngng ny con gip l mt chu k 12 nm m lch gi bng tn ca 12 a chi t T n

Hi. Ngha ny cho ra mt ngha rng l chu k thi gian t mt nm cho nnm cng mt tn chi vi n sau 12 nm, chng hn t nm Nhm Thn 1832 nnm Gip Thn 1844, hoc t nm inh Hi 1947 n nm K Hi 1959, v.v.. Do m ngi sanh nm Nhm Thn 1832 ln hn ngi sanh nm Gip Thn 1844 mtcon gip, cn ngi snh nm K Hi 1959 th nh hn ngi snh nm inh Hi1947 mt con gip. Ngoi ra, trong khu ng ca ting a phng Nam B, con gipcn c ngha l con vt tng trng ca mi chi trong 12 a chi na (chng hn conchut cho nm T, con tru cho nm Su, v.v Do mi c cu "Mi hai con gipkhng ging con no.

Vy ti sao li gi l con gip? Nguyn ngy xa ngi ta theo th t trc sauca thp can v thp nh chi m phi hp cc can v cc chi vi nhau sao cho cc mt chu k gm 60 n v bt u t Gip T cho n Qu Hi, trong min v c gi bng mt tn kp gm c mt tn can v mt tn chi. Chu k nyc trnh by thnh mt bng gm c 60 . Bng ny gi l hoa gip. Trong phngng Bc B, hoa gip c ni tt thnh gip. Gip thot u vn c hiu lmt chu k gm 60 nm, v sau li c linh ng hiu thnh mt chu k 12 nmnh cch hiu thong thng hin nay. Tuy cng cng mt cch chuyn ngha nhtrn nhng trong phng ng Nam B th hoa gip li tr thnh con gip v hai l do.Mt l ngi ta vn b m nh bi cc con vt tng trng cho mi chi khi nin hoa gip. Hai l ting con va c tc dng nhc nh n cc con vt nh ni trn, li va ng m vi con l mt t ch chu k nh trong con nc, contrng v.v. m hoa gip th r rng l mt chu k. V hai l do m con thay thcho hoa. 24- (KTNN 101, ngy 01-02-1993)C GI: Xin cho bit xut x ca tn gi Ba Son (Nh my Ba Son).

AN CHI: V tn Ba Son, trong Si Gn nm xa, Vng Hng Sn ghi nhn bncch gii thch sau y1. Trc kia c mt anh th ngui tn Son, th ba, vo lm s ny. Ngi tabn ly th v tn ca anh m gi tn s l Ba Son.2. Trc khi Ba Son c thnh lp th ni c mt con xo chy qua. Xo ny cnhiu c. Ngi Php thng n cu v gi n l "mare aux poissons (ao c).Khi xy dng xng Ba Son, con xo tuy b lp nhng tn vn cn. Ngi ta bnphin mpoissons thnh Ba Son gi xng mi thnh lp.3. Ba Son l do ting Php reparation c ngha l cng vic sa cha m ra (BaSon vn l ni sa cha tu thy).4. Ba Son l do "bassin de radoub"ngha l " sa cha v tu m ra (bassin > BaSon). ng Vng Hng Sn vit r nh sau: "Theo quynPromenades dans Saigon,

tc gi, b Hilda Arnold, ghi rng bui u ngi Php xut ra trn by triu quanthi y lp t v xy ci tu "bassin de radoub" ny, c th sa cha ccth tu chin, tu bun ti y khi em v tn Php quc. Thi y, cuc chuyn vnu do ng thy, nn ci "bassin de radoub" gip h nm vn mng x ny trongtay". Trong bn cch trn, ch c cch gii thch th t l ng tin nht m thi.

V phn mnh, chng ti cho rng Ba Son l do ting Php bastion (= pho i) mra v tin rng s c ngy chng ti chng minh c mi quan h ny. 5. (KTNN101, ngy 01-02-1993)


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Lc dc, tht tnh l nhng tnh cm no?

AN CHI:1. Lc dcl ting nh Pht ch su iu ham mun do lc cn (mt, tai, mi, li,thn v ) m ra: mtmun nhn p, taimun nghe hay, mimun ngithm, limun nm ngon, thn mun hng sng v mun bit ht.

2. Tht tnh l by th tnh cm thng khuy ng lngngi: h(mng), n (gin), ai(lo), c (s), i(yu), (ght) v dc(mun).

26. (KTNN 101, ngy 01-02-1993)in nh l ngh thut th by. Xin cho bit su ngh thut kia.

AN CHI: Su ngh thut kia l:1. m nhc,2. ma,3. hi ha,4. iu khc,5. kin trc,6. kch. 27. (KTNN 101, ngy 01-02-1993)Con du ca vua gi l g? Ti sao con r ca vua li gi l ph m?

AN CHI: Con du ca vua gi l hong tc. Hong l mt thnh t ch nhng gthuc v vua, lin quan n vua. Tcl dng tt ca tc ph tr nn thng dng,c ngha l con du. Con r ca vua vn c gi l hong t(tl r). T i Ngy,i Tn, chng r c phong lmph m y, gi tt lph m, m xa lphm. y l mt chc quan chuyn trch vic nga xe cho vua, anh chng hong tc ci tnph m l nh chc ny. 28. (KTNN 101, ngy 01-02-1993)"T h" l g? C phi cng l "t khoi" hay khng?

AN CHI: T khoil quan nim ca ngi Vit Nam gm c: n, ng, . v . y l

bn ci th c tnh cht sinh l. Cn t hl mt quan nim ca ngi Trung Hoa, cngha l bn iu mng, bn iu tt lnh. Quan nim ny bt ngun t mt bi thdn gian, tc gi l T h thi(bi th v bn iu vui mng). y l mt bi th mcc trng hc thn qu Trung Hoa ngy xa vn dy cho hc sinh. N cchp trong Dung trai ty btca Hng Mii Tng, Nguyn vn (phin m HnVit) nh sau:

Cu hn phng cam v;Tha hng ng c tri;

ng phng hoa chc d;Kim bng qui danh th.

Dch ngha:

Nng hn lu ngy gp ma nhunNi x ngi gp c bn c

m uc hoa trong phng c duLc thi bng vng treo tn.

Mi cu th ni ln mt iu vui mng. Tuy cu th ba ni ln iu vui mng v mtn hn, c phn no trng vi ci khoi th ba, nhng r rng t khoi v t h l


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hai quan nim ring bit. 29. (KTNN 101, ngy 01-02-1993)Xin cho bit tn nc ta qua cc thi k lch s

AN CHI: Sau y l quc hiu qua cc i:1.Xch Qu(thi Kinh Dng Vng),2. Vn Lang (thi HngVng),

3.u Lc(i An Dng Vng),4. Vn Xun (i L Nam , 541-547),5. i C Vit(i inhTin hong, 968-979),6. i Vitt i L ThnhTng, 1055-1072),7. i Ngu (i H Qu Ly, 1400),8. i Vit(t i L Thi T, 1428-1433),9. Vit Nam (t i Gia Long, 1802-1819),10. i Nam (t i MinhMng, 1820-1840),11. Vit Nam (Dn ch Cng ha) t 2.9.1945.Sau khiAn Dng Vng mt C Loa v t t th nc u Lc b Triu st nhpvo qun Nam Hi lp thnh nc Nam Vit. Nc ny li b nh Hn chim rit thnh Giao Ch b chia lm 9 qun trong 3 qun Giao Ch, Cu Chn v NhtNam, ch yu l Giao Ch, ri n Cu Chn, c nhng phn t c ca u Lc. Nm203, Hn Hin ci gi l Giao Chu. Nm 679, ng Cao Tng t lmAn Nam h ph. Thi php thuc, nc ta b chia lm Tonkin, Annam v Cochinchine.Trc nm 1945, vn dch thnh Bc K, Trung K v Nam K. T nm 1945, chnhph lm thi ca nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha gi l Bc B, Trung B v NamB. Sau , chnh quyn thn Php gi l Bc Phn, Trung Phn v Nam Phn,ri Bc Vit, Trung Vit v Nam Vit. Trc 1945, tn Vit Nam vn c c dngnhng ch l ngn t ca sch bo hoc l yu t trong tn ca t chc (nh: VitNam Quc dn ng, Vit Nam c lp ng minh hi, v.v. ) m thi.

LM LT THM:HI:Xin hi ti sao ngi Vit mnh li ni "cht mt ca t" (du sc) m khngni "cht mt ca t". T mi l cht ch. Mong c ch dn. Rt cm n.

TR LI:NGUYN NG DANH(viethoc.org)

Thnh ng "cht mt ca t"c ngha bng l sp b thua l, sp gp vic khngmay mn v.v.. Theo ch hiu bit ca ti, thnh ng ny bt ngun t mn chi xmhng (c ngi gi tri ra l tam hng). Ti khng r ngy nay Vit nam ngita c cn chi mn ny hay khng.

Trc ht xin ni v ci tn, xm l th (nh xin xm), hng l mu hng. Nguynthu tr chi ny c tn l xm hng, nhng v Hng-Nhm l tn ca vua T-c,dn gian s phm hu nn phi gi l xm hng. Mt b sm hng gm c 63chic th (lm bng ng hay bng xng th, bng ct tre), 6 con sc sc (ht xngu) v mt ci t. Mi th sm c khc mt ch, hoc l Trng nguyn (hc v caonht), hay Bng nhn, Thm hoa v.v. cho n T ti (hc v thp nht). Cn con scsc (x ngu) th ai cng bit c su mt, mi mt l mt s. S 1 v 4 mu , hai -ba - nm - su mu en.

Ngi chi 6 ht sc sc trong ci t v thang im c bn da trn mt t (mu) gm: nht hng (c 1 mt t), nh hng (2 mt t) v.v. cho n lc phhng (c 6 mt t ca 6 ht sc sc). Ngi c 6 mt t s ot tt c cc


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ci cheo l s hn th phn minh, v sau v chng c iu g khng d m ly dc nhau v ngi ngoi cng khng c php m tranh cnh c na (Vit Namphong tc, Nxb ng Thp, 1990, tr.180-181).

Th l Phan K Bnh ni rt r v khi nim cheo. Nhng vic c ng ln o yAnh lin h l np cheo vi tc lan nhai th li l mt vic khng ng. Lan

nhai(chn ng) l mt tc l khc m chnh Phan K Bnh cng c ni n khi ngm t l ging dy: "Trong lc i ng th nhng k hn h hoc ly si ch ,hoc mnh vi, la ging ngang gia ng, m ci i n phi ni t t mcho chng n vi ho th chng n mi ci dy cho i. Ch th chng n by hngn, ch i n, t mt bnh pho n mng, ch y phi i h mt vi ng mixui. Nu bn xn m khng cho chng n tin, th chng ct ch, ct dy ni by nib, chng xng ng cho vic vui mng, v vy m no cng phi ch (Sd, tr.59).y mi ch th l tc lan nhai.

32. (KTNN 102, ngy 15-02-1993)Ch D.C. sau ch Washington (Washington D.C.) l ch g ?

AN CHI : D.C. l 2 ch u ca District (of) Columbia. District of Columbia l mtht lin bang, khc vi Columbia l th ph ca bang South Carolina. V Washington,th Hoa K, nm trong ht lin bang Columbia nn ngi ta thng vitWashington D.C. phn bit n vi Washington l tn mt bang min ty bc HoaK m th ph l Olympia.

33. (KTNN 102, ngy 15-02-1993)Ti sao li ni con gi con a ch con gi v n ng n ang ch n ng?

AN CHI : T in ting Vit 1992 ging rng con gi con a, l mt li ni ca khung hm ch bai ch gi con gi ni chung. y ch l cch ging theo nghahin i. Cn xt v lch i th con gi con a li c ngha l con gi con trai. Trai

l ngha xa ca a. Ngha ny bin mt khi ting Vit hin i nhng trong tingMng mt ngn ng cng gc vi ting Vit th a vn cn c ngha l trai(Xem, chng hn, N.K. Skolovskaja, Nguyn Vn Ti, Jazk mng, Moskva, 1987,tr. 189, t 1830). V khng cn bit c ngha ca a na nn ngi ta mi dngcm tcon gi con a ch con gi mt cch khi qut.

Trng hp ca n ng ng ang cng tng t.Ang l bin th ng mca ng trong ng n m T in Vit - B - La ca A. de Rhodes v i Nam qucm t vca Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca u ging l cha m. Vy ang l cha v nng n ang l bc ng bc cha (so snh vi n anh n ch, chng hn). V khngcn bit ngha ca ang l g na, nn ngi ta mi dng cm t trn y m ch nng ni chung, c hm a ct, tng rng y n ng i ngha vi n b vcm t ang xt l kiu t lp ly (m khng ng rng y n ng l bc ng,

cng nhn anh l bc anh v n chl bc ch.

34. (KTNN 102, ngy 15-02-1993)Trc y ti c tng bnh v l bnh do ngi ta tng tng m v ra nn haiting bnh v mi dng ch ci g khng c tht. Nhng trn Tui Tr ch nhts 28-92 (19.7.1992), trang 20, tc gi bi Bnh v l c Vn Hoa li vit rng l mt mn bnh c sn c truyn ca lng V, thn ng Ngc, huyn TLim, ngoi thnh H Ni ngy nay v cu v :


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Kht nc ng cnh b aoi n bnh v chim bao c vng

chnh l ni n th bnh ca lng V.

AN CHI : Trong bi Ch v Ngha (Ngn ng, s 1, 1969 tr. 85-89) nh vn

Nguyn Cng Hoan cng tng ni nh c Vn Hoa. Khc nhau l ch NguynCng Hoan ni rng bnh v l loi bnh thu a nhp thiu v n to bng qu pingpong, nhng khi n, b vo ming, bnh c nc di lm tan ra th n ch tp li cmt t cn c Vn Hoa th ni rng l loi bnh np thiu thu a v bnh vkhi cha rn chn ch l mt ming bt mng, b t to, nhng khi rn chn s nphng to nh ci chn ung nc. Nguyn Cng Hoan cn ngh vit hoa ch vthnh V na! Nhng c Nguyn Cng Hoan ln c Vn Hoa u khng c l:bnh lng V, d l thu a nhp thiu hay np thiu thu a th cng l th bnhc tht cn bnh v li l mt th bnh h tuyt i, ngha l hon ton khngtht!

Bnh v l mt n v t vng ting Vit ra i bng hnh thc vay mn theo lidch ngha (ting Php: calque, ting Anh: calque, heteronym, loan translation) tting Hn l ha bnh. Sch Tam Quc Ch, phn Ngy ch, truyn L Dc, c onsau y : Ting tm nh bnh v trn t, khng th n c (Danh nh ha atc bnh, bt kh m d). Sch Truyn ng lccng c ghi li li ni ca Tr Nhn:Bnh v khng th lm cho ht i (Ha bnh bt kh sung c). Th ca L Thngn cng c cu: Cp bc (ca quan) nh bnh v (Quan hm ng ha bnh).Thnh ngha bnh sung c(v bnh lm ngui cn i) vn cn tn ti trong tingHn hin i.Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca cng ging trong i Nam quc m t vnh sau: Bnhv. Cuc di gi, ch gi l ha bnh.

Vy iu m bn tng chnh li l iu hon ton ng s tht v bnh v chngc lin quan g n bnh ca lng V c.

35. (KTNN 102, ngy 15-02-1993)Trong T in thnh ng v tc ng Vit Nam, tc gi Nguyn Ln gingcu Nm gi khc mng nh sau: Theo mt truyn trong Nh thp t hiu, mtngi con c hiu i kim mng cho m, khng thy mng, nm trn tuyt khc,mng thng tnh (!) mc ln cho anh ly. Nu ti nh khng nhm th nm gi vkhc mng l hai tch khc nhau. Xin nh gii p gip.

AN CHI : Vng, ng nh khng nhm. l hai tch khc nhau c tc giNguyn Ln gp li lm mt. Anh nm gi l Vng Tng i Tn. M ci m phisng vi d gh c c, Vng Tng vn mt lng hiu tho. C ln ang ma ngnc ng bng m d gh thm n c ti. Vng Tng phi ci trn m nm trngi ch bt c. T nhin thy bng nt i ri t di khe nt c hai con c chpnhy ln. Vng Tng bt em v cho d gh n v nh m cm ha c m

ny. Cn anh khc mng li l Mnh Tng i Tam quc, m ci cha v ch hiu vim. ang ma him mng m m bnh li thm n mng. Khng bit lm cch no,Mnh Tng nh ra ngi bi tre to sau vn m khc. Bng chc c my mt mngt di t mc ln. Mnh Tng xn mng em v lm thc n cho m. Nh th mm khi bnh.

Vy nm gi v khc mng l hai chuyn ca hai anh ch khng phi ca mt anhv nm gi khc mng phi c vit c du phy sau v trc thnh nm gi,khc mng ch khng phi lin mch nh Nguyn Ln vit!


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36. (KTNN 102, ngy 15-02-1993)Ti m ci ngi ta hay trang tr hai con vt Long v Phng v bo l tng trngcho s ha hp v chng (?). Ti sao th c, khi m hai con vt hon ton khcging vi nhau. u , c ngi ni : con trng l Loan, con mi l Phng. VyLoan-Phng ng hay Long-Phng ng ?

AN CHI : Phng hong l mt ging chim huyn thoi m theo m t th thuc loig (gallinac), c ng Tc Tn ng nht vi con cng.Phng l contrng, hong l con mi. Cn loan ch l mt ging chim c m t l ging nhphng hong m thi. Vy loan khng phi l con trng v phng khng phi l conmi (v n l cp trng) trong cp loan-phng.

Trong Hn ng, hai ting loan phng c dng ch cc ngha m T hi chonh sau :1. ch nhng ngi trung ngha (d d thin loi)2. ch ngi ti gii xut sc (d d anh tun chi nhn)3. ch v chng (d d khng l)Do ngha 3 m c cc thnh ng nh: loan phng ho minh (loan phng cng ht) ch v chng ha hp, loan tin phng gin (t loan th phng) ch giy t hns ca c du ch r. Tuy nhin, ngha 3 ch l ngha n d m thi v loan khngphi l con mi ca con phng. V con loan khng phi l con phng mi nn trongm ci ngi ta khng th trang tr con loan con phng cho thnh cp i c.

Ngc li, trong m ci ngi ta trang tr con long (rng) v conphng v y lhai con vt trong hng t linh tng trng cho s cao sang v im ct tng. Tnv hnh ca chng thng i chung vi nhau. V th m c cc thnh ng nh: longbn phng dt(rng nm phng np) ch ngi c ti m cha gp thi, longdc phng minh (rng nhy phng ht) ch ti ba pht tit ra ngoi, long chngphng t(v rng dng phng) ch s cao nh, ho phng, long phng trnhtng ( rng phng mang iu lnh n) ch vn s cc ho, hoc long u

phng v(u rng ui phng) ch s tt p t thy ch chung. Vy hnh conlong con phng trang tr trong m ci chnh l tng trng cho s cao sang vn lc mun chnh ng ca mi ngi, nht l tng trng cho long u phngvvn l mt li chc bng hoa l ti p (dng kt thnh hnh long phng) choi tn lang v tn giai nhn c mi mi hnh phc t pht tn hn n lc ubc rng long.37. (KTNN 102, Xun Nhm Thn)Ti sao li ni giao tha? C phi l do giao thi ni tri ra hay khng?

AN CHI : Trong bi Nn hay khng nn loi b ch Hn ra khi ngn ng Vit, DLan Nguyn c D c cho rng giao tha l do giao thim ra (Xem Sng Hng,s 5, thng 9-10, 1992, tr. 86). y l mt s nhm ln. Giao tha l ting Hn chthc ( y l c theo m Hn Vit), c Hn Vit t in ca o Duy Anh

ging nh sau: C giao li, mi tip ly Lc nm c qua, nm mi n. Hn Vittn t in ca Nguyn Quc Hng cng ging giao tha nh sau: Tip ni nhau.Ch thi gian nm c ht, nm mi bt u. Vy trong giao tha, th tha c nghal tip ni, tip nhn ch khng phi do thini tri ra.Hai ting giao tha c hm tng cu nghnh tn (a c tip mi) v dn gian tinrng mi nm u c mt ng hnh khin coi vic trn gian; c ht nm, ng lcgiao tha, th ng tin nhim bn giao cho ng k nhim. V vy m c cng giaotha tin ng c v n tip ng mi. Chnh l xut pht t quan nim ny mNguyn Cng Tr lm hai cu i Tt quen thuc :


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Chiu ba mi n hi tt m, co cng p thng Bn ra ca:Sng mng mt ru say ty ly, gi tay bng ng Phc vo nh.

38. (KTNN 102, Xun Nhm Thn)

Ti sao ngi ta thng ni ghp tt nht? C phi nht c ngha l mt haykhng ?

AN CHI : Hai ting tt nhtch dng ni v tt Nguyn n ch khng ch cc ttkhc trong nm (nh oan ng, Trung thu v.v). Nhtl u tin; n l mt thnht ghp vo sau tTt ly ngha ca t ny theo kiu hai t cng ngha hoc gnngha i chung vi nhau. Tt y l tt Nguyn n ni tt, m Nguyn n l buisng u tin (ca nm m lch). ng thi, nhng ngy tt cng l nhng ngy utin trong nm mi. Ci nt ngha u tin r rng l mt nt ngha chung choc ttln nht. Mt s nh nghin cu cho rng tt nhtl li ni tri ca titnht(= ngy tt). Ta kh m gii thch c v sao m ting th hai li phi chuynt thanh 6 (du nng) sang thanh 5 (du sc), ngha l tnhtthnh nht. Hnna, tit nhtl mt cu trc chnh-ph ca ting Hn trong khi ngi ni hin nayvn cn cm nhn c rng ttnhtl mt cu trc ng lp ca ting Vit trong ttv nhtl ng ngha hoc gn ngha vi nhau.39. (KTNN 102, Xun Nhm Thn)"Ng hnh sinh khc" l g?

AN CHI: Ng hnh l nm yu t nguyn thy: kim (kim loi), mc (g), thy(nc), ha (la), th (t). Ng hnh sinh khc l nm yu t nguyn thy sinh ranhau (sinh) v trit tiu ln nhau (khc) ln lt nh sau:

th sinh kim, kim sinh thy, thy sinh mc, mc sinh ha, ha sinh th;th khc thy, thy khc ha, ha khc kim, kim khc mc, mc khc th.

y l mt quan nim duy vt th s bt ngun t nhng iu quan st thc tchnh xc. Chng hn lng t cha qung kim loi (th sinh kim); c nc th cyci mi tt (thy sinh mc); t g th ra la (mc sinh ha), v.v

Hoc ti nc vo la th la tt (thy khc ha); dng la nung ch th ch s chy(ha khc kim); dng ru cht g th g s t (kim khc mc), v.v

T s quan st qu trnh sinh khc ny, thi c i, ngi Trung Hoa quan nimrng ng hnh l nhng yu t nguyn thy cu to nn vn vt.40. (KTNN 102, Xun Nhm Thn)Ngy tt ngi ta thng ni: ng phc lm mn. Cu ny ngha l g v ng phcl nhng phc no? Hnh nh c hai cch hiu khc nhau? Vy cch no ng hn?

AN CHI: Ng phc lm mn l nm phc n ca, ngha l n nh. Trong tranh v,ngi Trung Hoa thng tng trng ng phc bng hnh nm con di. Ngi VitNam th cho rng ng phc l:ph (giu), qu(sang), th (sng lu), khang (mnhkhe), ninh (bnh an). Quan nim ny c ghi nhn trong Hn Vit t in cao Duy Anh. Hn Vit tn t in ca Nguyn Quc Hng, T in ting Vitdo VnTn ch bin v T in ting Vit 1992. Nhng chnh ngi Trung Hoa th li davo thin Hng Phm trong Kinh thm quan nim rng ng phc l: th (snglu),ph(giu), khang ninh (mnh khe bnh an), du ho c(c tt lu di), khochung mnh (cht v gi, ch khng cht v tai nn hoc cht non).


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Trong thin "Hng phm", ng phci vi lc cc(su iu d, tc khnglnh): hung on chit(cht nn hoc cht non), tt(bnh tt), u (c chuyn philo), bn (ngho), c(lm iu c), nch (am m v ghi bng chnn phnnhiu ngi ta phin l nhcv ging l yu ui hoc nhu nhc. Tht ra, yphi c thnh nch l say m, chm m). i chiu k th thy du ho ci

vi ccn kho chung mnh th i vihung on chit.

i Nam quc m t vca Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca, Dictionnaire classique de lalangue chinoise ca F.S. Couvreur v Mathews Chinese-English Dictionaryging ng phcng vi quan nim ca ngi Trung Hoa, ging nh gingtrong T nguyn v T hil hai b t in c uy tn. Cn Vit Nam t in ca LVn c (ch bin) v L Ngc Tr (hiu nh) th ghi nhn c hai cch hiu nhngli khng ni r cch no l ca ai.

V xut x ca cu ng phc lm mn l Trung Hoa cho nn cch hiu ca ngiTrung Hoa mi l cch hiu ng n nguyn thy. Cn li hiu ca ngi Vit Namch l ta lm theo cch ca ta m thi. 41. (KTTN 103, ngy 01-3-1993)Ti sao ngi Trung Quc ngy xa li dng hai ting tu mi (ru my, thng ni lmy ru) ch n ng? Khng l n b khng c lng my?

AN CHI: V cu hi ny, T Thi ng gii p trong Yn t lu bt knh sau:

Ngi xa gi n ng l tu mi. Ta vn thng hi bn b: Ru l th ch ring nng mi c, cn (lng) my th n b cng c; ti sao li gi n ng l tu mikiach?

(Tt c) u khng tr li c. (Ta) xt sch Thch danh ni: Phn v lng my l thay th; co b lng my i, ly phn v thay vo ch lng my co. Nh thm bit rng ngy xa n b u co b lng my; vy tuy c (lng my) m cngnh khng. Ting chuyn dng ch n ng l v th. 42. (KTTN 103, ngy

01-3-1993)Ti sao ngi Vit Nam li gi ngi Trung Hoa l Tu?

AN CHI: c nhiu ngi lin h tn gi ny vi ttu trong tu b. Xin chpHunh-Tnh Paulus Ca lm dn chng: Ngi An Nam thy tu b khch qua linhiu, ly m gi l nc Tu, ngi Tu (i Nam quc m t v, t.II, Saigon,1896, tr.346). C nhiu tm ti hn l kin ca Vng Duy Trinh cho rng Tu lbin th ng m ca To, l ting m t i Tam Quc, ngi Vit dng ginc Ngy ca To Tho (XemThanh Ha quan phng, Nguyn Duy Tiu phin din,Si Gn, 1973, tr.97). Nhng nc ta, lc by gi l qun Giao Ch v mt phn qunCu Chn chng ti cho l ch mt phn thi li thuc v ng Ng ch khngthuc v Bc Ngy (chnh v th m by gi ngi Vit gi ngi Trung Hoa lngi Ng nh vn cn thy trong my ting thng Ng con ) cho nn cch giithch ca Vng Duy Trinh xem ra vn cha tha ng. V li, ti sao ngi ta khnggi thng bng tn nc l Ngy m phi dng h To gi?

Chng ti cho rng Tu l m c Hn Vit ca t ghi bng m m Hn Vit hini l to, c ngha l quan. Trong thi k Bc thuc, ni chung quan cai tr l ngiTrung Hoa cho nn dn chng quan nim rng ngi Trung Hoa l tu, ngha lquan. Nu cho rng y l mt np ngh v l th xin nh li chuyn xy ra hithng 8, thng 9 nm 1945 ti Si Gn: dn Vit Nam nh bt c ngi Phpno m h gp ngoi ng v h l ngi Php th u lthc dn. Do quan nim


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trn m v sau tt c mi ngi Trung Hoa d khng lm quan y l tuyt i as - cng c "vinh d" gi l Tu. 43. (KTTN 103, ngy 01-3-1993)Trong bi m giao tha 1993 ca Trnh Cng Sn (Kin thc ngy nay s 101,trang 22-23) c hai ting st na (ci st na nh b ca thi gian). Xin cho bit stna l g?

AN CHI:St na

l mt khong thi gian cc ngn. y l mt danh t m ngiTrung Hoa phin m t ting Sanskrit (cng gi l ting Bc Phn) kaa trongkinh Pht. H ghi kt qu phin m bng hai ch Hn m ngi Vit Nam ctheo m Hn Vit thnh st na. 44. (KTTN 103, ngy 01-3-1993)Xin cho bit lch s cy thnh gi ca ngi theo o Thin cha.

AN CHI: Thnh gi vn l mt thp t gi (tr xung xin gi tt l thp gi) ngha lmt ci gi hnh ch thp (). l biu tng ca c tin Ki T gio v chnh ChaJesus chu nhc hnh trn mt cy thp gi.

Tuy nhin ngay t trc Cng nguyn, ch thp l biu tng c tnh cht tngio ca nhiu dn tc khc nhau thi c i ri. Ch thp u, cng gi l ch thpHy Lp, l biu tng ca thn Amu ni ngi Chalde v ngi Babylone. Ch thp

c quai (croix anse) rt thng thy ni ngi Ai Cp v c xem l tng trngcho s bt t. Ch thp ngoc c mt n t hng ngn nm trc Cngnguyn. Ch thp ngoc c nhnh cha v bn phi, gi l svastika, tng trng chothn Ganea v im lnh cn ch thp ngoc c nhnh cha v bn tri, gilsauvastika, th tng trng cho n thn Kali v im d. Ni nhiu dn tc khcnhau, t ngi Ba T n ngi Phnicie, t ngi Etrusque n ngi La M, tngi x Gaule n ngi x nay l nc Anh, ngay c th dn Da ca Mexico vTrung M, ngi ta u thy s c mt ca ch thp.

Ring vic hnh hnh bng cch tri hoc ng inh ti nhn vo mt cy thp gith nhiu nh nghin cu cho l thuc v sng kin ca ngi Phnicie. Sau ,nhiu dn tc thi c i cng p dng kiu hnh hnh ny. Tin thn ca cythp gi ch l mt ci tr ng, ni ngi ta tri ti nhn vo khi m chungquanh khng c mt thn cy no tn dng. Ngi ta cng c th dng ci tr m xuyn ti nhn t hu mn ln ri c th m bu cho n khi ti nhn cht. Vsau, ngi ta gc thm mt thanh ngang vo ci tr ng v th l cy thp givi tnh cch l mt phng tin hnh hnh chnh thc ra i. c Cha Jesus chu nhc hnh trn mt cy thp gi nh th.

Thot u ch l du hiu ca s nhc, theo dng thi gian, cng vi s pht trinca Ki T gio, cy thp gi tr nn biu tng ca tnh thng Thin Cha vc hy sinh cho s nghip cu ri nhn loi. Trong ting Vit, n c gi l cythnh gi. 45. (KTTN 104, ngy 15-3-1993)Thnh thong ti c thy trong tranh v ca Trung Quc hnh mt ng gi c chmru bc ph di n rn, li c mt ci trn si v i ni ln trn u nh hnh dng

mt qu trng to qu kh. Th d, trn ba 1 ca M thut thi nays 28 (Xun QuDu) c in mt bc tranh nh th v ch thch trang 3 l tranh Thn Phc Lc. Cphi l Thi Thng Lo Qun khng? V ci trn qu trng to qu kh ca ngy c ngha g?

AN CHI: Thi Thng Lo Qun l tn hiu dnh cho Lo T, ngi c phi ogio xem l tng s. Cn ng lo m bn thy trong tranh Trung Hoa v trn ba 1ca tp chM Thut thi nays 28 khng phi l Lo T m cng khng phi lThn Phc Lc. l Nam Cc Lo Nhn nh c khng nh bng chnh my


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ch Hn trong tranh in ni ba 1 ca tp ch : Nam Cc Lo Nhn ng th ,ngha l tranh ng Gi Nam Cc i ban th. ng ta chnh l ng Th. V ng Thchnh l ha thn ca Nam Cc Lo Nhn tinh.

Nam Cc Lo Nhn tinh, tc l sao Nam Cc Lo Nhn, hin nay ch gi tt l LoNhn tinh, tc sao ng Gi. Sao ng Gi l sao Canopus trong chm sao Argo, sng

hng th hai sau sao Thin Lang, tc sao Sirius, trn bu tri Nam bn cu. Tuy sngthua sao Thin Lang nhng v sao ng Gi l ngi sao sng nht pha cc Nam cabu tri nhn t mt t (Thin Lang: 1636N, cn ng Gi: 5240N) nn ngiTrung Hoa ngy xa gi n l Nam Cc tinh, tc sao Nam Cc. a bn nguynthy ca ngi Trung Hoa thi c i l lu vc sng Hong H (thuc Bc bn cu)th rt kh m nhn thy c n. Phi sng rt lu mi nhn thy n nhiu ln trongi. V vy ngi Trung Hoa mi ly sao Nam Cc lm tng trng cho tui th mgi n l Th tinh tc sao Th. Tng trng ha nh th xem ra vn cha tha lng,ngi ta li tip tc nhn cch ha thnh Nam Cc Lo Nhn (tinh) = (sao) ng GiNam Cc. Sau , cn b c hai ting Nam Ccvn l tn nguyn thy m ch gi lic hai ting Lo Nhn (tinh) = (sao) ng Gi.

Hin i Hn ng t in (Bc Kinh 1992) ging hai ting Th tinh (shu xing)nh sau: Ch sao ng Gi. T xa n nay dng lm tng trng cho s trng th,gi l Th tinh. Nhn gian thng v thnh hnh dng mt ng gi, u di m ni uln. Cng gi l ng Gi sao Th.

Ni tranh ba ni, i trc Nam Cc Lo Nhn, tc ng Th, l ba ch tin ngkhing mt tri o th to bng thn hnh ca ba ch gp li v hu cnh, cngtng trng cho tui th, cn c hnh ca ba con hc.

Ci u ni u ln ca ng ta c ngha o gio su sc. o ny cho rng hnhng tnh dc c ba mc ch l s truyn ging, s tha mn tnh dc v s ngnchn qu trnh suy lo. Mc ch cui cng ny li ch l c quyn v l b truyn ca mt s o s m thi. Nhng ngi ny cho rng tt c mi ln xut tinh u

rt ngn i ngi. V vy nn phi cho tinh dch quay tr v m bi b cho no t n trng sinh. Cho nn, trong vic giao hp, khi phng tinh th khng c cho tinh xut ra ngoi m phi rt n t ngc hnh tr vo a n ln tn no.Chnh do diu php ny m cc v siu ng th mi c ci u ni u ln nh niv thy. in hnh nht chnh l ci u ca ng Th.

Xin ch cho y l chuyn tu. Ghi nhn quan nim trn y l hai ng tc gi, mtngi Php v mt ngi Trung Quc l Pierre Huard v Ming Wong vit v ciu ca ng ta v v diu php nh sau: ch th l v ng ta c th a ln ntn c ca ng ta nhng cht tinh ty gy th thai ca c th mnh v tch ly chngti bng nhng php thc hnh tnh dc rt c bit nn ng ta t c sckhe v trng th (La mdecine chinoise, Paris, 1959, p.19).

46. (KTTN 104, ngy 15-3-1993)Theo mc Chuyn ng chuyn Ty trn Kin thc ngy nays 101 th hong tcl con du ca vua. Xin cho bit thm vng phi l g?

AN CHI: Vng phi l v ca thi t. Th d nh trong hong gia nc Anh th Dianal vng phi ca thi t Charles v l hong tc ca n hong Elisabeth. Cn tronghong gia nc Nht, Masako Owada l vng phi ca thi t Naruhito v l hongtc ca hong Akihito v hong hu Michiko. Phi, theo ngha gc l thip (v l)


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ca vua. N cn c ngha l th (v chnh) ca thi t, ca ngi c tc vng hoctc hu.

47. (KTTN 104, ngy 15-3-1993)C phi my ting i ti, ti ti l do thi ni m ra hay khng?

AN CHI: y l mt tc l gc Trung Hoa xa, lin quan n ch, c theo mHn Vit l ti, c ngha l trn nm (v t) hoc a tr y mt tui (danh t). Khia tr ng mt tui, ngi ta trc nghim d on s thch v s trng can trong tng lai. Ting Hn gi vic ny l th nhi ngha l th con. Ngi ta byln mm mt s vt va chi, ngh, va hc c, v.v xem a tr chnth no m ly cn c vo mn ny m d on tng lai ca n. Ci mm gil ti bn (mm y nm). N c by bin th con vo ng dp chu ti, nghal dp trn trn mt nm tui ca a tr (chu l gip vng).

i tiv ti tibt ngun t hai ting chu ti. Trong ting Vit, hai ting ny dndn c pht m thnh chu ti. Tic pht m thnh ticng y ht nhtn (tc)thnh tin (tc), (cn) ithnh (cn) ai, t(= bn) thnh t, v.v Nhng phn

ng ngi bnh dn Vit Nam thi xa ch bit ni dung v hnh thc ca l thnhim li chng bit hai chchu tic ngha l g. Dn dn h pht m tri ithnh ti ti. y, din ra mt s ng ha ng m (chu b ting ha) lm thnh mt t ly gi to. Nhng c nhng ngi khng r ngun gc ca haiting ti tim li mun gii thch n theo ring ca mnh. H d hating tith nht bng cch hu thanh ha ph m u [t] ca n thnh [] mnii tinhng cng chng h v khng th ni r c ic ngha l g. ychng qua ch l s ti gi to mt hnh thc gi to m thi.

n nhthi ni, th y li l mt kiu refonte (s son li) hon ton, nhm giithch ti tiv i tiv c ng m ln ng ngha. Vi hnh thc son li ny, ngita c mun ni rng i tiv ti tichng qua cng ch l nhng li ni tri mca thi niv rng i ti = ti tichng qua cng ch l l a tr thi nm ni.

Ngi ta qun rng l thi ningy xa, d c c gi bng ci tn mi ny,thc cht vn c lun lun l l th nhi, rng l ny vn c phi c tin hnh ngvo dp chu ti, rng phng tin trc nghim vn c l nhng vt dng c bybin trn ci ti bn, ngha l ci mm y nm.

T nhng iu trn y, c th suy ra rng thi nich l mt hnh thc sinh sau mun so vi i ti, ti ti, chu ti, chu tim thi.48. (KTTN 105, ngy 01-4-1993)G rn hm-bu-g l mn n nh th no m bi Con g trong ngn ng dngian (Kin thc ngy nays Xun Qu Du) nhc n? Hm-bu-g l g?

AN CHI: l tc gi ni theo li qung co ca Nh hng g rn hm-bu-gtrn truyn hnh! Cn mn hm-bu-g chnh cng, ting Anh ni M (AmericanEnglish) l hamburger[hmb:g] th li l mn Hamburg steak, ngha l tht mingkiu c bit ca Hamburg, mt thnh ph cng ni danh ca nc c. Dn Mxem ra khng thch ni Hamburg steaknn gi mn ny l hamburger. y lmn tht b bm nhuyn lm thnh ming ri nng ln. Mn ny thng c cpvo bnh sandwich n cho nn by gi bnh sandwich c cp ming Hamburgsteak cng c gi lun l hamburger. iu oi om l sau khi danh t ny ra ith ngi M khng thy c cu to ca n l hamburg + erm li thyrnghamburger= ham + burger, v trong ting Anh, ham c ngha l gim-bng, lbp i (ca sc vt). Do burger c xem l mt hnh v v vi hnh v ny


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ngi ta cn to ra nol fishburger(mn burgerc), cheeseburger(mn burgerpho-mt), v.v Thm chcn c nh sn xut nh hiu Moore cn gi mn n c sn ca mnhl Mooreburgerna. V by gi ngi ta cn c thm cc t ng tn to McBurger,Kebab Burgerv Kiwi Burgerna (Xem C th gii nhai bnh m thtMcDonalds, Kin thc ngy nay, s 103, tr.94-8). 49. (KTTN 105, ngy 01-4-

1993)Xin cho bit vn tt s tch ca ng Thn Ti.

AN CHI: Theo truyn thuyt th thn ti chnh l Triu Cng Minh, ngi sng vothi nh Tn. ng lnh i m dc lng tu tin ni Chung Nam. V sau c o,c phong lm Chnh Nht Huyn n Nguyn soi, coi vic xua n ui dch, cubnh tr tai. Li na, phm ai b oan c n cu cu ni ng u c ng gip lmcho sng t. Ngi bun bn cng ng cu ti cu lc cng c ng gip chonh mun. Ngi ta thng v ng thnh hnh mt ngi mt en, ru rm, taycm roi, mnh ci trn lng mt con cp en. Ngi ta cng thng hay v hnh ngtrn nh ng (mt loi n c) v cn gi ng l Ti Bch Tinh Qun hoc TriuCng Nguyn Soi.

50. (KTTN 105, ngy 01-4-1993)Ti sao li gi l La Hn? C tt c 16 v hay 18 v? Xin cho bit tn mi v.

AN CHI: V hai ting La Hn, sau y l li ging ca hai tc gi Thch Minh Chu vMinh Chi:Vo cha Vit Nam, chng ta thng thy tng mi tm v ng gn nhau, mtmi trng sc so d tn. l tng mi tm v La Hn, vn l nhng tn tngcp, v sau gp c duyn may, c gic ng quy y theo Pht v chng qu A LaHn () Cha Ty Phng (tnh H Ty) c tng 18 v La Hn rt c o. y ltch mi tm La Hn theo mt huyn thoi ca Trung Quc, bi v truyn mi tmtn cp tu thnh La Hn xy ra Trung Hoa. (Ba ch in nghing l do chng tinhn mnh AC). Cn n , khng thy ni n tch ny (T in Pht hc Vit

Nam, H Ni, 1991, tr. 432).Thc ra, cc v La Hn khng nhng khng phi l ngi Trung Hoa m h cngchng phi vn l nhng tng cp, mt mi ca h cng khng d tn m li nhnhu v trng rt khc kh.

La Hn l dng tt ca ba tingA La Hn m ngi Trung Hoa dng phin mtnh t ting Sanskrit arhant(Hnh thi cp tuyt i larhattama), m ngha gc lng tn knh, c dng ch nhng bc tu hnh c o di hng B Tt. TingAnh v ting Php thng phin thnh arhat. Ngi ta cho rng La Hn l cc v t ca Pht tuy c o nhng vn sng trn gian t chng sinh. Hai tcgi Thch Minh Chu v Minh Chi vit rng chuyn mi tm v La Hn xut x tmt huyn thoi Trung Hoa cn n , khng thy ni n tch ny. Thc ra cc

v u mang tn bng ting Sanskrit l mt phng ng c n my nghn nm can . Tn ca cc v c chp trong Php tr kca Nan Mt t La nhsau :

1. Tn La Bt La a2. Gi Nc Gi Pht Sa3. Gi Nc Bt Ly a m4. T Tn 5. Nc C Na


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6. Bt La7. Gi L Gi8. Pht La Pht a La9. Tut Bt Gi10. Bn Thc Gi11. La H La

12. Na Gi T13. Nhn Kit 14. Pht Na Ba T15. A Th a16. Ch Bn Thc Gi

Danh sch trn y l tn cc v La Hn m ngi Trung Hoa phin m t tingSanskrit. Tt c l 16 v.

S d c kin cho rng tt c c 18 v La Hn l v vo thi Tng, ngi thch vchuyn thm vo hai tn Khnh Hu v Tn u L m khng bit rng Tn uL ch l mt dng phin m hi khc ca Tn La (Bt La a) cn Khnh Hu chl dch ngha ca Nan Mt a La. Khnh = mng l dch ngha ca Nandi(Nan = ngi c vui mng) cn Hu = bn l dch ngha ca Mitra (Mt La = bn).M Nandi-mitra (Nan Mt La) tc Khnh Hu ch l tc gi ca Php tr kni trn ch khng phi l mt v La Hn trong danh sch ang xt. Vy tt c chc 16 v m thi. 51. (KTTN 105, ngy 01-4-1993)Ti sao ngi ta li ghp tn con chim (c cnh, trng) vi tn con chut (c v, con) thnh ting i chim chut ch chuyn trai gi ve vn, tn tnh nhau?

AN CHI: Hai con vt hu quan, mt con thuc lp chim, mt con thuc lp c v, ttnhin khng th "tnh t" vi nhau c. l xt v sinh vt hc. Cn xt v tnguyn th chim chutcng khng phi l mt t hp c to ra theo qui tc cuto t ghp ng lp ca ting Vit. N ch l kt qu ca mt s dch ngha t ccthnh t ca mt a danh Trung Hoa: iu Th ng Huyt(= Chim Chut Cng

Hang), cng gi tt liu Th(= Chim Chut). l tn mt ngn ni trong dy Tn Lnh, nm pha Ty huyn V Nguyn, huynLan Chu, tnh Cam Tc. Ni ny c tn nh th l v dn chng a phng quan st c hin tng chim chut cng mt hang. Ging chim c tnl hoc mc nhi chu cn ging chut c tn lthoc ngt nhi th. Sch CamTcghi chp: t Lng Chu c con ngt nhi th, ging nh con chut, c conchim tn l mc nhi chu, ging nh con s, thng cng con ngt nhi th chungmt hang. chnh l (chim) (chut) t nhng ch l tn xa tn nay khc nhaum thi. Vy con mc nhi chu, tc con chim , ch l k sng nh hang ca conngt nhi th, tc con chut t. Gia chng khng th c quan h tnh cm hoctnh dc c.

Nhng chu mi hai i ca Khng T l Khng An Quc, khi ch gii Kinh th, ging bn ting iu Th ng Huytnh sau: Chim (v) chut cng nhau lm(con) trng (con) mi(Chng ti nhn mnh AC) cng chung hang sng ni ny,(v vy) mi c tn ni l Chim Chut. T xa, c nhiu ngi cc lc bc bcch gii thch ny ca h Khng, chng hn nh Ngn t v Trng n u ququyt rng khng phi l chuyn c ci hoc trng mi gia chim v chut.

Tuy nhin nh nho Vit Nam th li tin tng nh ch gii h Khng. Khng T lc Thnh th Khng An Quc chu ngi cng phi l mt quyn uy. Bc quyn uy


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ny ging rng iu th ng huyt l chuyn trng mi gia chim v chut thvic nh nho Vit Nam dch hai ting iu ththnh chim chut ch chuyn tntnh, ve vn gia trai v gi cng l iu rt t nhin.

52. (KTTN 106, ngy 15-4-1993)Mc Chuyn ng chuyn Ty trn Kin thc ngy nay s 95 khng gii p dt

khot thnh ng mi hai bn nc m ch mi xc nh cch ging ca Hunh-TnhPaulus Ca hp l hn cch hiu do ng Triu Vn Cn nu ln. Ngoi cch hiu mng Triu Vn Cn nu, cn c th hiu mi hai bn nc l 12 ngh nghiptrong x hi ta ngy xa: s, nng, cng, thng, nho, y, l, bc, ng, tiu, canh,mc hoc l 12 tui tnh theo thp nh chi: T, Su, Dn, Mo, v.v

AN CHI: Trn Kin thc ngy nays 95, chng ti c ni rng y l chuyn do tnguyn dn gian gy ra nhng v vn hi phc tp nn chng ti c hn n mtdp khc s trnh by r. Nay xin ni vn tt nh sau. Hai danh tbn v thuyn vnc dng theo n d ch ngi con gi v ngi con trai trong quan h nh c,hn h. T cch dng ny, i xa thm mt bc, bn li c dng ch s phnca c nhn, thng l ph n, trong quan h nhn duyn.

Chnhn y vit l v nhn duyn c Mathews Chinese-EnglishDictionaryging l the fate or influence which brings lovers together ngha l sphn hoc nh hng gn b (hai) ngi yu vi nhau. Bn nctrong thnhngmi hai bn ncchnh l th nhn duyn ny.

Nhng trong ting Hn li cn c mt th nhn duyn khc, vi chnhn vit l .y l nhn duyn ca nh Pht m cng quyn t in trn ging nh sau: thecause which produces effects in the future life ngha l ci nhn to ra nhng ciqu trong kip sau. Theo in l nh Pht th c tt c mi hai nhn duyn, tingHn gi l thp nh nhn duyn.

Do cch hiu theo t nguyn dn gian m v khun kh c hn, chng ti khng

th ni k ti y nn ngi ta mi nh tro th nhn duyn ca thn i tnh voch th nhn duyn ca nh Pht m din nm thp nh nhn duyn thnh mui haibn nc. Ha cho nn ch c hai bn nh Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca ni hoc gpbn trong, hoc mc bn c () may th nh, ri th chu m thi. T in giaca chng ta khng thy c hin tng t nguyn dn gian nn mi vit rngting ni mi hai bn nc l ni cho vn. Nhng ng vn rt ng ch ngkhng tha nhn rng y hai ting mi haic ngha xc thc nh khi chngc phn b cho nhng ngn cnh bnh thng khc.

cho r hn, chng ti xin c nhc n l thuyt hu quan ca nh t nguynhc tin phong hin i ngi Php l Pierre Guiraud trong cunLes locutionsfranaises (Paris, 1973). l chng V mang tiu Accidents linguistiques (Ccs c ngn ng) trong tc gi bn n nhng s an cho hnh thc

(croisements des formes) v nhng s lan truyn ngha (contaminations de sens)gia cc thnh ng v t ng vi nhau. Phm i vi nhng thnh ng hc bakiu mi hai bn ncm khi nghin cu li khng xt n cc hin tng trn yth kh lng tm ra s tht. y, nhn duyn ca thn i tnh ly nghacho nhn duyn ca nh Pht nn mi to ra li ni oi om .

Mi hai thnh phn k ra ch l kt qu ca mt s lit k trng lp ct tm cho con s v nho cng l sm canh cng l nng. Hiu theo ngha rng, nho, y, l,bc, cng li l sc. Mi hai a chi cng khng lin quan g n thnh ng ang


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xt. 53. (KTTN 106, ngy 15-4-1993)Xin gp cho mc Chuyn ng chuyn Ty Kin thc ngy nays 98 nh sau:Ting Php Oues de poissons v ting Anh the gills of a fish l khu gic ca c. Trtc gi Chuyn ng chuyn Ty, khng c ai ni tai con c l mang ca n c.

AN CHI: Oues de poissons v the gills of a fish chnh l mang c. Ring ting

Php oue th c ngha gc l thnh gic ch khng phi l khu gic. Vn bit trchng ti ra khng ai ni tail mang c nhng xin c tha thm nh sau. Con cvc bn tai trong Ch nam ngc m gii ngha m chng ti dn chnh l con cm Hn ng gi l t tai l, ngha l c l bn mang. Ba ting t tai l cThiging nh sau: Mt loi c l, di khong bn, nm tc (tc Tu - AC), mingrng u to, hai ci mang bnh rng ra, l nhng ng vn ta, ta nh l cbn mang (t tai) cho nn gi l c l bn mang (t tai l), tc gi l c bn mang(t tai ng). T hicn dn thm Chnh t thng nh sau: C l mi ni u (chc) hai mang, ring (c l) Tng Giang th (c) bn mang. Trong gii ng vt, cmt nhm gi l nhm bn mang, ting Php lttrabranche, th ting Hn gi t tailoi. T nhng iu trn y suy ra, c vc bn taichnh l c vc bn mang. Khngth no khc th c.

Vy, d ch mt mnh chng ti ni, th tai y vn c l mang thi!

54. (KTTN 106, ngy 15-4-1993)Chuyn ng chuyn ty trn Kin thc ngy nys 98 c cu gii p v cu: Dnba l. mo. Xin c i li gp nh sau. Ci u hi nh, min Bc gi l v rui,min Trung gi l khu b, min Nam c ni gi l khu . Cha nghe ai gi l ci l.mo. Cu Dn ba l. mo bt ngun t mt truyn c k rng h hng nh chuthp i hi bn cch tiu dit ging mo l k th truyn kip ca chng. Mt conchut gi by cch i tm mt ph thy cao tay xin mt l ba trit sn dn vob phn sinh dc ca con mo ci cho mo tt . Ba em v ri nhng chng ccon chut no dm xung phong i lm ci nhim v ht sc vinh quang m nguyhim nn rt cuc ha dit chng vn cn l lng trn u. V th cu Dn ba l.

mo mi ch vic lm khng n ni n chn. Cn v vic dm ba trong nh thngi dn l ch nh v ch dn l cy n dng ch khng phi l ci u hi.

AN CHI: Vn c ngi gi l ci l. mo! Chng hn L Vn c v L Ngc Trtrong Vit Nam t in ghi v ging nh sau: l. mo u hi. Gc gim hnhtam gic ni hai mi nh gip nhau.

Chnh ci dng gc gim hnh tam gic gi cho ngi bnh dn gi n l ci l.y. Ngi min Bc gi u hi l u hi, cn v rui(= u hi) l mt hin tnglm thi thuc v li ni ch khng phi l mt n v t vng c nh. V ruitheongha en xut hin trong phong tro v sinh yu nc ti chin khu Vit Bc v mts vng t do khc thi khng chin chng Php. Ngi ta an nhng v nh bngtre, c bn tay v thng l hnh tam gic p rui nn mi gi l v rui. Mt tngi dng li n d m gi ci u hi nh l v rui nhng y tuyt nhinkhng h l mt cch gi ph bin. n nhkhu bv khu th y li l hai li nitri ca thu k(X., chng hn, sd ca L Vn c v L Ngc Tr hoc i Namquc m t vca Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca) m li ni tri ny suy cho n cng cngl do nh hng gin tip ca l. trong l. mo (cc tkhu, t, trn u c th dngtheo uyn ng ch ci l.)

Chuyn c m ng k li gii thch s ra i ca cu dn ba l. mo khngphi l xut x ch thc ca thnh ng ny. l li gii thch m ng hc gi l t


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nguyn dn gian. Phm khi ngi ta cha hiu c xut x ch thc ca mt hintng t vng th ngi ta t ra mt cu chuyn c lin quan n ngha ca tngyu t cu thnh n gii thch ngun gc ca n. Cu chuyn thng rt th vnhng n li chng lin quan g n ngun gc ch thc ca n v t vng ang xtc.

V vn ngi dn ba v ch dn ba m ng nu, tr li, chng ti xintrch dn o Duy Anh trong Vit Nam vn ha s cng nh sau: Cch thc vnhng phong tc v s lm nh thc l bch quang thp sc; t nh ngho n nhgiu, t min ny sang min khc, nht l x Bc so vi x Trung v x Nam, tathy khc nhau rt nhiu. (Nxb Bn Phng, Si Gn, khng ghi nm, tr. 179). Vykhng th ly nhng iu do ng nu ln m lm tiu chun nh gi ng saic. 55. (KTTN 107, ngy 01-5-1993)Ti c th tm hiu ting vn dng lm ch lt trong tn ca phi nam i khi lnho nh, thanh tao. Nhng ting thdng lm ch lt trong tn ca nhiu ngithuc phi n th xin chu.

AN CHI: V vn ny, L Trung Hoa c cho bit nh sau: Chng ti c thy mtim ng ch trong cun Les langages (sic) de lhumanitca Michel Malherbe(): c l tn m Vn c ngun gc t ting Rp ben (con trai) v tnm Thcng c t ting Rp binti(con gi) do cc thng nhn Rp vo bunbn b bin Vit Nam. Tuy tc gi khng nu c liu, chng ti thy c kh nngng, v: v ng m ben cho ra vn, binticho ra thl c th chp nhn; - Vit Namchu nh hng h ca ngi Trung Hoa. Nhng ngi Trung Hoa trc y v hinnay khng dng t m vn v thph bin nh ngi Vit Nam (H v tn ngiVit Nam, H Ni, 1992, tr.62, chth.1).

Theo chng ti th ni ben c th cho ra vn cn bintic th cho ra thchng khcno ni rng ting Phppetit cho ra ting Vit b tcncolosse th chora khng l, chng khc no ni ting ciao cho ra ting Vit cho cn ting TyBan Nha nio th cho ra nh nh.

Tht ra thl mt t Vit gc Hn, ch Hn vit l . y l ting dng ch phn. Ngha ny ca n c T nguyn v T highi l ph nhn xng th (n bgi l th) cn Vng Vn Ng i t in th ghi l ph nhn (n b) v MathewsChinese English Dictionaryth ghi a female (ngi thuc gii tnh n). Tnguyn cn cho bit r thm rng ngy nay thcng l mt t m ph n dng txng (Kim dch vi ph nhn t xng chi t). Trong ting Vit, n cn c mt cngdng m T in ting Vit1992 ghi nh sau: T dng ch ngi ph n ngi th ba vi coi khinh. Vy r rng thc ngha l n b.

Nhng do u m n tr nn ting lt, tc tn m ca ph n? Tt nhin l t cngdng ca n trong ting Hn m ra, sau mt qu trnh chuyn bin ng ngha. Cngdng ny c Hin i Hn ng t in (Bc Kinh, 1992) ch ra nh sau: t

sau h ca ngi ph n c chng, thng thm h chng vo trc h cha xng h (Phng ti d hn ph n ch tnh hu, thng thng ti ph tnh tin giaphu tnh, tc vi xng h). Th d: Triu Vng thl ngi n b m h chal Vng cn h chng l Triu.

Ngi Vit Nam ngy xa khng lm y ht theo cch trn y ca ngi TrungHoa m ch t thsau h cha ri lin theo l tn ring ca ng s theo kiucu trc X th Y, hiu l ngi n b h X tn Y. Cu trc ny ging nh cu trcc yu tcng (= ng) m dn Nam b dng gi nh yu nc Trng nh


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mt cch tn knh: Trng Cng nh, c ngha l ng (c tn knh) h Trng tnnh. Hoc nh chnh ca ngi Trung Hoa khi h khc trn m ch ca Trng Khinmy chTrng Cng Khin (chi m), c ngha l (m ca) ng (c tn knh) hTrng tn Khin. Vy c nh phn tch, Nguyn th A l ngi n b h Nguyntn A, Trn th B l ngi n b h Trn tn B, cn Phm th Cl ngi n b hPhm tn C, v.v

Cch hiu nguyn thy ny phai m dn theo thi gian, lm cho v sau ngi tatng rng thch l yu t c tnh cht trang tr cho tn ca phi n m thi.Chnh v khng cn hiu c cng dng ban u ca thna nn ngi ta mi dngn lm ting lt, ngha l tn m, cho cc b gi khi chng va mi lt lng m.Ngi ta lm nh th m khng ng rng ngy xa ngy xa, cc c b cachng ch c dng ting th ch nh sau khi h trng thnh, v rng thchc dng ch yu l trong li ni, c bit l trong ngn ng hnh chnh, ch khngphi l cho vic t tn.

ngha v xut x ca ththeo chng ti i khi l nh th. Ch ting bintica ccch li bun ngi Rp th chng c lin quan g vi n c.

56. (KTTN 107, ngy 01-5-1993)C phi Hng Nga (v ca Hu Ngh trong thn thoi Trung Hoa) cn c tn lThng Nga hay khng? Ti sao?

AN CHI: Vng, Hng Nga cn c tn l Thng Nga. Trc i Hn Vn (179-156tr. CN), ngi ta vn gi nng tin n cp thuc trng sinh ny l Hng Nga.Nhng t i Vn nh Hn th do k hy m nng c ci gi l Thng Ngav ting th nht trong tn ca nng li trng vi tn hy ca Vn . Tn hy cang vua ny ch l Hng. Ch vit tuy khc nhau nhng cch pht m li l mt, chonn ngi ta phi tm cch thay ting Hng trong tn ca nng bng mt tingkhc. Ngi ta chn cho ting hng mt t ng ngha l thng v ting sau cchung vi ting trc mt nt ngha l din ra hoc tn ti lu di trong thi gian.

C theo nh t nguyn, Hng Nga hay Thng Nga u c ngha l sc p vnh cuhoc ngi p trng tn (nga l ngi con gi p hoc sc p ca ngi congi).

Chnh v nhng l trn m Hng Nga cn c tn l Thng Nga. Trong ting Hn phthng hin nay (ting Bc Kinh) Thng Nga c xu hng thng dng hn HngNga chnh cng l do tc k hy ngy xa m ra. 57. (KTTN 108, ngy 30-4 & 01-5-1993)Xin gi li gii p cu hi v hai ting c l (Kin thc ngy nays 99, mc Chuynng chuyn Ty) nh sau. Ko chocolatnhp t Php khong thp nin 1920 30.Ngi bit c ting Php pht m l s-c-la cn gii bnh dn th c tri ra l sc-c-l. a s ngi sinh sng ti Si Gn - Ch Ln thng gi mu nu l mu s-c-la hay sc-c-l. By gi, hiu Nh Thin ng c bo ch loi du gi dngsp mm c mu sc-c-l. Loi du ny ban u c gi l du sc-c-l, v saugi gn l du c l. Khong u thp nin 60, du c l Mac Phsu c nhp tMin in, tuy chng c mu c l nhng cng c gi l du c l. Ngn ng lth!

AN CHI: Ngi Nam b cha bao gi phin m chocolat thnh sc-c-l. y ldng phin m ca ngi min Bc. L ngi sanh ra v ln ln ti Si Gn ChLn, t cha sanh m , chng ti cha h nghe dn y gi chocolat bng ba cim . V th h cng khng h gi mu chocolat l mu sc-c-l.


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Hc gi Vng Hng Sn, ngi thng tho v c tch v sinh hot ca t Si Gnv t Nam B, nghe ngi bnh dn Nam B gi chocolat l s-cu-la t hi cnb. Xin chp hin ng li ca hc gi ny nh sau: Thu nh ti c c nghe mcon nt ch Sc Trng ht nh sau: Ac-tap-lch S-cu-la Canh-ti-na Bn-Kn ().V sau khi ln hc trng Si Gn, ti mi c nm mi tm tablette de chocolatbn ti gc ng Catinat v Bonard gn Bn-Kn ti mi thy r c l cu ny thu

y l do mt mn qu sang trng him c (mn chocolat AC) c em v x qu,ch Sc Trng yu mn ca ti, nhng bi pht m khng rnh nn nghe tri b nhvy chng? (Si Gn nm xa, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, 1991, tr.106). Th l dn xqu Sc Trng gi chocolat thnh s-cu-la t ngt 80 nm nay v ni chungdn Nam B cha bao gi gi chocolat l sc-c-l c.

Du c l Mac Phsu cng khng nhp vo Si Gn hi thp k 60 nh ng ni mtrc rt lu. Tng i l ca du c l Mac Phsu ti Si Gn trc y nm trnng Frre Louis (nay l Nguyn Tri, qun Mt), gn nh th Huyn S, cch cngxe la (nay b) ch c my cn ph. Pha sau lng n nay l ng Phm NgLo, ng qua ch Thi Bnh. Nhng trc khi du c l Mac Phsu c tng i l ti SiGn th dn min ty Nam B bit n n t lu, v cui th k XIX ngi C L(= Min in) n bun bn ti . H thnh lp xm gi l xm C L, thuclng Vnh Ha Hip, cch ch Rch Gi khong 13 cy s. Xm C L ny nay hycn tn (X. Sn Nam, Vic khn hoang vng Rch Gi, Tp san S a, s 19-20, SiGn, 1970, tr.178).

Vy xin vui lng tch ba ting sc-c-l ra khi t nguyn ca danh tdu c l.58. (KTTN 109, ngy 15-5-1993)Theo ti, ng tr li v khi nim La Hn (Kin thc ngy nay 105) nh th rtng nhng tn gi tng v th khc. Theo t liu ca V bo tn bo tng th tnca 16 v La Hn l : 1. Tuyt Sn, 2. Di Lc, 3. Thng Na Ha Tu, 4. Ph Na D Sa,5. A Nan Vng, 6. Ba Tu Mt, 7. Pht Nan , 8. Phc a Mt a, 9. Hip TnGi, 10. M Minh Ba La, 11. Gi Bi Ma La, 12. Long Th Tn Gi, 13. La Hu La ,14. Tng Gi Nan , 15. Cu Ma La a, 16. Da . y l 16 v La Hn cha

Ty Phng. Vy 16 v ny l ai so vi 16 v trong Php tr k ca Nan Mt La?

AN CHI: Nu ng nh ng nu th t liu ca V bo tn bo tng hon tonsai. Tuyt Sn, tc Himalaya, ch l mt a danh lin quan n s tch Thch Ca. DiLc l tn c Pht v lai hin cn trn tng tri u Sut (theo Pht gio ithng, ngi l mt v B Tt. Cn li l tn cc v trong 28 v t s (nh thp bt t)ca o Pht.

A Nan Vng - T th 2Thng Na Ho Tu - T th 3Ba Tu Mt - T th 7Pht Nan - T th 8

Phc Ma Mt a (chnh l Phc Ma Mt a) - T th 9Hip Tn Gi - T th 10Phc Na D Sa - T th 11M Minh - T th 12Gi Bi La Ma (tc Ca T Ma La)- T th 13Long Th Tn Gi - T th 14La Hu La - T th 16Tng Gi Nan - T th 17Cu Ma La a - T th 19


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Da (tc X Da a) - T th 20

Dn gian c th nhm ln m cho rng cc v La Hn tuy c o nhng vn cnsng ci trn t chng sinh (y thc ra l c im ca cc v B Tt) chc quan chc nng nh V bo tn bo tng th khng th bin 14/28 v t s cao Pht thnh cc v La Hn, v in tch Pht hc c ghi r danh sch ring bit

ca nh thp bt t v thp lc La Hn.

Danh sch 16 v La Hn m chng ti a ra hon ton thng nht vi danh sch caon Trung Cn trong Pht hc t in, c khc l khc hnh thc phin m mthi, th d: KTNN Tn La Bt La a = PHT Tn--la-bt-ra-a-x, KTNN GiNc Gi Pht Sa = PHT Ca-nc-ca-pht-sa, KTNN Nhn Kit = PHT Nhn-yt-, v.v l tn ca 16 v La Hn c c Pht phi i truyn b o Pht nc ngoi, lm thnh danh sch quen thuc trong kinh in xa nay. Cn s lngcc v La Hn th rt nhiu v tng truyn rng c n 1250 t ca Pht cqu A La Hn.

C quan chc nng m sai n nh th th vn ha nc nh cn ra lm sao! 59.(KTTN 109, ngy 15-5-1993)Trn Kin thc ngy nays Xun Qu Du (tr.26), Hu Thin cho rng haiting g ng trong thnh ngmo m g ng l con g hoang ch khng phi conch. Nhng nm hc trung hc trc gii phng, thy dy Quc vn c gii thch chochng ti thnh ng trn nh sau: Ngha en: n ma ng dc, h hng nh motm ni thanh vng lm tnh, chng hn nh ni g m hoang vng. Cn h nhch (g ng) bt tng cp vi nhau ngoi ng rung khi nhng cn ma u matrt xung. Ngha bng: y ch bn thanh nin lu lng c tnh cm lng nhngby b. Vy g ng trong thnh ng ni trn l con ch hay con g hoang nh HuThin ni?

AN CHI: Vit Nam t in ca L Vn c v L Ngc Tr cng ging nh thy cang. Nhng l mt cch ging khng ng. T in Vit Nam ph thng ca o

Vn Tp ng khi ging rng thnh ng ang xt ng ngha vi mo ng, chim, dng ch nhng k im ng, du th du thc". y cng l cch gingca o Duy Anh trong T in truyn Kiu m chnh ng cng trch dn trongth: Mo m, g ng, khng nh, ch nhng hng ngi khng c cn c, vli, v nh nhng k trn cha ln chng. Nguyn Thch Giang cng ging: Mohoang sng kim ci n ni ngha a, g hoang sng ng ni, v nh hng ngiv li, khng c s c nht nh (Truyn Kiu, H Ni, 1972, tr.438, cu 1731). Cnsau y l li ca Nguyn Qung Tun: Ging g ng l con ch th chng cngha g. Mo m g ng y c t i nhau: mo m, g ng. Mo ml mo hoang, sng tha ma. G ng l g hoang sng ng ni. Ngi ta vhng v li, khng c ch nht nh vi loi mo hoang sng lang thang ngoingha a v vi loi g hoang sng lang thang ngoi ng ni. G ng u cphi ch ni lng m ging l con ch! (Ch ngha Truyn Kiu, H Ni, 1990,

tr.58)

Trn y l cch hiu ca cc nh t in v nh ch gii. By gi t thnh ngang xt vo cu Kiu th 1731 v ngn cnh c th ca on Kiu 1728-1737 l limng m ca Hon b th thy li mng m ny chng c lin quan g n chuyntrn Bc trong du, ngha l n chuyn quan h nam n lng nhng c. Hon bch mng kiu l hng n b con gi b nh i hoang m thi.

Vy g ng trong thnh ng ang xt khc vi g ng l con ch, dch t ting


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Hn in k, v ng nhin l chng c lin quan g n chuyn ch bt cp khinhng cn ma u ma trt xung c. 60. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)Ti sao ting Php cJapon ch nc Nht Bn m cn li c tn l Nippon?Hai tn ny c g khc nhau?

AN CHI: Ting PhpJapon cng vi ting AnhJapan, l phin m theo ting Hn

ging Bc Kinh r ben (m Hn Vit l Nht Bn) ca hai ch. Cn Nippon lphin m thng t ting Nht; ch Nht, vit theo li Romaji (La m t) cngl Nippon. y l tn m chnh ngi Nht dng gi nc mnh. Trong ting Php,ch c dng phin m th nht mi l thng dng m thi. Ngi M cng thu nhna danh Nippon, do m c tnh tNipponese ri danh tNipponese, ni ttl Nip.

61. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)Ren, rua l hai ting rt quen thuc trong n cng. C phi ren l do tingPhp dentelle cn rua l do ting Php ajourm ra khng?

AN CHI: Rua th ng l do ting Phpjour(hoc ajour) m ra, nhng ren th chngc lin quan g n dentelle c v n li do ting B o Nharenda m ra. Ting B vo Vit Nam trc c ting Php nhng ch em n cho ting Vit c vi t t inh:-x bng < sabo (Php: savon),- (dy) ct(dy thiu) < corda (Php: ressorthoc spiral),- (thu) ren < renda (Php: dentelle),- cu rt(cy thnh gi) < cruz(Php: croix).

62. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)Ti sao b tm hai mnh li c gi l bikini? Nu bil hai th kinil g?

AN CHI: y, bikhng c ngha l hai m ch l mt m tit v ngha trong adanh Bikini, tn mt hn o nh trong qun o Marshall Thi Bnh Dng, ni

tr thnh bi th v kh ht nhn ca M t nm 1946. Nhng v th ny tnggy chn ng mnh trong d lun nn nhc n Bikini l nhc n nhng v gychn ng nh th. Khi b tm hai mnh cc nh ca phi p ra i th n cnggy chn ng khng km g nhng v Bikini v vi n, ln u tin, cc ta thinnhin ca to ha, trong c nhiu ta tuyt tc, c ph by ni cng cng(bi bin, h bi) mt cch gn nh trn vn n mc mn nhn, ngoi tr mytrng im c che ph mt cch qu thiu thn. Do s so snh c tnh cht n dny m b tm hai mnh cc nh c gi l bikini.

Ngi ta cn chi ch bng cch ngm hiu bil hai to thnh danh t ch b tm mt mnh ca phi n (ch gm c ci slip l loi) lmonokini(mono = mt).Nhng xin nh rng y ch l tn b tm mt mnh ca phi p ch ci slipca nam gii ni bi bin hoc h bi th li chng c vinh d mang tn mc dcc ng my ru chng bao gi mc soutien!

63. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)T mafia do u m c? N c ngha g?

AN CHI: Mafia cng vit l Maffia, l ting . Theo Dominique v Michlle Frmy,trong Quid 1986, th t ny c th c mt trong ba ngun gc sau y:

1. Do ting Rp muafah, c ngha l s che ch cho nhng ngi yu km.


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2. Do phng ng Toscan maffia c ngha l s khn kh.3. Nm 1800, vua x Napoli l Ferdinand IV, lu vong o Sicilia, lp ra mt icnh st ngm c th ngn chn mt s b bt ng ca qun i Php. Ngita cho rng ng ly nhng ch u ca nm ting trong khu lnh hi 1282 mt tn cho t chc ny. Cu l Morte Alla Francia; Italia Anela c ngha l ncPhp phi cht, nc mun nh th. (Trong trn nh Sicilia nm 1282, qun

git cht n 8.000 qun Php). Rp 5 ch u li th s c t MAFIA.

Nhng d thuc gc no th danh tMafia ngy nay cng khng cn c hiu theongha xa ca n na. Ngy nay Mafia l con bch tuc khng l v gh gm kimsot t sn xut nng nghip cho n mua bn bt ng sn, c bc, bun bn vkh, bun bn ma ty, v.v trn o Sicilia ca nc . L chn rt ca n hoctng t nh n, cn c cc t chc nhNdranghetta Calabria (), Camorra Napoli () v Cosa Nostra M.64. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)Xin cho bit xut x ca my ting m t (lnh cnh st thi trc).

AN CHI: M t l do phin m t ting M Lai manta-mata c ngha l cnh st.Hnh thc gc ban u l ma t, theo ghi nhn ca Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca trong iNam quc m t v. V sau, ma c pht m thnh m. Xin nh rng ting Vit,nht l a phng Nam B, c nhiu t gc M Lai. Thm mt v d:x ch, nginh xe nga, l do ting M Lai sas.

65. (KTTN 110, ngy 01-6-1993)Xin cho bit s tch kt c ngm vnh.

AN CHI: Thnh ng ting Vit kt c ngm vnh l dch t ting Hn kt tho hmhon, bt ngun t hai s tch ring bit. Ngy V T i nh Tn rt yu qu ngiv l nn khi hp hi th dn con trai l Ngy Kha hy chn ngi v l vi mnh.Ngy Kha khng nh lng nn sau khi cha cht th cho v l ca cha i ly chngkhc. V sau, Kha i nh gic, sp thua tng nh Tn l Hi th bng dng

thy Hi b vng c m ng. Nh th, Ngy Kha bt c Hi. m v, Khanm mng thy c mt ng gi n ni: Cm v ng khng chn sng con gi tinn ti kt c lm vng chn gic cu ng. l chuyn kt c.

Sau y l chuyn ngm vnh: i nh Hn c Dng Bo mi ln chn tui i chi pha Bc ni Hoa m, thy mt con chim s vng b chim ct cn gn cht. Bo emv nui gn mt trm ngy chim mi khe li ri bay i. m y c ng t o vngming ngm bn chic vng ngc n bi t m ni: "Ta l s gi ca Ty VngMu, trc nh ngi cu vt nn nay n n n ngi y. Cu cho con chungi sau ny cng s vinh hin. Ngi ta k rng qu nhin v sau con ca Bo lChn, chu l Bnh, cht l T v cht l Bu u c vinh hin.

Thnh ngkt c ngm vnh v sau thng c dng nh mt li nguyn n np ngha trng hu.

66. (KTTN 111, ngy 15-6-1993)Ti sao Phi-lp-pin (Philippines) l mt nc ng Nam m li c mt tn rt Ty?Ngi Phi-lp-pin ni ting g?

AN CHI: Nguyn Phi-lp-pin l thuc a ca Ty Ban Nha t nm 1565, di triuvua Phi-lp nh. nh du rng y l t ai h chim c di triu caPhi-lp ( nh), ting Ty Ban Nha l Felipe, ngi Ty Ban Nha gi l Islas


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Filipinas, ni tt thnh Filipinas. y l s nhiu ca Filipina, ging ci ca Filipino,ngha l thuc v Felipe. Islas Filipinas l cc hn o ca Phi-lp, ngi Php dchthnh les philippines, ri ni tt thnh Philippines.

Ngi Phi-lp-pin ni ting Tagal (cng gi l Tagalog) l th ting c chn lmngn ng quc gia. y l mt ngn ng thuc h M Lai a o (malayo-

polynsien). Ginh c c lp nm 1946 t tay M (Ty Ban Nha nhng oquc ny cho M t nm 1898), ngi Phi-lp-pin vn da theo ting Ty Ban Nhal Filipinas m gi tn nc mnh l Pilipinas (ting Tagal khng c m fnn thayth m ny bngp).67. (KTTN 111, ngy 15-6-1993)T in Php Vitca y ban khoa hc x hi Vit Nam (1981) ging Cauris lc tin (v c xa dng lm tin chu Phi) cn T in Anh Vitcng ca y bankhoa hc x hi Vit Nam (1975) th ging Cowrie l: 1. c tin, 2. Tin v c (Nam Phi v Nam ). Khng thy ni n Trung Quc. Vy Trung Quc xa c dngv c lm tin hay khng?

AN CHI: Ngi Trung Hoa thi xa vn c dng v c lm tin (dng bi xc tcha t). S, c ting Hn gi l bi, ch Hn vit l .

Cc nh kho c hc v Trung Hoa thng k c trn 100 loi s, c tng cdng lm tin nhng chnh con c tin mi l ph bin v thng dng hn ht. Conc ny, ting Hn gi l m no bi. V n c dng lm tin nn ngi ta gi nl ha bi(c tin). Do cng dng c bit ny m ngi ta cn gi n l bu bi(cqu). Li ni ny vn cn tn ti cho n ngy nay v c dng theo php n d ch vt qu him, vt hm cha php l hoc iu mu nhim. Ting Php gi c tinl cauris, ting Anh l cowrie hoc cowry, ting Nht gi l t an bi(koyasugai); tnkhoa hc l Cypreae moneta. Bn thn ch bi khi n cn giai on thc stng hnh, chnh l hnh mt con c th ru (xc tu) ra khi v. Hai nt lm thnhchbt pha di ca ch bi chnh l hai ci ru . Quch Mt Nhc cnkhng nh dt khot rng ch bi ch th l tng hnh con c tin na (X. N l

ch thi i, Bc Kinh, 1973, tr. 280).Chnh v con bi tng c dng lm tin cho nn trong ch Hn, nhng ch ghili cc khi nim c lin quan n tin u thuc b bi,nhbn (ngho), tin (hn), qu(sang), tr(cha), tham (hamtin), mi(mua), mi(bn), (nh bc), v.v

V nhu cu trao i cng ngy cng pht trin m c tin li cng ngy cng kh tmnn v sau ngi ta phi nung c bng gm (o bi), gt c bng xng (ct bi),mi c bng (thch bi) thm ch bng ngc (dao bi) m lm tin p ngnhu cu . Cui cng ngi ta c c bng ng (ng bi). Vic ny nh dus ra i ca tin bng kim loi trong lch s tin t Trung Hoa. Tin ng bt u ct i Chu nhng thi v c vn cn tip tc c dng lm tin. Ch n i

Tn Thy Hong th vic ny mi b cm hn.

68. (KTTN 111, ngy 15-6-1993)Ngi ta ni rng con c l mt loi rng c th chui di t m ng hng trmnm, mi ln n thc dy, chuyn mnh th tri long t l, sp nh ca. Do mi c cu c dy, ng khng?

AN CHI: Qu tht mi ln c dyl mt ln dng to gi ln, c th gy ra ca


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ch ca ch ngha khoi lc, ni nm na l k am m tu sc. S d c lini ny l v ngi i, khi u l ngi ng thi vi Epicure, cho rng ng raoging s tn hng nim vui xc tht v nhng khoi cm do gic quan em li. Ck nh Timocrate cn ni vu rng Epicure ma mt ngy hai ln v n ung quno say, li cn k rng ng tiu xi c mt kho bu cho mi ba n.

Thc t th li khc hn. Ngy nay cc nh nghin cu nh gi ng con ngiv t tng ca Epicure. Jean Brun chng hn, nhn mnh rng mt ngi bithi lng vi ch bnh m v nc l, vit th bo mn gi n cho mnh mt hnh pho-mt ch chn, sng m bc n mc gn nh kh hnh th lmsao c th rao ging ch ngha khoi lc c (X. Lpicurisme, Paris, 1974, p. 27).Cn chnh Epicure th ni v hc thuyt ca mnh nh sau: Khi chng ti ni rngnim khoi lc l iu thin ti thng, chng ti khng ngh n nhng s tha thuca nhng k try lc, cng khng phi nhng s tha thu lin quan n s thhng vt cht nh mt vi ngi ni v h khng ng vi hc thuyt cachng ti hoc v h hiu sai n. Nim khoi lc m chng ti ni y lin quan ns bt tn ti ca nn au n th xc v ni xo ng tm hn (Dn theo J. Brun,sd, tr. 94).

Ni v vai tr ca Epicure, J. Brun vit: l mt con ngi tng chim nghimsu sc v s suy i v v cc dng khc nhau ca chng cung lon tp th ()ng mun ch r cho con ngi rng v h l nhng k tc to ra s sp ca bnthn cho nn h phi c kh nng tr thnh nhng ngi lm ch vn mnh cachnh mnh (Sd, tr. 95).

C nhn chng ti th li rt tm c vi cu sau y ca Epicure: Ti hi lng hid v khoi cm xc tht khi ti t nui sng mnh bng bnh m v nc l (Dntheo J. Brun, sd, tr. 95).

71. (KTTN 112, ngy 01-7-1993)ng Tn Tht Thuyt, chng Php, chy qua Tu v cht bn y. Ngi Tu c

ving ng mt i cu i. Xin cho bit hai cu i y.AN CHI: Phong Chu ghi v i cu i nh sau:

Th Ty bt cng i thin, vn c anh hn quy Tng Qun;H gi bit tm tnh a, thin nin tn ct tng Long Chu.

Dch:

Th Ty khng i tri chung, mun thu anh hn v qun Tng;Gip cha ring tm ci thc, ngn nm xng nt gi Long Chu.

C quyn vit lphng danh quy Tng qun v tn ct k Long Chu. (Cu i

Vit Nam, H Ni, 1991, tr. 93).

Chng ti cho rng ch th 11 ca cu sau c l phi l k(i vi quy cu trc),do ly thnh ngsinh k t quy(sng gi thc v). Cn cu trc th chng ticho rng anh hn hp v hay hn lphng danh.72. (KTTN 112, ngy 01-7-1993)Trong mt s ti liu xa v Cng gio bng ting Vit c hai ting vt v. Vy vtv l g v u l ngun gc ca n?


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AN CHI: Vt-v c ngha l gim mc. y l mt t phin m. Thanh Lng chorng dng phin m ny bt ngun t ting cng ngha lvscovo. Cn chng tith cho rng n bt ngun mt t cng ngha trong ting B o Nha l bispo. Xinni thm rng ting vscovo, ting B o Nha bispo v ting Php vque ubt ngun t ting La Tinh episcopus. 73. (KTTN 113, 7-1993)Do tch g m ngi Anh li gi ch r (bridegroom) l ngi gi nga (groom) ca

c du (bride)? C chuyn g na n chuyn anh hong t (r ca vua) c gi lph m chng?

AN CHI: y khng c chuyn g na n chuyn v bridegroom xt theo tnguyn vn khng phi l ch gi nga ca c du. Hnh thi c i ca nl brydguma. Brydl c du cn guma l ngi n ng, ngi anh hng.Vy brudguma l bc tu mi ca nng du, l ng anh hng ca nng. Hnh thi ci ny din tin mt cch t nhin sang hnh thi trung i to k l brudgume,ri mt k l bridegome. n y th bt u c xy ra s c: gome dn dn khngcn c ngi Anh s dng nh mt hnh v c lp na. Cui cng, ngoi tr bridegome, n khng cn c phn b trong cu trc t php hoc c phpno khc. V khng cn bit n n na nn ngay c trong bridegome ngi Anhcng khng cm nhn c rng n l mt thnh t c ngha. Trong thc ca h, ch l bridegrome b ni sai i v grome (= ngi gi nga) mi c ngha chcn gome th khng. V h phc hi dng bridegrome theo kiu t nguyn dngian (folk etymology) m khng h ng rng y ch l mt hnh thi tim lp(intrusive). Do grome tr thnh groom y nhlome (khung ci)thnh loom, blome (hoa) tr thnh bloom, brome (cy chi) tr thnh broom, v.vnn bridegrome tr thnh bridegroom nh ang bit hin nay.

Vy c theo hnh thi hin i m phn tch th bridegroom qu l anh chng ginga ca c du, nhng xt theo t nguyn th ch c th l ngi anh hng canng m thi.74. (KTTN 113, 7-1993)Ting Hn c li ni li nh ting Vit hay khng (th d ni li ng ty thnh y

tng)? V ngi Trung Hoa c chi ch bng li ni li hay khng?AN CHI: Trong bi Ni li trong ting Vit (Ngn ng, s 3, 1971, tr.34-40 v 63),L Huy Nguyn khng nh rng ting Hn khng c kh nng ni li. y lmt iu sai lm v cu trc ca m tit trong ting Hn, nht l ting Hn c, cho n mt tim nng ni li rt di do. Chnh tim nng ny to ra cho m vnhc c in Trung Hoa li phin thit rt hu hiu ghi m ch Hn trong cc tth v vn th. Phin thit chnh l d kin ni li. Khng i su vo nhngnguyn tc ghi phin thit v c phin thit, chng ti ch xin ni rng, ni chung,ngi ta ch cn ni li hai ting (ghi bng hai ch) dng phin thit ri ly tingth nht li c: m ca ting ny chnh l m ca ch c phin thit. Thd chnhn c phin thit thnh nh ln (Qung vn, ng vn) hoc nhiln (Tp vn, Vn hi, Chnh vn). Ni li th nh ln thnh nhn l, nhi

ln thnh nhn li. Nhn (ting th nht li c) chnh l m ca ch ang xt.

Ngi Trung Hoa cng c chi ch bng li ni li m h gi lphin ng. Mt s nhnghin cu ca h cng c lu tm n hin tng ny, chng hn C Vim Vtrong thinm lun hoc Lu Phin Toi trong Lc triu ng i phin ng kho,v.v

dn chng v li chi ch ny, xin nu ln trng hp ca vua Tng Minh (465-472) thi Nam Bc Triu (420-589). Tng truyn rng y l mt ng vua tnh


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hay ght ngi. V ght Vin Xn m tn c l Vin Mn nn ng ta ni li tn cang ny thnh vn mn. mun ni ng ny vp ca m t ng (vn l ri t trnxung, mn l ca). Xin ch l thi , vin c c gn nhvn, mn gnnhmn, vn gn nhvnv mn th c gn nhmn. Vy Vn Mn (nay lVin Mn) ni li th thnh vn mn (nay l vn mn). ng vua kh chu cng ni li tn c ca Lu Thuyn l Lu Thm thnh lm thu. mun ni rng Lu

Thuyn ri vo tnh trng b th ght. Cng xin ch rng chth (trongth nghch)c theo ng m Hn Vit chnh thng hin i phi l thu.

Vy r rng l ting Hn cng c kh nng ni li v ngi Trung Hoa cng c lichi ch bng ni li. 75. (KTTN 113, 7-1993)Nc cam l l nc g?

AN CHI: Cam l l m xa ca cam l (Ss. la l ~ la l, lng lon ~ lnglon, m (m) ~ m, v.v). Theo ngha en th cam l ngt cn l l sng. Ngi tathng c theo ngha en m ging rng cam l l mt th sng ngt lm mt dulng ngi. Nhng l khng ch c ngha l sng m cn c ngha l th ru thmngon (T hi: tu vi phng hng gi chi xng) nh trong mai qu l, tng vi l,v.v Vy cam l y l mt th ru ngon ngt.

Hai ting cam l c ngi Trung Hoa dng dch ting Sanskrit amta mngha gc l bt t (a = phi, bt + mta = cht).Amta l hnh thc tnh lcca amta-rasa c ngha l trng sinh tu, bt t l (amta = bt t + rasa = thcung). Trong huyn thoi n , amta l mt th ru c quyn nng k b cto ra khi cc v thn hoc cc con qu nh cho bin sa dy ln. Ting Anh v tingPhp phin m thnhamrita. Vy cam l, dch t ting Sanskrit amta, c ngha lru trng sinh. Ngi Trung Hoa cng cn phin m t Sanskrit ny thnh a mtl a.

on Trung Cn vit v cam l nh sau: Cng dch l Bt-t tu (Thuc ruung chng cht), Trng sanh tu (Thuc ru ung vo sng mi), Thin

tu (Thuc ru ca ch Thin). y l th thuc nc ngon ngt, thm tho, linhdiu, lm ung ca ch Tin, ch Thn: Cam ll cht thuc Tin, thuc Pht,ngon ngt v linh diu hn cc thuc phm, h ri ln mnh ai th ngi y dt htbnh tt, du sp cht cng c sng li. (Pht hc t-in, q. I, tr. 312-3).

Amta thng c so snh vi cht ambrosia (ting Php: ambroisie) l thc n cacc v thn trong huyn thoi Hy Lp. Ai n c n th s c tr, p vnh vin;cc n thn cn dng n lm m phm. Thn Zeus cng dng n xc nhng lntc qun ca mnh na. Ch :ambrosia l danh t phi sinh tambrotos c cu toht nhamta, ngha l: a = (phi, bt) + mbrotos (nay brotos = cht).

76. (KTTN 113, 7-1993)Ti sao biu tng SEA Games XVII 1993 t chc ti Singapore li l con s t?

AN CHI: V SEA Games ln ny c t chc ti Singapore m Singapore c ngha lThnh ph S t. Singapore (ting Anh) v Singapour(ting Php) l phin m tting M Lai Singapura, vn c xem l bt ngun t ting Sanskrit Simhapura,trong Simha l s t,pura l thnh ph (trong ting M Lai hin nay singa l st cn thnh ph th li lpuri).

Tuy nhin, c ngi a mt nguyn t khc cho ngun gc ca Singapura. MarcReinhorn, trong Dictionnaire laotien-franais (t.I, Paris, 1970, p.607, art. Sikpo)


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cho rng l ting Sanskrit rngapura ngha l Thnh ph Mi t. TingSanskrit rnga c ngha l sng, mi nhn, nh, mi t, v.v Kin gii ny khngphi l khng c l v rngapura c cu to v ngha ging nh tn Thnh ph Mit ca Nam Phi m ting Afrikaans (ting H Lan ni quc gia Nam Phi v l mttrong nhng ngn ng chnh thc ca nc ny) l Kaapstad cn ting Anh l CapeTown(Kaap = cape = mi t; stad= town = thnh ph).

77. (KTTN 114, ngy 15-7-1993)Trong bi i iu thu lm quanh Hn t (Vn ngh, s 43, 1992), Nguyn Duc ni rng Nguyn Du dng nhm my ting lu xanh v thanh lu khin chomy chc triu ngi Vit u ngh rng lu xanh l ni cha ca k (gi im).ng ni rng Trung Quc, ngi ta khng h coithanh lu l im m li hiu l nh cao lu ca nhng ngi ph qu. Vy c ng l Nguyn Du nhm haykhng? Tc gi cn ni rng do c sai m tt c cc nh nho Vit Nam t c ngi u gi hai ci ht ca ging c l dch hon nhng c t ngi Trung Hoa ugi l cao hon. C tht ng nh th khng?

AN CHI: V hai ting thanh lu, T hi ging nh sau:

1. Lu Hng Quang ca V , bn trn sn xanh, ngi i gi l thanh lu (V Hng Quang lu, thng thi thanh tt, th nhn v chi thanh lu).2. Ch lu gc ca nh ho ph (V ho gia chi lu).3. Ch lu ca ngi p (V m nhn s c chi lu)4. Ch ni hnh ngh ca gi im (V k vin d)

Vy Nguyn Du khng nhm v ci ngha do Nguyn Du nu ln ch l mt trongbn ngha ca hai ting thanh lu m thi.

Cn chuyn "hai ci ht ca ging c th li hon ton ng nh Nguyn Du nu. l trng hp tc nh t, ng nh qu v t dng ca ch dchv ch

caort ging nhau: chng ch khc nhau nt phy ' pha trn bn tri cachm thi. Hn Vit t in ca o Duy Anh, Hn Vit t in ca ThiuChu, Hn Vit tn t in ca Nguyn Quc Hng u phin m ng ch ang xtl cao v u ging cao hon l ngoi thn = hn di (o Duy Anh), hn di(Nguyn Quc Hng), ht di (Thiu Chu).

Tr tru l ngy nay hu nh khng ai ni cao hon m ch ni dch hon. Hai tingny c T in ting Vitdo Vn Tn ch bin ging l hai hn di ca nng v ca mt s ng vt ging c. Cn T in ting Vit1992 th ghi: dchhon, d.x. tinh hon m tinh hon th c ging l c quan sinh ra t bo sinh dcc. R rng l dng t sai y, nhng chng bit c ai mun sa li cho ng haykhng. 78. (KTTN 114, ngy 15-7-1993)Trong cu :

D xy chn bc ph Khng bng lm phc cu cho mt ngi

Th chn bc c phi l cu phm khng v ph l g?

AN CHI: Ph (cng nhPht , Pht ) vn l hnh thc phin m bng tingHn (c theo m Hn Vit) ca ting Sanskrit buddha, c ngha l Pht. Dn dn nb dng sai i v c xem l ng ngha vi tthp, dng tt ca thp b, phin mt ting Sanskrit stupa.


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Sau khiph c dng theo ngha ca thp th n li c thm ngha phi sinh lci chp lng (tn nh) v chp lng c hnh dng ca mt ci thp t hon. ThinNghi v trong Kim s dng danh tph theo ngha ny ghi chp vic quinh cch thc v cp bc cho vic s dng cc loi chp lng: kim ph (chplng bng vng), kim ngn ph (chp lng bng bc m vng), ngn ph

(chp lng bng bc), chu ph (chp lng mu son) v thanh ph (chplng mu xanh).

Trong lin lc bt nu,ph chnh l ci thp, ngha l mt cng trnh kin trcc xy ln chn x li (tro xng) ca c Pht, ca cc bc cao tng, i c.Chn bc khng phi l cu phm (chn phm trt ca cc quan) m l cu trng (=chn tng).

79. (KTTN 114, ngy 15-7-1993)Vi b H Xun Hng th nng long c ngha l ngc thiu n:

Ym o tr xung di nng long.

Nhng vi mt nh th min Nam cn i c hai cu lc bt t bn ci khoi ca conngi th nng long li l ci hu mn:

Cm Phin Mu, chiu Trn onNga nghing loan phng, nh nhng nng long.

Xin cho bit ngha no ng, ngha no sai.

AN CHI: Ta thy v ci khoi th nht, tc gi khng nhc n ming m ni cmPhin Mu; v ci khoi th hai, ng khng nhc n hai con mt m ni chiu

Trn on; v ci khoi th ba, ng khng nhc n ci g ca n v ca nam mni nga nghing loan phng. Vy v ci khoi th t, l no ng li phi nhc nca sau?

Nng long c ngha l ngc khng ch l ngc thiu n - t n c mt ngharng l khoang bng, l d ri t ngha rng ny n mi c ngha bng l lng dnh ging trong i Nam quc m t vca Hunh-Tnh Paulus Ca hoc Vit Namt in ca L Vn c v L Ngc Tr.

Trong lin th lc bt trn y, nng long c dng theo ngha rng (khoangbng, d). Khi ngi ta i chy l ngi ta b tho d. Khi ngi ta n khng tiu lngi ta b cng d (A. de Rhodes ghi trong T in Vit-B-La: Cng d. Khngtiu, y cng bng).

Cn khi ngi ta i mt cch bnh thng, khng qu cht qu kh v b to bn,cng khng t re v b To Tho rt, th ngi ta cm thy nh bng, m d,ngha l nh nhng nng long. Vy nng long khng c ngha l hu mn.0. (KTTN 114, ngy 15-7-1993)Xin cho bit mc cm -p l g. C phi -p l nhn vt huyn thoi git cha ly m hay khng?

AN CHI: Oedipe (-p) l mt nhn vt huyn thoi Hy Lp, git cha l Laios,


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vua thnh Thbes (Xin phn bit vi Thbes Ai Cp) m khng bit l chamnh ri ly m l Jocaste m cng khng bit l m mnh v c c vim hai con trai l Etocle v Polynice, hai con gi l Antigone v Ismne. Khi bit ras vic, Jocaste treo c t t cn Oedipe th mc mt t trng pht v ti gitcha v ti lon lun vi m. Do tch ny m ting Php c danh toedipisme cngha l t mc mt.

Mn tn v tch ca Oedipe t huyn thoi trn, ng t ca phn tm hc lSigmund Freud to ra thut ngmc cm Oedipe (ting Php:complexe dOedipe)m ng gii thch nh sau: Trong khi m n hy cn hon ton tr th, a con traibt u cm thy mt s tru mn c bit i vi ngi m: n xem m nh l vts hu ring ca n, thy ni

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