Chuyen de Kim Loai Kiem Kiem Tho Va Nhom

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II

Vin saphia ln nht Vit Nam 1


Danh sch nhm II: 1. Phan Th Thanh Ngn 2. Nguyn Hu nh 3. Bi Hng Bch Kh 4. Bi Nguyn Hi Yn 5. L Vn Hun 6. Hunh Nguyn Uyn Tm 7. Nguyn Anh Tun 8. Hong Th M Duyn 9. Trn Anh Th 10.L Th H

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KIM LOI KIM I - V tr v cu to: 1.V tr ca kim lai kim trong bng tun hon. Cc kim lai kim thuc nhm IA , ng u mi chu k (tr chu k I) , gm 6 nguyn t ha hc ng sau cc nguyn t kh him l: liti(Li), kali(K), natri(Na), rubii(Rb), xesi(Cs), franxi(Fr). Franxi l nguyn t phng x t nhin. S d c gi l kim lai kim v hiroxit ca chng l cht kim mnh. 2.Cu to v tnh cht ca kim lai kim. Cu hnh electron : + Kim lai kim l nhng nguyn t s, lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t ch c 1 e, phn lp ns1, cc nguyn t kim lai kim rt d mt 1 e ha tr bin thnh ion dng M+, ngha l chng l nhng kim lai rt hat ng. + Cc cation M+ ca kim lai kim c cu hnh e ca nguyn t kh him ng trc. Th d: Na [Ne]3s1 Na+ [Ne] + e

Nng lng ion ha: Cc nguyn t kim lai kim c nng lng ion ha I1 nh nht so vi cc kim lai khc cng chu k. Th d: Kim lai: Na Mg 738 Al 578 Fe 759 Zn 906 I1(kJ/mol): 497

Do , cc kim lai kim c tnh kh rt mnh.

Nng lng ion ha I2 ln hn nng lng ion ha I1 nhiu ln (6 n 14 ln ), nng lng ion ha I1 gim dn t Li n Cs. S oxi ha: Cc kim lai kim to nn ch yu cc hp cht ion, trong s oxi ha duy nht l +1. Th in cc chun : Th in cc chun ca kim lai kim c gi tr rt m. Liti c th in cc m hn cc kim lai kim khc. Nng lng lin kt: Cc kim lai kim c th to lin kt cng ha tr trong cc phn t Li2, K2, Na2, Rb2, Cs2 tn ti trng thi kh. Nng lng ca lin kt trong cc phn t kh b v gim dn t Li n Cs : Phn t: Nng lng lin kt (kJ/mol) Li2 108 3 Na2 K2 Rb2 Cs2 73,2 49,8 47,3 43,5

Lin kt kim loi trong kim lai kim l lin kt yu.

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II II - Tnh cht vt l Cc kim lai kim c cu to mng tinh th lp phng tm khi l kiu mng km c kht, c mu trng bc v c nh kim rt mnh, bin mt nhanh chng khi kim loi tip xc vi khng kh. Hng s l hc quan trng nht ca kim loi kim Nguyn t Li Na K Rb Cs Nhit nng chy (o C) 180 98 64 39 29 Nhit si (o C) 1317 883 760 689 666 T khi 0,53 0,97 0,86 1,53 1,87 dn in ring 1/.cm 11,8.104 23,0.104 15,9.104 8,9.104 5,6.104

1. Nhit nng chy v nhit si Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca kim lai kim thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim lai khc, gim dn t Li n Cs do lin kt kim lai trong mng tinh th kim lai kim km bn vng, yu dn khi kch thc nguyn t tng ln. 2. Khi lng ring Khi lng ring ca kim lai kim cng nh hn so vi cc kim lai khc do nguyn t ca cc kim lai kim c bn knh ln v do cu to mng tinh th ca chng km c kht. 3. Tnh cng Cc kim lai kim u mm, c th ct chng bng dao do lin kt kim lai trong mng tinh th yu. 4. dn in Cc kim loi kim c dn in cao nhng km hn nhiu so vi bc do khi lng rig tng i b lm gim s ht mang in tch. 5. tan Tt c cc kim lai kim c th ha tan ln nhau v u d tan trong thy ngn to nn hn hng. Ngoi ra chng cn tan uc trong amoniac lng v tan ca chng kh cao. 4

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II * LU : Cc kim loi t do cng nh hp cht d bay hi ca chng khi c a vo ngn la khng mu lm ngn la tr nn c mu c trng: Li cho mu ta Rb mu tm hng III. Tnh cht ha hc V ch c 1 e ha tr duy nht nn ha tnh ca nhm kim lai kim l n gin hn ht so vi bt c nhm nguyn t no khc v kim loi kim c tnh kh rt mnh. 1. Tc dng vi phi kim nhit thng : to oxit c cng thc M2O (Li, Na) hay to M2O2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr). nhit cao : to M2O2 (Na) hay MO2 (K, Rb, Cs, Fr) ( tr trng hp Li to LiO). Th d: Phn ng mnh lit o halogen to mui halogenua. vi t 2M + X2 2MX Phn ng vi hiro o kim loi hirua. to t 2M + H2 2MH to 2Na + O2 o Na2O2 ( r ) t 2Na + H2 2NaH Na mu vng Cs mu xanh lam. K mu tm

2. Tc dng vi nc v dung dch axit iu kin thng: Do hot ng ha ha mnh nn cc kim loi kim phn ng mnh lit vi nc v cc dung dch axit. Tng qut: 2M 2M Th d : trong du ha. 2K + + + 2H+ 2 H2O 2H2O 2HCl 2M+ + H2 + H2 2MOH ( dd ) 2KOH 2NaCl

+ H2 + H2

2Na +

Do vy cc kim lai kim c bo qun bng cch ngm chm

3. Tc dng vi cation kim loi Th d : to 5 Vi oxit kim loi.

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II 2Na + CuO Na2O + Cu

Vi cation kim loi ca mui tan trong nc th kim loi kim tc dng vi nc trc m khng tun theo quy lut bnh thng l kim loi hot ng mnh y kim loi hot ng yu ra khi mui ca chng. Th d: Khi cho Na tc dng vi dd mui CuSO4 . 2 Na +2H2O 2NaOH +H2 2 NaOH+ CuSO4Na2SO4 +Cu(OH)2 4. Tc dng vi cc kim loi khc Mt s kim loi kim to thnh hp kim rn vi cc kim loi khc, natri to hp kim rn vi thy ngn hn hng natri (Na-Hg). 5. Tc dng vi NH3 amiua: Th d: Khi un nng trong kh amoniac, cc kim loi kim d to thnh 2Na + 2 NH3 2NaNH2 + H2

IV ng dng v iu ch 1. ng dng ca kim lai kim Kim lai kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng : Ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp dng trong thit b bo chy, Cc kim lai Na v K dng lm cht trao i nhit trong 1 vi lai l phn ng ht nhn. Kim lai xesi dng ch to t bo quang in. iu ch 1 s kim lai him bng phng php nhit luyn. Dng nhiu trong tng hp hu c. 2. iu ch kim lai kim: Trong t nhin kim lai kim ch tn ti dng hp cht. Phng php thng dng iu ch kim lai kim l in phn nng chy mui halogenua hoc hiroxit ca kim loi kim trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Th d : 6

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II *Na c iu ch bng cch in phn nng chy hn hp NaCl vi 25% NaF v 12% KCl nhit cao, cc dng than ch v cc m lm bng Fe. pnc 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 * Li c iu ch bng cch in phn hn hp LiCl v KCl: * Rb v Cs c iu ch bng cch dung kim loi Ca kh cc clorua nhit cao v trong chn khng: 700o 2RbCl CaC2 + Ca C + CaCl2 + 2Rb CaCl2 + 2Cs 700o 2CsCl C 2C +

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM I. NATRI HIROXIT, NaOH. 1. Tnh cht b. Tnh cht vt l: Cht rn mu trng, ht m mnh, nhit nng chy tng i Tan tt trong nc v ru, qu trnh tan ta nhiu nhit. c. Tnh cht ha hc: thp 328oC.

L baz mnh( hay cn gi l kim hay cht n da), lm i mu cht ch th: lm qu tm ha xanh, phenolphtalein ha hng. Phn li hon ton trong nc. NaOHdd Na+dd + OHdd NaOH c y tnh cht ca mt hiroxit. Tc dng vi axit, oxit axit mui. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O NaOH + SiO2 Na2SiO3 (*) Lu : Phn ng (*) l phn ng n mn thy tinh (NaOH nhit nng chy) v th khi nu chy NaOH, ngi ta dng cc dng c bng st, niken hay bc. Khi tc dng vi axit v oxit axit trung bnh, yu th ty theo t l mol cc cht tham gia m mui thu c c th l mui axit, mui trung ha hay c hai. OH + CO2 HCO3 2OH + CO2 CO32 + H2O d bay hi: Tc dng vi mt s dung dch mui to baz khng tan, baz MgCl2 + NaOH NaCl + Mg(OH)2 NaOH + NH4Cl NH3 + NaCl +H2O 8

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II kim: Ngoi ra, NaOH cn c mt s tnh cht khc c trng ca

Tc dng vi kim loi Be, Al, Zn, Zn, Sb, Pb, Cr v oxit v hiroxit tng ng ca chng: 3 NaOH + Al + H2O NaAlO2 + 2H2 2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO2 + H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O Tc dng vi mt s phi kim nh Si, C, P, S, Halogen: Si + 2OH + H2O SiO32 + 2H2 C + NaOHnng chy 2Na + 2Na2CO3 + 3H2 4Ptrng + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2 Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O 3Cl2 + 6NaOH NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O 2. ng dng: Sn xut x phng, giy, t nhn to, tinh du thc vt v cc sn phm chng ct du m, ch phm nhum v dc phm nhum, lm kh kh v l thuc th rt thng dng trong phng th nghim. 3. iu ch: Nu cn mt lng nh, rt tinh khit, ngi ta cho kim loi kim tc dng vi nc: 1 Na + H2O NaOH + 2 H2 Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng phng php in phn dung dch NaCl: in phn dung dch c mng ngn, in phn dung dch c cc m lm bng thy ngn, in phn dung dch c mng bn thm. a. in phn dung dch c mng ngn: mng ngn lm bng bt ph aming tm nha cha flo. Cc dng: lm bng kim loi titan ph oxit kim loi ruteni, titan, coban(trc y lm bng than ch). 2Cl Cl2 +2e 9

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Cc m: 2H2O + 2e H2 + OH Phng trnh phn ng tng qut: pdd 2NaCl + H2O C MN 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

b. in phn dung dch c cc m lm bng thy ngn: Qu trnh xy ra nh trn. u im ca phng php: tinh khit ca NaOH cao hn. Nhc im: Hg rt c m cn rt nhiu Hg. c. in phn dung dch c mng bn thm: Mng bn thm l mng lm bng polime hu c. Qu trnh in phn xy ra nh trn. u im : + tinh khit cao (cao nht trong 3 phng php) + Khng gy nhim mi trng v khng c hi nh 2 phng php trn. 10

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II + Gi thnh thp. II. Natri Hidrocacbonat v Natri cacbonat(NaHCO3, Na2CO3 ): 1. NaHCO3 : a. Tnh cht : Tinh th mu trng , tan va phi trong nc (1l g nc tan c 70g NaHCO3 0oC) B phn hyo nhit : t 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Tnh lng tnh : Ion HCO3- va cho, va nhn proton. HCO3- + H+ H2O +CO2 HCO3- + OH- CO32- +H2O mui NaHCO3 c tnh lng tnh l do tnh cht ca ion HCO3- (tnh baz chim u th ) b. ng dng : NaHCO3 c dng trong y khoa cha bnh d dy v rut do tha axit, d tiu, cha chng nn ma , gii c axit. Trong cng nghip thc phm lm bt n gy xp cho cc loi bnh . c. iu ch : Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 2. Na2CO3 : a. Tnh cht : 851oC. Natricacbonat (hay soda) l cht bt mu trng , ht m v t onc = D tan trong nc v ta nhiu nhit . Tc c vi axit : CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O Mui Na2CO3 c tnh baz (c CO32-) b. ng dng : Nguyn liu trong Cng nghip sn xut thy tinh, x phng , giy dt v iu ch mui khc. 11

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II loi. Ty sch vt m bm trn chi tit my trc khi sn , trng kim Cng nghip sn xut cht ty ra. c. iu ch : bng phng php Xonvay L phng php amoniac do k s ngi B l Xonvay (e.Solvay,1838 1922) ra nm 2864. Phng php ny da ch yu vo phn ng ha hc : NaCl + NH4HCO3 NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

y l mt phn ng thun nghch, c bn cht u tan trong nc nhng NaHCO3 hn t tan hn. 20oC tan (trong 100g nc) ca NaHCO3 l 10g; ca NH4HCO3 l 21,5g; ca NaCl v NH4Cl cn ln hn na. Thc t trong cng nghip ngi ta cho kh NH3 ri kh CO2 i qua dung dch NaCl bo ha : NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2 NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

Lc tch NaHCO3 ra v un nng chuyn thnh Na2CO3 khan.Qu trnh ny gii phng mt na lng CO 2 s dng. Kh CO2 ny c a li vo qu trnh sn xut. Ch ha sn phm ph NH 4Cl vi vi ti ti sinh khi NH3 v a vo qu trnh sn xut. Trong khi nung vi, kh CO2 gii phng cng c a vo qu trnh sn xut. Nh vy t nhng nguyn liu ban u l NaCl v CaCO3 phng php Xonvay cho php iu ch nhng sn phm l Na2CO3 v CaCl2 m v mt l thuyt phn ng : 2NaCl + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaCl2 khng th thc hin c.

III. 1. Trng thi t nhin:

NATRI CLORUA, NaCl:

NaCl l hp cht rt ph bin trong thin nhin. N c trong nc bin (khong 3% v khi lng), nc ca h nc mn v trong khong vt halit (gi l mui m). Nhng m mui ln c lp mui dy ti hng trm, hng ngn mt. Ngi ta thng khai tc mui t m bng phng php ngm, ngha l qua cc l khoan dng nc ha tan mui ngm di lng t ri bm dung dch ln kt tinh mui n. C c nc bin bng cch un nng hoc phi nng t nhin, ngi ta c th kt tinh mui n. 12


2. Tnh cht: Tnh cht vt l: L hp cht ion c dng mng li lp phng tm din. tinh th NaCl khng c mu v hon ton trong sut. 1454oC. Nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, tonc= 800oC, tos=

D tan trong nc v tan khng bin i nhiu theo nhit nn khng d tinh ch bng cch kt tinh li. Nhit , oC tan ca NaCl g/100g nc 0 35.6 10 35.7 20 35.8 30 36.7 50 37.5 70 37.5 90 38.5 100 39.1

tan ca NaCl trong nc gim xung khi c mt NaOH, HCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta sc kh HCl vo dung dch mui n bo ha iu ch NaCl tinh khit. Tnh cht ha hc: Khc vi cc mui khc, NaCl khng phn ng vi kim loi, axit, baz iu kin thng. NaCl + Al NaCl + H2SO4 NaCl + Ca(OH)2 Tuy nhin, NaCl vn phn ng vi mt mui: NaCl + AgNO3 NaNO3 + AgCl

trng thi rn, NaCl phn ng vi H2SO4 m c HCl (phn ng sn xut HCl, nhng hin nay rt t dng v phng php to ra nhiu kh c hi, gy nguy him ti h sinh thi, nhim mi trng). 250oC NaCl + H2SO4 o NaHSO4 + HCl400 C

2NaCl + H2SO4

Na2SO4 + 2HCl 13

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II 3. ng dng: in phn dung dch NaCl: pdd 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 2NaCl + 2H2O C MN

L nguyn liu iu ch Na, Cl2, HCl, NaOH v hu ht cc hp cht quan trng khc ca natri. Ngoi ra, NaCl cn c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh thc phm (mui n), nhum, thuc da v luyn kim.

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II KIM LOI KIM TH I. V TR CU TO: 1) V tr ca kim loi kim th trong bng tun hon: Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon; trong mt chu k, kim th ng sau kim loi kim. Kim loi kim th gm: Beri (Be); Magie (Mg); Canxi (Ca); Stronti ( Sr); Bari (Ba); Rai (Ra) (Rai l nguyn t phng x khng bn). Chng c gi l kim loi kim th v: + Cc oxit CaO, SrO, BaO, tan trong nc dd kim mnh. + Cc oxit kim loi c tan thp, bn nhit cao. l tnh cht m ngy xa cc nh gi kim thut gi l th (ngha l t). 2) Cu to v tnh cht ca kim loi kim th: Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Bn knh nguyn t (nm) m in Th in cc chun EM2+/M(V) Mng tinh th Be 0,089 1,57 -1,85 Mg 0,136 1450 1,31 -2,37 Ca 0,174 1150 1,00 -2,87 Sr 0,191 1060 0,95 -2,89 Ba 0,220 970 0,89 -2,90

[He]2s2 [Ne]3s2 [Ar]4s2 [Kr]5s2 [Xe]6s2

Nng lng ion ha I2 (kJ/mol) 1800

Lc phng

Lp phng tm Lp din phng tm khi

Nhn xt: Cu hnh electron: kim loi kim th l nhng nguyn t s. Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t c 2e phn lp ns2. Hai e ns2 d tch khi nguyn t (v chng xa ht nhn hn so vi nhng e khc trong nguyn t). Cc cation M2+ ca kim loi kim th c cu hnh e cua nguyn t kh him ng trc bng tun hon . Mg Mg2+ + 2e [Ne] [Ne]3s2

S oxi ha : cc ion kim loi kim th c in tch duy nht l 2+. V vy, trong cc hp cht, nguyn t kim loi kim c s oxi ha l +2. 15

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II * Lu : + Be to nn ch yu nhng hp cht trong lin kt gia Be vi cc nguyn t khc l lin kt cng ha tr. + Ca, Sr, Ba v Ra ch to nn hp cht ion. + Bng phng php nhiu x Rghen, ngi ta xc nh c rng trong mt s rt t hp cht kim loi kim th c th c s oxi ha +1. Th d : Trong hp cht CaCl c to nn t CaCl2 v Ca ( 1000C ) Th in cc chun : cc cp oxi ha kh M2+/M ca kim loi kim th u c th in cc chun rt m (v ion M2+ bn knh rt b , in tch ln v nhit hirat ha ca cc ion M2+ rt m gp 4 ln so vi kim loi kim cho nn th in cc rt m tung t kim loi kim). II. TNH CHT VT L : Nguyn t Nhit nng chy (C) Nhit si (C) Khi lng ring (g/cm3) cng (ly kim cng = 10) Nhn xt: Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp (tr Be) v bin i khng theo mt chiu. V cc nguyn t c cu trc tinh th khc nhau Be, Mg, Ca c mng li lc phng ; Ca v Sr c mng li lp phng tm din ; Ba lp phng tm khi. cng : kim loi kim th cng hn kim loi kim, nhng nhn chung kim loi kim th c cng thp ; cng gim dn t Be Ba (Be cng nht c th vch c thy tinh ; Ba ch hi cng hn ch). Khi lng ring : tng i nh, nh hn nhm (tr Ba). * Lu : Tr Be, Mg ; cc kim loi kim th t do v hp cht d bay hi, chy khi a vo ngn la khng mu, lm cho ngn la c mu c trng. Ca : mu da cam Sr : mu son Ba : mu lc hi vng. 16 Mu sc : kim loi kim th c mu trng bc hoc xm nht. Mt s tnh cht vt l quan trng ca kim loi kim th : Be 1280 2770 1,85 Mg 650 1110 1,74 2,0 Ca 838 1440 1,55 1,5 Sr 768 1380 2,6 1,8 Ba 714 1640 3,5

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II III. TNH CHT HO HC: Cc kim loi kim th c tnh kh mnh, yu hn so vi kim loi kim. Tnh kh ca cc kim loi kim th tng t Be Ba. 1) Tc dng vi phi kim : Khi t nng trong khng kh, cc kim loi kim th u bc chy to oxit, phn ng pht ra nhiu nhit. to V d : 2Mg + O2 2MgO H=-610 KJ/mol Trong khng kh m Ca, Sr, Ba to nn lp cacbonat (phn ng vi khng kh nh oxi) cho nn cn ct gi cc kim loi ny trong bnh rt kn hoc du ha khan. Khi un nng, tt c cc kim loi kim th tng tc mnh lit vi halogen, nit, lu hunh, photpho, cacbon, silic. to Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 o Mg + Si Mg2Si Do c i lc ln hn oxi, khi un nng cc kim loi kim th kh c nhiu oxit bn (B2O3, CO2, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3,). 2Be + TiO2 2BeO + Ti 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C 2) Tc dng vi axit: (EM2+/M t Cc kim loi kim th u c th in cc chun rt mt

-2,90V -1,85V) v vy chng u kh c H+ trong cc dd axit ( H2SO4 long HCl) to kh hiro. Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2 3) Tc dng vi nc: baz: Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng vi nc nhit thng to dung dch Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, tan chm trong nc nng to thnh MgO. Mg + H2O MgO + H2 Be khng tan trong nc d nhit cao v c lp oxit bn bo v. Nhng Be c th tan trong dung dch kim mnh hoc kim nng chy to berilat: 17

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Be + 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2 Be + 2NaOH(nng chy) Na2BeO2 + H2 IV. NG DNG V IU CH 1) ng dng: hi cao, bn, Kim loi Be: lm cht ph gia ch to hp kim c tnh n chc, khng b n mn.

Kim loi Ca: dng lm cht kh tch oxi, lu hunh ra khi thp, lm kh 1 s hp cht hu c. Kim loi Mg c nhiu ng dng hn c: to hp kim c tnh cng, nh, bn ch to my bay, tn la, t Mg cn c dng tng hp nhiu hp cht hu c. Bt Mg trn vi cht oxi ha dng ch to cht chiu sng ban m dng trong pho sng, my nh. 2) iu ch kim loi kim th: cc hp cht. V d: Trong t nhin, kim loi kim th ch tn ti dng ion M2+ trong Phng php c bn l in phn mui nng chy ca chng. CaCl2 Ca + Cl2 MgCl2 Mg + Cl2 Mt s phng php khc: + Dng than cc kh MgO; CaO t olomit bng febositic (hp cht Si v Fe ) nhit cao v trong chn khng. MgO + C Mg + CO CaO + 2MgO + Si 2Mg + CaO.SiO2 + Dng nhm hay magie kh mui ca Ca, Sr, Ba trong chn khng 1100C1200C. 2Al + 4CaO CaO.Al2O3 + 3Ca 2Al + 4SrO SrO. Al2O3 + 3Sr 2Al + 4BaO BaO. Al2O3 + 3Ba

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOAI KIM TH I. Nhng hiroxit M(OH)2 ca cc kim loi kim th: 1) Tnh cht: Cc hiroxit M(OH)2 khan u dng mu trng. Tnh tan: Be(OH)2; Mg(OH)2 rt t tan trong nc. Ca(OH)2 tng i t tan ( 0,12g/100g H2O). Cc hiroxit cn li tan nhiu trong nc. bn nhit ca hiroxit tng t BeBa: Mg(OH)2 mt nc 150C; Ba(OH)2 mt nc 1000C to thnh oxit. Tnh baz: Be(OH)2 l baz rt yu, Mg(OH)2 l baz trung bnh, Ca(OH)2; Ba(OH)2; Sr(OH)2 l baz mnh. Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH2) ng dng: Hp cht hidroxit kim loi kim th Ca(OH)2 ng dng rng ri hn c :trn va xy nh, kh chua t trng, sn xut cloruavi dng ty trng v kh trng. II. CanxiCacbonat :CaCO3 1) Tnh cht: Canxi cacbonat l cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong nc ( 25 C: 0,00013g/100g H2O) tan nhiu hn trong nc cha amoniclorua; khi un si vi dung dch amonclorua;o CaCO3 phn hy hon ton. CaCO3 + 2NH4Cl CaCl2 + 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 tan ca CaCO3 trong nc cha kh CO2 tng ln: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Khi tip xc vi khng kh hoc un nng nc, hirocacbonat s mt CO2 Cacbonat khng tan. ot t

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Gii thch hin tng: n mn vi trong t nhin to thnh thch nh trong hang ng, nc sng thng cha Ca(HCO3)2; s to thnh lp cn CaCO3 trong m un nc, phch ng nc nng Caxicacbonat phn hy nhit cao: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 (900C) nhit cao, CaCO3 tng tc vi cc oxit axit nh: SiO2, Al2O3, NO2,.hay NH3. CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 ( nhit cao) CaCO3 + 2NH3 CaCN2 + 3H2O ( nhit cao) Canxicacbonat l mui ca axit yu v khng bn, nn tc dng c vi nhiu axit hu x v v c. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2 2) ng dng

c dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip (thy tinh, xi mng, gang, thp..) Vt liu chu nhit iu ch CaC2 Cht lm kh iu ch NaOH trong PTN. Thuc th nhn bit CO2

CaCO3 CO2 CaO +H2O Ca(OH)2 To nc gii kht c ga. Bnh cu ha. Nc kh

Kh chua t trng trt

Nguyn liu cho sn xut vt liu xy dng, cht ty trng, st trng (clorua vi)

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II III. Canxisunfat CaSO4 1) Tnh cht: H2O). thng. L cht rn mu trng tan t trong nc ( 25C tan 0,15g/100g Ty theo lng nc kt tinh trong mui sunfat, ta c 3 loi: CaSO4.2H2O : thch cao sng trong t nhin, bn nhit CaSO4.H2O hoc CaSO4.0,5H2O : thch cao nung ( hemihirat) CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.0,5H2O + 1,5H2O (125C) un nng 200C; thch cao nung thnh thch cao khan. CaSO4.0,5H2O CaSO4 + 0,5H2O (200C)

CaSO4: khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi nc, ch phn hy nhit rt cao. 2CaSO4 2CaO + 2SO2 + O2 ( 960C) 2) ng dng: Thch cao nung c th kt hp vi nc tao thnh thch cao sng v khi ng cng th gin n th tch, do vy thch cao rt n khun. Thch cao nung thng c c tng, c cc mu chi tit tinh vi dng trang tr ni tht, lm phn vit bng, b bt khi gy xng... IV. Nc cng: 1) Nc cng l g? Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu cation Ca2+, Mg2+. Nc cha t hoc khng cha cc ion trn c gi l nc mm. 2) Phn loi: Cn c vo thnh phn cc anion gc axit c trong nc cng, ngi ta chia nc cng ra 3 loi: a. Nc cng tm thi: Tnh cng tm thi ca nc cng l do cc mui Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 gy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 Ca2+ + 2HCO3 Go l tm thi v cng s mt i khi un si: 21 Thch cao sng dng sn xut xi mng.

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II M(HCO3)2 MCO3 + CO2 + H2O b. Nc cng vnh cu: Tnh cng vnh cu ca nc l do cc mui CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4 gy ra,gi l vnh cu v khi un nng mui s khng phn hy: CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2ClMgCl2 Mg2+ + 2ClCaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42MgSO4 Mg2+ + SO42 Nc t nhin thng c c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu. c. Nc c tnh cng ton phn: L nc c c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu. 3) Tc hi ca nc cng: * V mt i sng thng ngy: Git o qun bng x phng (natri stearat C17H35COONa) trong nc cng s to ra mui khng tan l canxi stearat (C17H35COO)2Ca, cht ny bn trn vi si, lm cho qun o mau mc nt. 2C17H35COONa +MCl2 (C17H35COO)2M +2NaCl Nc cng lm cho x phng c t bt, gim kh nng ty ra. Nu dng nc cng nu thc n, s lm cho thc phm lu chn v gim mi v do phn ng ca cc ion v cc cht trong thc phm. * V mt sn xut cng nghip: Khi un nng, y ni hay ng dn nc nng s gy ra lp cn km dn nhit lm hao tn cht t ,gy n ni hi v tt nghn ng dn nc nng (khng an ton).. quan trng. Lm hng nhiu dung dch cn pha ch. V vy, vic lm mm nc cng trc khi dng c y ngha rt

3) Cc phng php lm mm nc cng: 22

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Nguyn tc lm mm nc cng l gim nng cc cation 2+ 2+ Ca ,Mg trong nc cng. a. Phng php kt ta: i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi un si nc c tnh cng tm thi trc khi dng, mui hirocacbonat chuyn thnh mui cacbonat khng tan: to Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2Oto

Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O Lc b kt ta c nc mm. Dng mt khi lng va dung dch Ca(OH)2,Na2CO3 trung ha mui hirocacbonat thnh mui cacbonat kt ta. Lc b cht khng tan, c nc mm: Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Mg(HCO3)2 +2Ca(OH)2Mg(OH)2 +2CaCO3 +2H2O M(HCO3)2 +Na2CO3MCO3 +2NaHCO3 i vi nc c tnh cng vnh cu Dng dung dch Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 v dung dch Na3PO4 lm mm nc cng: Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 3Ca2+ + 2PO43- Ca3(PO4)2 Mg2+ + CO32- + Ca2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3 b. Phng php trao i ion: Phng php trao i ion c dng ph bin lm mm nc. Phng php ny da trn kh nng trao i ion ca cc ht zeolit (cc alumino silicat kt tinh, c trong t nhin hoc c tng hp, trong tinh th c cha nhng l trng nh) hoc nha trao i ion. Th d: Cho nc cng i qua cht trao i ion l cc ht zeolit th s mol ion Na+ ca zeolit ri khi mng tinh th, i vo trong nc nhng ch cho cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ b gi li trong mng tinh th silicat. 23

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II NHM I. V TR V CU TO: 1. V tr ca nhm trong bng tun hon: Nhm c s hiu nguyn t 13, thuc nhm IIIA, chu k 3. Trong nhm ng sau phi kim Bo(B). Trong chu k ng sau kim loi magie(Mg) v trc phi kim silic(Si). 2. din. Cu to ca nhm Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p1,c 3e ha tri(3s23p1). Al l nguyn t p. Nng lng ion ha: I3 : I2 = 2744 : 1816 = 1,5 : 1. m in: nguyn t Al c gi tr m in l 1,61. S oxh : trong hp cht, nguyn t Al c s oxh bn l +3. Mng tinh th: nhm c cu to kiu mng lp phng tm

II. TNH CHT VT L Nhm l kim loi mu trng bc, mm, d ko si v dt mng. C th dt mng c,l nhm mng 0,01mm. Nhm l kim loi nh (2,7g/cm3), nng chy 660oC. Nhm dn in v nhit tt. dn nhit bng 2/3 ng nhng li nh hn ng(8,92g/cm3) 3 ln. dn in ca nhm hn st 3 ln. III. TNH CHT HA HC Nhm c th in cc chun nh so vi nhiu kim loi khc( E=-1,66V). cng. hc sau: 1. Tc dng vi phi kim 24 Nhm c nng lng ion ha thp v nhm c 3e lp ngoi

Nhm c tnh kh mnh. Tnh kh ca nhm yu hn cc kim loi kim v kim th. Tnh kh mnh ca nhm c th hin qua cc phn ng ha

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Nhm tc dng mnh lit vi cc phi kim, in hnh l vi cc halogen, oxi, lu hunh Phn ng vi cc halogen Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen 2Al + 3X2 V d: 2Al + 3Cl2 Phn ng vi oxi: 2AlCl3 2AlX3 (X= F, Cl, Br ,I)

Bt nhm chy trong khng kh cho ngn la sng chi v pht ra mt nhit lng ln to ra nhm oxit v mt lng nh nitrua: 4Al + 3O2 2Al + N2 2Al2O3 2AlN Ho = -(2 x 1675,7kJ)

Nhm phn ng vi oxi to ra mt mng oxit mng (khng qu 10-6 cm) ngn cn khng cho oxi tc dng su hn, mng oxit ny li rt c kht khng thm nc, v vy n bo v cho nhm chng c s n mn. 2. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi: nhit cao, Al kh c nhiu oxit kim loi nh ( Fe2O3, Cr2O3,CuO) thnh kim loi t do. V d 1: phn ng gia bt nhm v st oxit. 2Al + Fe2O3 2Al + Cr2O3 chy. 2Fe + Al2O3 Ho = -(2 x 252kJ). 2Cr + Al2O3 V d 2: phn ng gia bt nhm v crom oxit. Nhit ca phn ng ln ti gn 3000oC lm nhm oxit nng

Do phn ng ca Al vi oxit kim loi gi l phn ng nhit nhm. 3. Tc dng vi nc. Th in cc ca hidro pH = 7 (E = -0,41V) cao hn so vi th in cc chun ca nhm (E ) nn nhm c th kh c nc, gii phng kh hidro: Al3+ (aq) + 3e H2O + e 2Al(r) + 6H2O Al(r) Eo = -1,66V H2 + OH- Eo = -0,41V 2Al(OH)3(r) + 3H2(k)

Phn ng nhanh chng ngng li v lp Al(OH)3 khng tan trong nc ngn cn khng cho nhm tip xc vi nc. 25

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II 4.Tc dng vi axit. Th in cc chun ca nhm (E = -1,66V) nh hn kim loi nhm kh d dng ion H+ ca dung dch axit, nh HCl v H2SO4 long, gii phng H2: Al3+ (aq) + 3e 6H+(aq) + 6e 2Al(r) + 6H+ (aq) 2Al + 6HCl trong V d: Al(r) Eo = -1,66V 3 H2(k) Eo = 0,00V 2Al3+ (aq) + 3H2(k) 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Nhm kh trong HNO3 dung dch long hoc c, nng v

H2SO4 dung dch c, nng xung s oxh thp hn: Al + 4HNO3long 2Al + 6H2SO4c to to Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Nhm khng tc dng vi H2SO4 v HNO3 c, ngui. Nhng axit ny oxi ha b mt kim loi to thnh mt mng oxit c tnh tr, lm cho nhm th ng. Nhm th ng s khng tc dng vi cc dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long. 5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim Nhm b ha tan trong dung dch kim nh NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Hin tng ny c gii thch nh sau: kim: Trc ht, mng bo v l Al2O3 b ph hy trong dung dch Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Al + 6H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH 2Na[Al(OH)4] (1) 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (2) Na[Al(OH)4] (3)

Tip n, kim loi nhm kh H2O: Mng Al(OH)3 b ph hy trong dung dch baz:

Cc phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra lun phin nhau cho n khi nhm b ha tan ht. C th vit gn thnh: 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O IV. NG DNG V SN XUT 1. ng dng 26 2Na[Al(OH)4] (dd) + 3H2

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Nhm c nhiu u im nhng v n kh mm li km dai nn ngi ta thng ch to hp kim nhm vi magie, ng, silic tng bn. Sau y l vi hp kim v ng dng ca n: + ura (95% Al, 4%Cu, 1%Mg, Mn, Si). Hp kim ura nh bng thp, cng gn nh thp. + + Silumin (~90% Al, 10%Si): nh, bn. Almelec (98,5% Al. cn li l Mg, Si, Fe) dng lm dy cp.

Hp kim electron (10,5% Al, 83,3% Mg, cn li l Zn, Mn), hp kim ny ch nng bng 65% Al li bn hn thp, chu c s thay i t ngt nhit trong mt gii hn ln nn c dng lm v tn la. Nhm c dng ch to cc thit b trao i nhit v dng c nu n gia nh, nhm cn c dng l khung ca v trang tr ni tht. Bt nhm dng ch to hn hp tecmit (hn hp bt Al v Fe2O3), c dng hn ng ray, 2. Trng thi t nhin v sn xut 2.1 Trng thi t nhin. trong qu t. Trong t nhin nhm chim khong 5,5% tng s nguyn t

Phn ln tp trung vo cc alumosilicat, v d nh orthoclazo(K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2), mica (K2O.2H2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2). nefelin [(Na,K)2O.Al2O3.2SiO2]. Hai khong vt quan trng i vi cng nghip ca nhm l boxit(Al2O3.xH2O) v criolit(Na3[AlF6]). Boxit c hm lng ln nhiu tnh nh Lng Sn, H Tuyn, Sn La, Lai Chu,Hi Hng, Ngh Tnh, Lm ng. 2.2 Sn xut. Trc th k XIX, nhm c sn xut bng cch dng kim loi kim kh mui nhm clorua khan(AlCl3) hoc mui natri tetracloroaluminat(NaAlCl4) trng thi nng chy: AlCl3 + 3Na NaAlCl4 + 3Na Al + 3NaCl Al + 4NaCl

Nhng do gi thnh cao nn phng php ny khng c s dng rng ri.

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Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II n thp nin 80 ca th k XIX, nhm c sn xut bng phng php in phn nng chy Al2O3. Qu trnh in phn gm hai cng on: Cng on 1: tinh ch qung boxit v iu ch Criolit Ngoi thnh phn chnh l Al2O3.2H2O, trong qung boxit cn c tp cht l SiO2 v Fe2O3. Bng phng php ha hc ngi ta loi b cc tp cht c Al2O3 nguyn cht.

Bxit (Al2O3 Ln nhiu Tp cht)

My nghin

Lc, loi b Fe2O3 v nhng cht khng tan khc. +dd NaOH

nc lc cha ion Al(OH) v SiO B phn ng (vi CO2 thm vo) Lc thu Al(OH)3 Nung phn hy Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3

Al2O3 nguyn cht Do Criolit trong thin nhin kh him nn c iu ch bng cc ha tan Al(OH)3v Na2CO3 trong dung dch HF: 2Al(OH)3 + 12HF + 3Na2CO3 2Na3[AlF6] + 9H2O +2CO2 Cng on 2: in phn Al2O3 nng chy: Al2O3 nng chy 2050oC. Ngi ta trn n vi criolit (Na3AlF6). Hn hp ny nng chy khong 900oC.Vic lm ny c ngha tit kim nng lng v to c cht lng dn in tt, hn hp ny nh nn ni ln trn mt ngn cn Al nng chy khng b oxi ha trong khng kh. Thng in phn c cu to: Cc m l tm than ch y thng. Cc dng l nhng khi than ch c th chuyn ng theo phng thng ng. + cc m xy ra qu trnh oxh Al3+ thnh kim loi Al: 28

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Al3+ +3e Al + cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh O2- thnh O2: 2O2O2 + 4e +Phng trnh in phn Al2O3 nng chy: pnc 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 Kh oxi sinh ra cc dng t chy dn dn than ch sinh ra CO2 v CO. Do vy trong qu trnh in phn phi h thp dn cc dng vo thng in phn. Sn phm thu c kh tinh khit v c hm lng vo khong 99,4 - 99,8%. in phn ln hai c th n hm lng 99,9998%. HP CHT CA NHM I. Nhm oxit Al2O3 1. Tnh cht vt l: Al2O3 l cht rn mu trng, chu nhit rt tt, rt cng, khng tan trong nc. Trong t nhin tn ti c dng ngm nc nh Al2O3.2H2O v dng khan nh emeri, corinon c cng cao. Al2O3 tn ti nhiu dng th hnh khc nhau(di dng polime), c cu trc tinh th kh nhau v ph tuc vo iu kin iu ch nh cc dng -, -, , , Trong c dng Al2O3 (cht rn mng phn t, tinh th hnh mt thoi) oc coi l bn nht. Dng th hnh nguyn cht l nhng tinh th trong sut, khng ln mu ca cc loi qu: mu ngc rubi (tp cht Cr2+, mu xanh ngc xaphia (tp cht Fe3+ v Ti4+). 2. Tnh cht ha hc: a. Tnh bn: Ion Al3+ c in tch ln(3+) v bn knh nh(0.048nm), bng bn knh ion Na+ nn lc ht gia ion Al3+ v ion O2 rt mnh, to ra lin kt rt bn vng. V th Al2O3 c nhit nng chy rt cao(2050oC) v rt kh b kh thnh kim loi Al. a. Tnh lng tnh: Va tc dng vi dung dch kim, va tc dng vi dung dch axit. AL2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O 29

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II V rt bn nn Al2O3 rt kh b kh thnh kim loi: Kh Al2O3 bng C khng cho Al m thu c AL4C3: t>2000oC Al2O3 + 9C Al4C3 + 6CO Al2O3 khng tc dng vi H2, CO bt k nhit no. 3. ng dng: iu ch qu nhn to bng cch nu chy Al 2O3 vi mt lng nh oxt ca kim loi to mu trong ngn la hiro oxi hoc h quang ri cho kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th ln. Nhng qu ny trong sut, lp lnh v c mu rt p nn c dung lm trang sc. Tinh th Al2O3 cn c dng ch to cc chi tit trong cc ngnh k thut chnh xc nh chn knh ng h, thit b pht tia laze, Bt Al2O3 c cng cao(emeri) c dng lm vt liu mi. Phn ch yu nhm oxit c dng iu ch nhm. Ngoi ra, Al2O3 cn c dng lm vt liu chu la: chn nung, ng nung v lp lt trong cc l in. Nhm oxit tinh khit cn c dng lm ximng tram rng. 4. iu ch: Trong cng nghip, Al2O3 c iu ch bng cch nung Al(OH)3 nhit cao 1200 1400oC: 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O II. Nhm hiroxit Al(OH)3: 1. Tnh cht: L hp cht mu trng, kt ta keo, khng tan trong nc, khng bn nhit. D b nhit phn thnh nhm oxit: 2Al(OH)3 Tnh lng tnh: Ta bit: Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O Pt ion: Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]30 to Al2O3 + 3H2O

Trng THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh Lp 11 Ha_Nhm II Al(OH)3 va th hin tnh baz (khi tc dng vi dung dch axt), va th hin th axt (khi tc dng vi dung dch kim). nh vy Al(OH)3 l mt cht lng tnh. Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 H3AlO3 HAlO2.H2O AlO-2+ H3O+ Nu theo quan nim to phc th:

[Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH- [Al(OH)3(H2O)3] + 3H2O H3[Al(OH)6] + 3H2O [Al(OH)6]3- +3H3O+ 2. iu ch: Mui nhm tc dng vi dung dch kim (va ): AlCl3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + NaCl Nu d: Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O thu c kt ta trn vn: 2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl T mui NaAlO2: 2NaAlO2 + CO2 + 3H2O 2 Al(OH)3 + Na2CO3 NaAlO2 + CH3COOH + H2O Al(OH)3 + CH3COONa NaAlO2 + HClv + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl

III. Nhm sunfat v phn chua: Nhm sunfat Al2SO4 l cht bt mu trng, b phn hy nhit trn 770oC. Nhm sunfat kt hp vi kim loi kim to thnh loi mui gi l phn nhm, m quan trng nht l phn chua K2SO4.Al2SO4.24H2O. Phn chua c dng tinh th, khng mu, c v hi chua v cht. Phn chua c dng nhiu trong cng nghip giy, nhum, thuc da v nh trong nc. Nhng cng dng ny u xut pht t s thy phn kh mnh trong nc ca mui nhm to thnh nhm hiroxit: KAl(SO4)2.12H2OK+ +Al3+ +2SO42- +12H2O Al3+ +3H2O Al(OH)3+ 3H+ + Khi nhum vi, hiroxit c si vi hp ph v gi cht trn si s kt hp vi phm nhum to thnh mu bn, nn n c gi l cht cn mu. + Tc dng nh trong nc cng l do hiroxit gy ra, n ko cc cht bay l lng trong nc cng lng xung. + Trong cng nghip giy, nhm sunfat v phn nhm c cho vo bt giy cng vi mui n. Nhm clorua c to nn do phn ng trao i, b thy phn mnh hn nn cho hiroxit. Hiroxit ny s kt dnh cc phn t xenluloz vi nhau lm giy khng b nhe mc khi vit. 31


BI TPBI TP TRC NGHIM: Bi tp v kim loi kim v h/c ca kim loi kim: Cu 1: Ly 35,1g NaCl ha tan vo 244,9 g H2O sau in phn dung dch vi in cc tr c mng ngn cho ti khi catot thot ra 1,5 gam kh th dng li. Nng cht tan c trong dung dch sau in phn l: A.9,2% B.9,6% C.10% D.10,2% Cu 2: in phn dung dch NaCl, dng in cc tr, c vch ngn, thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 13. Nu tip tc in phn 200 ml dung dch ny cho n ht kh Clo thot ra anot th cn thi gian 386 giy, cng dng in 2 A. Hiu sut in phn 100%. Lng mui n c trong dung dch lc u l bao nhiu gam? A. 2,808 gam B.1,638 gam C. 1,17 gam D. 1,404 gam Cu 3: in phn mt dung dch NaCl 4M c mng ngn, th tch dd l 1 lt cho n khi c 1 dd c nng NaOH l 8% (th tch dd vn l 1 lt), dd NaOH c d = 1,2g/ml.Th tch (ktc) mi kh thu c mi in cc l: A.26,88 l B.13,44 l C.11,2 l D.22,4 l Cu 4: in phn 1 lt dung dch NaCl 0,1M vi in cc tr, c mng ngn vi cng I = 19,3 A trong 6 pht 40s. pH ca dd thu c l: A.12 B.13 C.11,2 D.12,9 Cu 5: in phn 200ml dung dch NaCl 2M (d = 1,1g/ml) vi anot bng than, c mng ngn xp v dung dch lun lun c khuy u. Th tch kh thot ra catot l 22,4l (200C,1atm) th ngng in phn. Nng cht tan c trong dung dch sau in phn l: A.15,4% B.14,7% C.8,32% D.11,9% Cu 6: Thm 250ml dd NaOH 2M vo 200ml dd H3PO4 1,5M. Mui to thnh v khi lng tng ng l: A.14,2g Na2HPO4 ; 32,8g Na3PO4. B. 28,4 Na2HPO4 ; 16,4 Na3PO4. C. 12g NaH2PO4; 28,4 Na2HPO4. D. 24g Na2HPO4 ; 14,2 Na2HPO4. Cu 7: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dd cha b mol H3PO4 sinh ra hn hp Na2HPO4 + Na3PO4.T s a/b l: A.1< a/b < 2 B.a/b 3 C.2

Chuyen de Kim Loai Kiem Kiem Tho Va Nhom

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