Churches of Chernigiv2

8/9/2019 Churches of Chernigiv2

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Ancient Churches of Dytynets

Some believe the city was named after itsfounder, the warrior Cherniga. Localsprefer the romantic legend about a girlwho threw herself out a window ratherthan be forced to marry against her will.Her father, Prince Chornyy, was allegedlythe founder of the town and was buriedthere in the Chorna Grave.Most ofChernigivs architectural sites are found inDytynets, an historical area in the centre

of town. The earliest settlements appeared at the beginning of the firstmillennium, and in the 8th-12th centuries, the towns fortifications came intobeing. On the east, Dytynets borders the Desna beside what is known as the

Ramparts, where there are still twelve old cannons once used for the citysdefense. The citys historical treasure is the 11th-century Church of theTransfiguration of Our Saviour. One of the oldest cathedrals of the Kyivan Rus,it was built by the legendary Prince Mstislav the Brave, whose remains werelaid to rest there, along with the remains of Prince Igor and Prince Svyatoslav.The weapons of the Kyiv princes and the battle colours of Chernigivs Cossackregiments are also preserved there. The Cathedral of St Boris and St Glib, alsoin Dytynets, was built in the 12th century on the foundations of an even earlierbuilding. The Tsars Gates, built at the beginning of the 18th century by the

order of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, still stand there, and the cathedral itself housesan architectural exposition. The 18th-century St Katherines Church nearDytynets is considered the symbol of Chernigiv. It houses the oblasts Museumof Folk and Decorative Art (tel.: 0462-43-236).The Chernigiv area is a prize catch for researchers, since the Mezinskaexcavation site is unrivalled in the world. About 20 thousandyears ago, people of the late Palaeolithic period lived inthe few primitive shelters there. Tools made from the localchalky flint along with interesting works of ancient art,such as a bracelet made from mammoth ivory, femalefigurines and pendants were found at the site. Theseartefacts are on display in the Chernigiv V.V. TarnovskyHistorical Museum (4 Gorky St., tel.: 0462-17-66-50, 17-67-93). But the most interesting exhibits are a noisy braceletsimilar to a castanet and six mammoth bones decoratedwith patterns that represent the worlds only remnants of aPalaeolithic percussion orchestra! By analysing the impact patterns on thebones, experts have even been able to reconstruct the music composed in thoseprehistoric times.

Secrets of the Chernigiv Caves


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The most mystic and visited place in Chernigiv are the legendary StAnthonysCaves at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery (92 Tolstoy St.), one of the oldestremnants from the times of the Kyivan Rus. In 1069 the founder of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, St Anthony of the Kyiv Caves, visited Chernigiv. Later amonastery was built there, and the famous St Elias Church appeared in the12th century.For many centuries the monks dug catacombs until an underground

complex appeared. These catacombs have been the site of many phenomenafor which there is no scientific explanation. In the 1960s, members ofarchaeological expeditions claimed to hear strange sounds and to smell thearoma of burning incense, and they often reported feeling that someone wasbreathing down the backs of their necks. In 1970, the famous Black Monk, anapparition in a long black robe, made his first appearance Most visitors to thecaves experience increased vitality, a feeling of euphoria and the correction ofabnormal heart rhythms, so from time immemorial, people from all overUkraine have travelled there to be cured of various ailments.Besides the caves,the Holy Trinity-St EliasMonastery boasts the Holy Trinity Cathedral (1679),where the relics of St Feodosy and St Lavrenty are kept, the Church of thePresentation with a refectory (1677) and a 58-metre bell tower that offers afascinating view of the city. No wonder these picturesque places have inspiredmany Ukrainian writers! From 1898 to 1913, the great writer MikhailoKotsyubinsky lived and worked in Chernigiv. A museum now occupies his houseon the street named after him. The author of Shades of Forgotten Ancestors isburied near St Anthonys Caves. Another prominent Ukrainian writer, LeonidGlibov, is buried at the Holy Trinity-St EliasMonastery.

From 1669 to 1708 and again from 1750 to 1764, the city of Baturin was theresidence of Hetmans Samoilovych and Mazepa andthe last Ukrainian hetman, Kyryl Rozumovsky. Theclassical palace (1799-1803) is dilapidated butfascinating. The museum of local lore and history(tel.: 04635-48-437) is also worth a visit, and you can

pay for a guided tour of the Rozumovsky family burialvault, the Church of the Resurrection.The KachanivkaHistory and Culture Reserve (tel.:04633-24-193) is open from March to September. Aunique collection that belonged to the Tarnovskys,an aristocratic family, was created at the end of the18th century and was completely restored in 1980.The museum has fragments of V. Tarnovsky Jrscollection, dedicated to Taras Shevchenko, who was afrequent guest of the family.

The Monastery of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour isthe point of greatest interest in Novgorod-Siversky, capital of the Siverskyprincipality in the mid 11th century. According to one account, it was founded in1033 by Prince Mstislav Vladymyrovych to thank God for victory over Kyivs


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Prince Yaroslav; according to another version, it was founded by Yaroslav theWise in 1036. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour (1785-1787)has a museum exposition called A Word Concerning Igors Regiment (PushkinSt., tel.: 04658-21-521).The partially preserved, 10th-century Yurievs House ofPrayer is the second most important monument of the Kyivan Rus period, afterSt Sophias Cathedral, and draws visitors to the city of Oster in the Kozelets

district.The first historical reference to the town of Nizhyn appeared in 1147. It wasonce the site of trade fairs, a Cossack community and a former Greek colony inUkraine. It is also home to the famous Nizhyn Teachers Training University,founded in 1820, where the great writer Mykola Gogol studied.

In the village of Sosnytsa in the Mensky district, visitors can see the logcabin where the great Ukrainian screenwriter and film producerAlexander Dovzhenko was born, as well as an exhibit about him in

the Literature and Memorial Museum (2 Dovzhenko St.; tel.: 04655-21-590).

The best way is by car along the Kyiv-Chernigiv road or by public transport vanfrom the Lisova metro station. The two-hour trip costs UAH10.UkraineInternational Airlines offers convenient,daily flights to Kyiv from almost eachcapital of Western Europe.For more information on flights schedules andticket reservations, please contact the UIA office in Kyiv at (+380 44) 581-5050, or visit the UIA website: www.flyUIA.com

Places to Stay and Relax

Slovyansky Hotel ComplexJust 200 metres from the citys main square with deluxe and semi-deluxesuites, single and double rooms with all amenities, a caf/bar, sauna, pool andparking.Address: Chernigiv,33 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 74-604Gradetsky Hotel

Chernigivs biggest hotel is a 10-minute walk from the centre and has deluxeand semi-deluxe suites, single and double rooms and probably the best cuisinein town.Address: Chernigiv, 68 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 45-025

Etoile CafeLocated on the Ramparts and verypopular with the locals, it offers theCourage disco, billiards, the Traffic Lightbowling alley and delicious, inexpensive

meals.Address: Chernigiv, 50 Pyatnitska St.,Tel.: (0462) 18-57-30Old Town TavernSituated on the towns main street, it
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Pachomius, Archbishop And Hieromartyr Of Chernigov

Archbishop Pachomius, in the world Peter Petrovich Kedrov, was born on

July 30, 1876 (according to another source, 1877) in Yaransk, Vyatkaprovince, in the family of a priest (according to another source, his father wasa psalm-reader). He was the elder brother of the holy hieroconfessorAbercius, bishop of Zhitomir. Another brother, Michael, taught theology at theKremenetz and Vilna seminaries in Poland between the wars. After theSecond World War he became a monk and was consecrated Bishop ofWraclaw, where he soon died.By nature Peter was serious, humble and meek, pensive and church-oriented. After preparatory theological training, he entered the Kazan

Theological Academy when Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) was rector. Hewas given the office of candle-lighter. Being a little too zealous in hisreligiousness, Peter decided to fulfil literally the Lord's command: 'If thy righteye offend thee, pluck it out' (Matthew 5.29), and one night he attempted to


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burn out his right eye with a candle. His roommate at this time was BasilMaximenko, the future confessor and archbishop of Jordanville. He wasawakened in the middle of the night by the grinding of teeth of his roommate,who was trying in this way to endure the pain. Seeing what had happened, heput up a cry and saved his friend's eye. However, the burns were so seriousthat it required surgery on the eyelid and eyebrow, and the scar remained for

the rest of his life.In 1898 he was tonsured into monasticism by Bishop Anthony, who took himwith him on his transfer to Volhynia. There Fr. Pachomius did missionarywork while residing in the Derman Monastery near the Pochayev Lavra. In1899 he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1900 graduated from theKazan Academy with the degree of candidate of theology. In 1905 he wasraised to the rank of archimandrite. In 1906 he became superior of theDerman monastery. On August 30, 1911 he was consecrated Bishop ofNovgorod-Seversky. In 1916 he became Bishop of Starodub, a vicariate of

the Chernigov diocese. In 1917 he became Bishop of Chernigov.In 1917-18 Vladyka Pachomius took part in the Local Council of the RussianOrthodox Church, and on October 30, 1917 delivered a report concerning theprocedure of electing the patriarch.When the White Army retreated and the Red Army took full control of Russia,the country was in total collapse, with transportation paralyzed. But this didnot stop Bishop Pachomius, who with his bishop's staff visited all thechurches of his diocese on foot! Since the left bank of the Dnieper River,according to the new administrative division, belonged to the Chernigov

diocese, he also had to visit the outskirts of Kiev, and so he visited the KievCaves Lavra also. Bishop Pachomius was also the abbot of a localmonastery, where he resided.At that time there lived in Chernigov the fool-for-Christ Michael the Blessed.In the world he had been a highly respected civil engineer. Once he wascommissioned to build a large bridge. The bridge was constructed accordingto his specifications. One day the bridge collapsed killing several people. Soprofoundly was the engineer struck by the news of this tragedy that he tookoff his expensive business suit and, putting on a long shirt, left his home

never to return. He became a fool-for-Christ's sake. He ate very little, hadalmost no place to sleep, knelt whole nights in prayer, and spoke very little,saying only: "Repent." The blessed Michael achieved great sanctity andfrequently visited Bishop Pachomius. When he died in 1922, the whole citylamented his righteous death and took part in the burial, which wasperformed by Bishop Pachomius with tears in his eyes.The same year the communist authorities made many attempts to arrest him.One day they stormed into the cathedral while the Divine Liturgy was beingcelebrated in order to arrest him on the spot. The crowd of believers,

however, thronged straight to the altar and prevented the arrest of theirbeloved archpastor for a time. But the GPU was not easily dissuaded from itsplan. The bishop had the habit of remaining for a long time in the altar afterthe service, and once, when only he and his cell-attendant remained, the


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GPU agents burst into the sanctuary and captured their holy victim. This wasthe first of many arrests of Bishop Pachomius. He was arrested and releasedtime and again. This continuous nightmare finally began to undermine thebishop's peace of soul.At about the same time, the communist authorities throughout the whole ofRussia began a blasphemous "investigation" of holy relics, opening the

shrines of many saints in an attempt to prove "scientifically" to the public thealleged falsity of the saints' incorruption. This movement produced frightfulspectacles of sacrilege, evoking enormous protests and resistance by thepeople, many of whom suffered imprisonment and banishment. But the"scientific investigators" were themselves put to shame, for they themselveshad to admit the incorruption of the relics, which they could not explainscientifically, and this was printed in all the newspapers. The believingOrthodox rejoiced at the outcome, but the authorities nevertheless did theirwork - they placed the saints' relics in anti-religious museums as "mummies".

This campaign caused some conscientious bishops even to die fromdesperate sorrow at the mockery of the saints, as happened with ArchbishopAnatolius of Irkutsk.Bishop Pachomius also had to suffer in this campaign. It was demanded thatthe relics of St. Theodosius of Chernigov be stripped and exposed to thepublic. Usually the atheistic commission of "scientists" would shake and tossthe relics, but Bishop Pachomius stood his ground, and, having put onepitrachelion and cuffs, did the unwrapping of the relics himself, sheddingpainful tears in the presence of a large crowd of believers, who also wept and

sobbed, seeing the communists would not leave even the dead alone. Thelater Archbishop Leontius of Chile, a close friend of Bishop Pachomius, haspreserved for us a rare photograph of the opening of the relics of St.Theodosius of Chernigov, showing the grieving Bishop Pachomius holdingthe relics and surrounded by his grief-stricken flock.After this the relics were confiscated, brought to Petrograd and exposed in ananti-religious museum together with dead rats and fossilized bones. But thebelievers, having bribed the guards, secretly served catacomb servicesbefore the relics in the middle of the night. Evidently in connection with this,

Bishop Pachomius was arrested.After his release in 1923 he could not return to his diocese, but found shelterin the St. Daniel Monastery in Moscow, whose abbot was the future martyr,Archbishop Theodore of Volokolamsk. On November 29, 1923 (according toother source: 1927 or 1929) he was raised to the rank of archbishop.According to one source, Vladyka Pachomius was in Kiev from 1923 to 1924without right of departure, and from 1924 to November, 1925 - in Moscowwithout right of departure. On December 10, 1925 he was arrested inMoscow in connection with the affair of Metropolitan Peter of Krutitsa, was

imprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow and was sentenced to three years'exile in the camps.According to one source, he was then (from June, 1926 to 1928) exiled to theZyryansk region. But according to another source he was exiled to Solovki,


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transferred to Mai-Gub on the Baltic-White Sea canal in 1928 and transferredagain to Zyryansk from 1928 to 1930.In 1927, Archbishop Pachomius and his brother, Archbishop Abercius, wrotean epistle attacking Metropolitan Sergius' traitrous "declaration". They wrote:"There can be no union between Church and State, when it has to do withour Orthodox Church and the Soviet Union, by reason of the fundamental

difference in the basic views of the two sides. The only thing that is possibleis a conditional agreement as to practical mutual relationships, solely on thefoundation of the principle of the separation of Church and State."In actual fact, can one even conceive of the Soviet State in union with theChurch? A State religion in an anti-religious State! A government Church inan atheist government! This is an absurdity; it contradicts the nature of theChurch and the Soviet State; this is unacceptable both for a sincerelyreligious person and for an honest atheist."Professor Nesterov relates that Archbishop Pachomius arrived at the camp

almost an invalid, with paralysis of the facial nerves. Because of his physicalweakness he could not be used in the building and was therefore sent in1932 to a camp for invalids at Kuzema. But even here he was sent out tophysical labour which was very difficult for him: carrying water, baking bread,etc.Professor Nesterov relates an incident from this period which is verycharacteristic of the archbishop. One of the imprisoned professors wasworking in the office of the Kuzema camp as a scribe. He had to compile alist in quick order of those who had been sent to a different work point in the

Kuzema camp and had to work all night. The professor was tormented andirritable. In the morning Archbishop Pachomius came into the office andasked the professor whether he knew where and when they were being sent.The professor replied sharply:"You bother me, Vladyka!" -and added a crude comment.Archbishop Pachomius humbly bowed down to his feet, asking forgivenessfor irritating him by his question. The professor became upset and in his turnasked forgiveness of the archbishop for his crudeness.

In personal conversation with Professor Nesterov, Archbishop Pachomiusoften condemned the church policy of Metropolitan Sergius even moresharply and categorically than he had done in his epistle. By this time theresults of Metropolitan Sergius' policy had become clear, both with regard tothe fate of the Church herself in general, and with regard to the banishedbishops in particular. In place of the promised legalization, the liquidation ofchurches and clergy was proceeding at an increasing tempo. Bishops andpriests languished in prison without any hope of liberation. Exiles and arrestsnot only did not cease, but even increased.

In the absence of Archbishop Pachomius, all the churches in the Chernigovdiocese commemorated Metropolitan Sergius until 1930, and so the TrueOrthodox who refused to accept "legalization" had to go to Kiev, to thecommunity of Abbess Sophia, to receive the Holy Mysteries.


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On his arrival in Chernigov from prison, there was a meeting betweenVladyka Pachomius and the "antisergianist" clergy. During this meetingIgumen Laurence (Proskura), Hieromonk Smaragdus (Chernetsky) andHieromonk Michael (Tyshkevich) expressed themselves strongly against thedeclaration of Metropolitan Sergius. (When Igumen Laurence heard the nameof Metropolitan Sergius commemorated he would put his hands over his ears!

But he later joined the sergianists, and is now considered to be a saint bythem.) Also strongly against the declaration were Igumen Alypius(Yakovenko) and Hieromonk Michael (Korma), who said that they wouldbreak communion with Vladyka Pachomius if he accepted the declaration.Vladyka accepted the point of view of these priests, although, according toBishop Damascene of Glukhov, a vicar of Archbishop Pachomius, he did notopenly and actively oppose the declaration. However, it is evident from the"affair" of the "counter-revolutionary activity" of a group of Chernigov clergy in1936, that in the middle of the 1930s Metropolitan Sergius' name was not

commemorated in the churches of Chernigov, but only the names of theOrthodox Patriarchs and Metropolitan Peter.On October 3/16, 1930 (according to another source, 1932) ArchbishopPachomius was arrested in Chernigov for the last time. He was chargedaccording to article 54 (10) of the Ukrainian criminal code of "counter-revolutionary activity" and "inciting the priests to organize resistance to Sovietpower by joining forces, and his flat was searched. He was also accused ofhaving continued his religious activity during his exile in Zyryansk region in1925-28, by serving in the local church, corresponding with Chernigov clergy,

and "corrupting" children by giving them sweets and crosses and not blessingthem to enter the pioneer organization. On November 4 he was sentenced tofive years in the camps, which he spent in Kotelnich, Vyatka district.According to one source, Archbishop Pachomius was killed on May 15, 1937(old style), according to another - on November 11, 1937 in Kotelnich.According to Protopresbyter Michael Polsky, he served his last sentence inhis homeland in the city of Yaransk, living under house arrest in the home ofhis brother, the protopriest. Once when the GPU came to arrest his brother,Vladyka Pachomius could not stand it, had a nervous breakdown and died

soon after in hospital.According to some oral witnesses, on sensing the approach of death,Vladyka took upon himself the podvig of foolishness for Christ...(Sources: M.E. Gubonin, Akty Svyateishego Patriarkha Tikhona, Moscow: St.Tikhon's Theological Institute, 1994, pp. 877-78; Russkiye PravoslavnyeIerarkhi, Paris: YMCA Press, 1986, p. 58; Ivan Andreyev, Russia's CatacombSaints, Platina, Ca.: St. Herman of Alaska Press, 1982, ch. 12; LevRegelson, Tragediya Russkoj Tserkvi, 1917-1945, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977,pp. 543, 550; Ikh Stradaniyami Ochistitsa Rus', Moscow, 1996, p. 73; G.

Stankevich, "Budyet zhe Vam dlya Vsidetel'stva", Troic'kij Visnik (Chernigov),N 9 (18), 1995, p. 4; Bishop Ambrose (von Sievers), "Episkopat Istinno-Pravoslavnoj Katakombnoj Tserkvi 1922-1997g.", Russkoye Pravoslaviye, N


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4(8), 1997, p. 5; I.I. Osipova, "Svoz' Ogn' i Vody Slyoz", Moscow:Serebryanniye Niti, 1998, p. 263)

The Mother of God of Chernigov

While Lazar Baranovich was Archbishop of Chernigov and Zosima wasAbbot of the Ilinsk Monastery, tears poured forth from this icon fromthe 16th to the 24th of April, 1662. In that same year, the Tatars attackedChernigov and devastated all of the surrounding villages. However, themonks of the monastery knew nothing of the imminent danger. In thenight, they received the news. After rushing to the church, and

earnestly, tearfully, praying to their Heavenly Intercessor, they hid in acave. At midnight the Tatars broke into the monastery and looted thechurch, but the miraculous icon and all of its precious decorationsremained untouched. An unseen power did not permit the barbarians totouch the Holy Icon. That same unseen force kept them from enteringthe cave where the monks were hiding. Suddenly, terrified by a vision,the barbarians fled. Her feast is celebrated on April 16th (O.S.).


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Magnetic Earth Field.

Magnetic Exploration Abnormal magnetic

fieldAbnormal magnetic field. Regional magnetic anomalies

During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has beensuccessfully used for the construction of non-uniformly scaledsolid models, the geological environment, which is also an integralpart of the estimation of perspectivity of geological structures ondifferent minerals.

The magnetic or geomagnetic field, is a force field caused byelectromagnetic processes in a kernel of the Earth (main, or a normalfield), in the top layers of the ionosphere (a variation of a geomagneticfield) and magnetisation of earth crust materials. The former factorforms an abnormal magnetic field which displays presence of materialswith different concentration of magnetic minerals in earth crust. Themost abnormal magnetic field on the territory of Ukraine is representedon NAU map "the Abnormal magnetic field". It is received by anexception of the variations connected with ionospheric processes, and,

a so-called, normal field from intensity of the general geomagnetic field.The normal field has no exact analytical image and consequently hasseveral approximating models, one of which is represented on NAUmap "the Normal magnetic field".
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The abnormal magnetic field, which is found on the territory of Ukraineis differentiated greatly and consists of the regional and localcomponents, which differ in the lateral dimensions of anomalies and thedepth of their sources. Regional field component, represented on themap "Regional magnetic anomalies" is conditioned by the heterogeneityof structure of the lower part of earth crust and a relief of the

magnetoactive layer bottom, which can be identified with an earth crustbottom ( section) or with an isothermal surface of Curietemperature magnetite as the main carrier of materials' magnetism. Itdisplays regional features of the big geostructures, and particularly ofseparate blocks of the Ukrainian sheet and the imposed trenches of aplatform part of territory, border of the East European platform andheterogeneity of earth crust within Mountainous Crimea andCarpathians. Local component of an abnormal magnetic field isinfluence of magnetised materials of the top part of the crust and

displays its composition and a structure. Use of local magneticanomalies in the search purposes has begun in Ukraine more than 100years ago with opening and the further research of Krivorozhsky iron-ore deposit. Now this component of a magnetic field is used as one ofthe reliable information sources during geological mapping of materials,studying of fold and explosive tectonics, tectonic zoning, and togetherwith the regional component and other geophysical data - for studyingof correlations between near-surface and deep lithospheric structures.The former is an important factor in the development of searching

criteria for the different types of minerals, including oil-and-gas. Fromthis point of view special value acquires tracing according to abnormalmagnetic field data of the so-called through faults and a trance ofregional tectonic zones, which are often enough zones of activizationand concentration of minerals.During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been successfullyused for the construction of non-uniformly scaled solid models, thegeological environment, which is also an integral part of the estimationof perspectivity of geological structures on different minerals.

Conclusions

General conclusions concerning conducted research.

1. The construction technique of the maps, displayingabnormal magnetic field (), its regional ().reg and local().loc. components and module T was developed.

2. The new estimation criterion of the terrestrial magneticfield storminess was offered, which can be used in the study ofthe geomagnetic field's secular course and its ecologicalaspect.


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3. Maps of abnormal magnetic field (), its regional().reg and local ().loc. components, module T,storminess D and ecological storminess Decol foer theterritory of Ukrain were worked out.4. Maps of the geomagnetic fields regional component().reg., storminess D and ecological storminess Decol for

the East-European platform were created.

Natural conditions and natural resources. Geophysical fields

Physical fields that were caused or changed with planet naturalenvironment called geophysical fields (GF). GF change and distribution

in time and space depend on resources availability and power and onnatural environment characteristics structure and its dynamics under theinfluence of natural and anthropogenic factors as well. It is important toknow the present condition and change nature of GF for understandingof natural processes, that influence the peoples life and countryeconomics, for long-timed socio-economic planning, rational earthusage, task-oriented minerals seeking and dangerous processesprediction.Gravitational field of the Earth or field of gravity force is the field caused

by gravity force and centrifugal force, that was entailed Earth axialrotation. It is conventionally divided into abnormal and normal.Abnormal gravitational field (AGF) represents Earth form and its subsoilstructure characteristics. AGF changes in the wide range on the territory
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of Ukraine, thatia connected with characteristics of Earth crust materialand upper mantle thickness. On the atlas map the AGF distribution isshowed with the lines of the similar values of its quantity, that is calledisoanomaly.On the base of gravitational modeling of the schistose inhomogeneousthree dimensional deep structures with the usage of data about

abnormal gravitational field, deep seismic sounding data (DSS),experimental correlate dependences between specific thickness andseismic-wave propagation under the conditions of differenttemperatures and tenses considering material constitution amendmentswas created a map of abnormal Earth crust and upper mantle thickness.Due to the tendency to isostatic equilibrium of separate blocks and itscomplexes the bottom of the Earth crust immerses under heavier blocksand rises under lighter ones.Thermal field also gives the important information about structure and

dynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust ischaracterized by thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earthsubsoil and dissipates from its surface and by temperature changedepending on depth.The main part in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-livingradioelements (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, themaximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crust materials,primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemical processesthat take place in its subsoil. The important part in positive geothermal

anomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditions thatsignificantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. Theleading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays activetectonic and magmatic processes that is attended by release of thegreat amount of heat.Thermal flow thickness is a quantity of heat that is released fromsubsoil to surface per time unit on area unit. It is measured in mW/m2and is defined as the result of multiplication of the geothermal gradientin the definite depth interval and the material thermal conductivity of this

interval. On the territory of Ukraine the thermal flow thickness changesfrom 25-30 mW/m2 to 100-110 mW/m2. Temperatures on the depth of 1km changes from 20 to 70oC, and on the depth of 3 km from 40 to135o. Thermal flow distribution is closely connected with geologicaldevelopment characteristics or the regions and its tectonics.Deep thermal flow (DTF) is defined as observed thermal flow correctedconsidering numerous nearsurface influences: paleoclimate,groundwater move with vertical component, geological structures, thatcause out-of-level bedding of the distribution surfaces with different

thermal conductivity, young overthrusts, conglomeration of youngsediments etc. DTF map shows the distribution of its background (35-50mW/m2) and abnormal (60-130mW/m2) values on the territory ofUkraine.


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Earth thermal energy is a geoenergy resource. The map given in theatlas (map of geoenergy resources thickness in tones of conditional fuelon square meter that can be mined with water geocirculate system withthe carrier temperature not less than 60oC and its returning to thesubsoil with T ~ 20oC) was made on the base of DTF data. Generalgeoenergy resources of Ukraine (present time defined) approximately

20 times exceed all the reserves of fuel minerals on its territory. Theyreach 10 t c.f/m2 on some areas, that exceeds reserves that can bemined from the big oil or gas field. Geoenergy resources suitable forpractical usage by steam getting (electric power) without additionalheating are investigated only in Transcarpathia and not very limitedterritories of Crimea.Magnetic or geomagnetic field is geophysical force field caused byelectromagnetic processes in the Earth core (main or normal field), inupper ionosphere (geomagnetic field variation) and Earth crust material

magnetization. Last factor forms abnormal magnetic field that showsavailability of the materials with different concentration of magneticminerals in the Earth crust. It is defined by excluding normal fieldintensity and its variations from general geomagnetic field intensity.Normal field does not have exact analytical image. Several approximatemodels are used for its description, one of which is in the atlas.Abnormal magnetic field of the territory of Ukraine is very differentiatedand consist of regional and local components which differ by diametricalanomaly sizes and source placing depth.

Regional field component showed on the map Long waved magneticanomalies is provided by inhomogeneous structure of the Earth crustlower part and the relief of magnetoactive layer bottom, that can beequaled to Earth crust bottom (Mokhorovichich discontinuity) or toisothermal surface Curie temperature magnetite the main carrier ofmaterials magnetism. It reflects regional characteristics of the biggeostructure.Local abnormal field component is formed under the influence ofmagnetized materials of upper Earth crust part and represents its

structure. This magnetic field component is used as one of theimportant information sources for geological material mapping, fold anddisjunctive tectonics, tectonic zoning study and in complex with regionalcomponent and other geophysical data for studying surface and deeplithosphere structure correlations, for making non-uniformly scaledthree-dimensional models of geological environment, that are usedwhen geologize geological structures to find different materials.Magnetotelluric Earth field is a natural electromagnetic field, causedcurrent system. This field is one of the important source of knowledge

about present geological structure, tectonic processes, geodynamicsand fluid rate of Earth crust and mantle. Material electrical propertiesare closely connected with temperature and fluid subsoil rates, mineralchemical composition, consisting of C, S, Fe and other metals, juvenile


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waters mineralization level, available melt of crust and mantle materialsetc. On the base of observed magnetotelluric field analysis using themethods of film and two-dimensional finite difference electromagneticfields modeling the given in atlas maps Earth crust electroconductivityand Upper mantle electroconducivity in the siemens (S) units ofconductivity were made. Electroconductivity anomalies are

distinguished above normal generalized Eastern Europe geoelectricalsection, that characterized by specific electric resistance (in ohm.m):1000, 600, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 in the geologicalenvironment layers with power (in km): 160, 40, 50, 70, 80, 100, 100,160, 200, . Value of longitudinal electroconductivity of the environmentfilm was taken as 10cm.For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounderlocation, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc another type of GF is used widely seismic field. It is observed in the

form of mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves,adits, boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves(longitudinal, diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from thesource fading, reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types ongeological environment inhomogeneities. Depending on source seismicfield can be natural or anthropogenic.Studying of anthropogenic seismic fields that were by specialexplosions or by Vibroseis generated and observed along geologicprofiles, allowed getting unique data about Earth structure, that are

used for minerals searching and solving other geological-geophysicalproblems. There are Earth crust and lithosphere sections through themain tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine in the atlas.

1. Observations on the deep seismic sounding (DSS)geotraverse Holovanivsk Kirovohrad - Taganrog, thatcrosses in latitudinal way Eastern and Central parts ofUkrainian board, were made according to the uninterruptedprofiling method using the mutually connected travel- time

curves of the main waves. This model shows velocity propertiesand deep structure of the Archean-Proterozoic parts of theboard.2. Geotraverse Black Sea Baltic Sea on the territory ofUkraine has the 900 km length. It crosses Paleozoic Skythianplate and Precambrian Ukrainian board. Velocity model wasmade on the base of two-dimensional figure wave fieldmodeling, that was taken by DSS method.3. DSS profile Poltava- Sverdlovsk goes along Dnipro-

Donetsk avlakogen. DSS results was taken and interpreted bythe big staff of Ukrainian geologists and geophysicians.4. Deep seismic researches on the profile Berehovo Dolyna Vyshnevets Shepetivka - Chernigiv showed the


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tectonic structure of different age and genesis: TranscarpathianMesozoic Palaeogene bending, Carpathia, that are one of themain European Alpine orogenes and Archean-earlyProterozoicUkrainian board.5. DSS profile Putyvl-Kryvyi Rih join the ultradeep wellUDW-8 and 9. In its Southern part it goes along Kryvorizko-

Kremenchutcka submedidianal early protherozoicprotogeosyncline, and in the Northern obliquely crossesDnipro-Donetsk late proterozoic- Devon paleorift north-westernextent.6. On the territory of Ukraine great amount of seismicprofiling were done (over 10 th km) for studying Earth crust andlithosphere structure. A map of Mokhorovichich surface wasmade in the atlas according to these data. The word surface isconventional, as actually it is powerful transition zone, that

divide Earth crust from the upper mantle, that is characterizedby complicated structure, alternation of thin layers with higherand lower seismic waves velocities.

On the territory of Ukraine Earth crust thickness changes in wide rangesfrom 25 to 65 km. Maximal crust thickness fixes under the Carpathia (65km), Mountain Crimea (up to 60 km), jn the Ukrainian board (Odessa-Yadliv, Kryvyi Rih-Krupetsk, Orikhovo-Pavlohrad early Protherozoicgeosyncline zones 50-60 km). Minimal Earth crust thickness is

observed in the Transcarpathian bending region (25 km), under Dnipro-Donetsk avlacogene (30-35 km), on the Ukrainian board, in theZaporizhzhya middle massif region (25-30 km), Kirovohradprotoplatform block region (35 km) and on the water area of Black Seadepression (25-30 km).Natural seismic fields caused by the local and strong distant earthquakefoci, must be taken into account because of their dangerousness whenaccommodations, important buildings, objects at ecological andanthropogeneous risk are built. The cause of earthquakes is the present

geological structure tectonic activity. Distribution of different magnitudeearthquakes on the given territory in time and dimension is calledseismicity.On the territory of Ukraine the high seismicity level is observed mainlyon the territory or Carpathia and Crimea-black Sea region.Seismicity of the Carpathia region depends on the earthquakes withepicenters in Transcarpathia, Carpathia and on the adjacent territory ofPoland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania. The most active isTranscarpathia.

On the Western regions territory (from 18th century and to the presenttime) earthquakes are characterized mainly by foci depth (h) 2-10 kmand magnitudes (M)< 5,5. due to the small depth these earthquakescaused local effects on the soil surface with intensity up to 7-8 points on


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Engineering-geological researches data, macroseismic inspections ofearthquakes consequences data, tool observation over theearthquakes' seismic fields, explosions, natural and technogenicmicroseisms are used while creating SZ maps. SZ maps are used forplanning of population aggregates' development, maintenance ofexisting constructions' stable operation and designing of the new ones.

The maps of geophysical fields represented in the atlas and the mapsand schemes, created on the basis of their interpretation, which displaydepth of the lithosphere structure, dynamics of tectonic structures, thedanger, connected with earthquakes, creep movements, shifts,subsidences, etc., is an important tool for the preception of a deepplanet structure, purposeful search of minerals, protection of thepopulation, habitation and important constructions from dangerousendogenous processes and the secondary engineering-geological

phenomena, connected with them.

Data of geomagnetic measurements of the Arctic andAntarctic

These geomagnetic measurements on the site ofGeophysics Center RAN: the importance of thecomponents of magnetic fields, catalogs and maps

of measured values of isolines of the geomagneticfield.

Arctic

Antarctic

Data of National Antarctic Research Center isavailable by arrangement with the NASC.

Description of geological and geophysical researches.

Contacts NASC

Geomagnetic data of Antarctic

Geomagnetic data

The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hourand minute).
http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Arctic_mag.htmlhttp://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Antarctic_mag.htmlhttp://www.uac.gov.ua/en/direction_5/http://www.uac.gov.ua/en/contacts/http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Antarctic_mag_hour&min.htmlhttp://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Arctic_mag.htmlhttp://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Antarctic_mag.htmlhttp://www.uac.gov.ua/en/direction_5/http://www.uac.gov.ua/en/contacts/http://www.wdcb.ru/WDCB/IPY/Antarctic_mag_hour&min.html


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Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of thegeomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Antarctic

Name Code

Coordinates

Latitude

Longitude

Leningradskaya LEN 69.50S 159.40E

Mirny MIR 66.55S 93.02E

Molodezhnaya MOL 67.67S 45.85E

Novolazarevskaya NVL 70.77S 11.83E

Pionerskaya PIO 69.73S 95.50E

Vostok VOS 78.45S 106.87E

Geomagnetic data of Arctic

Geomagnetic data

The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hourand minute).

Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of thegeomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Arctic.

Name CodeCoordinates

Latitude Longitude
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Amderma AMD 69.47N 61.42E

Arkhangelsk ARK 64.60N 40.50E

Beliy Island BEY 73.30N 70.00E

Cape Chelyuskin CCS 77.72N 104.28E

Cape Kamenniy CKA 68.50N 73.60E

Cape Schmidt CPS 68.92N 179.48W

Cape Wellen CWE 66.16N 169.83W

Chokurdakh CHD 70.62N 147.89E

Dixon Island DIK 73.54N 80.56E

Heiss Island HIS 80.62N 58.05E

Kharasavey KHS 71.13N 66.83E

Kotelny Island KTN 75.94N 137.71E

Leningrad LNN 59.95N 30.71E

Magadan MGD 60.12N 151.02E

Murmansk MMK 68.95N 33.05E

Pevek PBK 70.83N 170.90E

Podkam. Tunguska POD 61.60N 90.00E

Seykha SEY 70.10N 72.50E

Srednikan SRE 62.44N 152.31E

Tanbey TMB 71.50N 71.80E

Tixie Bay TIK 71.58N 129.00E

Ugut UGT 61.00N 74.00E

Vise Island VIZ 79.48N 79.98E

Yakutsk YAK 62.02N 129.72E


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Zyrjanka ZYK 65.75N 150.78E

Floating stations:

North Pole 8 NP08

North Pole 12 NP12

North Pole 13 NP13

Geomagnetical ecology

Earth magnetic field environmentalstorminess in 1950 Decol.1950(height 0 km). Favourable areas forhuman living on the Earth are markedwith yellow colour Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.

Earth magnetic field environmentalstorminess in 2000 Decol.2000(height 0 km)Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.

Environmental storminess Comparison table of Earth magneticfield storminess and disease quantityon acute respiratoral viral infection foradministrative regions of UkraineAuthors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. F. Frolov
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(corresponding member of NASU ofmedical sciences of Ukraine, Doctor ofMedicine, professor, director ofinfluenza centre)

Time dependence of average annualvalues

Dependence of infectious diseasesquantity

Information of magnetic observatories of Ukraine

2005

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01JUL2005
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01FEB2005LVV01JAN2005LVV

01JUN2005LVV 01MAR2005LVV 01MAY2005

01NOV2005LVV

01OCT2005LVV 01SEP2005

02APR2005LVV 02AUG2005LVV

2006
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01APR2006LVV 01AUG2006LVV 01DEC2006LVV

Magnetic Field of Ukrainian Shield

Taktonichne division ofthe Ukrainian shield Ukrainian abnormalmagnetic field shield andrelated

Regional magneticanomalies of Ukrainianshield

Deep magneticheterogeneity and depthof insulation to thesurface

The magnetic model ofthe earth's crust alonggeotraverse II

Magnetic model alonggeotraverseEUROBRIDGE
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The magnetic model ofthe earth's crust alonggeotraverse VI

The magnetic model ofthe earth's crust alonggeotraverse VIII

The magnetic model ofthe earth's crust alonggeotraverse DOBRE

New maps of the magnetic fields of Ukraine

Comparison between the magneticheterogeneity of Ukrainian boardearth crust and distribution areas ofmagmatic and metamorphic rocks ofthe basic structure

The scheme of the Ukrainian boardmagnetic heterogeneities

Local anomalies of the geomagneticfield
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Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with theNodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactivezones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association withsection knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational

(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with sectionknots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproitemagmatism.Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magneticfield of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magneticanomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic

deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gasproviding channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbonsmigration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithospherestructure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.

The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which arecharacterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas ofprimordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones ofoceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues ofsuch structures.Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magneticsources is considered to date back to early stages of the largetectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with the

periods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or itsmaximum turns.Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal andpegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures togetherwith corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical data

in connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisationand minerals prognostication were analysed.Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on


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the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (ortheir edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basicand ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation ageis discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms ofarchaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovsky

megablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in theVolynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of theplatform activization areas is connected with it.


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DIFERENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDBETWEEN 1950 and 2000

THE RIVERS OF PETROL


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MAGNETIC FIELD UKRANIAN SHIELD


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UKRANIAN UBNORMAL SHIELD


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REGIONAL MAGNETIC ANOMALITIES


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Deep magnetic heterogeneity and depth of insulation to thesurface


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The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverse II

The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverseDOBRE
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Magnetic model along geotraverse EUROBRIDGE
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Comparison between the magnetic heterogeneity of Ukrainian board earthcrust and distribution areas of magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the basicstructure
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The scheme of the Ukrainian board magnetic heterogeneities
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Local anomalies of the geomagnetic field


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Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with theNodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactivezones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association withsection knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational

(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with sectionknots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproitemagmatism.Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magneticfield of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magneticanomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic

deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gasproviding channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbonsmigration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithospherestructure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.

The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which arecharacterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas ofprimordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones ofoceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues ofsuch structures.Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magneticsources is considered to date back to early stages of the largetectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with the

periods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or itsmaximum turns.Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal andpegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures togetherwith corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical data

in connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisationand minerals prognostication were analysed.Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on
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the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (ortheir edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basicand ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation ageis discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms ofarchaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovsky

megablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in theVolynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of theplatform activization areas is connected with it.

Friday, 19th day of July, 1051Veritor asks for a meeting of the magi of the covenant that evening. He has aproposal to put before the magi. The proposal is for Marya's men to occupythe five-walls that the Varangians will be vacating at the death of the sun, andfor the horses to be brought in to some temporary stables that are to be built.

Also, Father Mark will hold services in an acceptable location, but will notestablish a chapel.Quintus has problems with the idea of a foreign "army" being inside the holly.There is much discussion of what would be acceptable to Quintus;eventually, there is agreement that if Marya were to form an alliance with thecovenant for mutual defense and support, this would be acceptable.Veritor talks to Marya, and she thinks that she can agree to this, but wants toconsult with Nikolai, her guard captain, before giving a final answer. Veritorrelays this to the other magi, and arranges for a meeting after dinner the next

day for the agreement to be finalized.

Saturday, 20th day of July, 1051In the morning, Veritor takes Marya to where the guard captain is, and bringsboth of them back to the covenant.That evening, there is yet another meeting. Marya and Nikolai are brought into attend, and Simon and Demetrios are brought in to write out two copies ofthe alliance agreement. The agreement is written down in two copies, andsigned by the magi and Marya.

Friday, 26th day of July, 105126 July (Friday)Veritor visits the pool with the reflection and collects it in a bucket. Then hegoes to sleep in a patch of daisies.

Saturday, 27th day of July, 1051Dusk leaves.Veritor gets 1 pawn of Imaginem from the reflection, and 3 pawns of Mentem

from the daisies. He gives 2 pawns of Mentem to the covenant.

Sunday, 28th day of July, 1051


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There are storms with a lot of lightning outside the holly, but not inside. Is thisa coincidence with Dusk's exit from the holly?

Wednesday, 31th day of July, 1051Grsschen answers the bell, and finds Vilus outside the holly. Vilus needs totalk, but is in a hurry and asks Grsschen to come outside. The guards

spread out in the woods.Vilus just came from Novgorod. The grain shipment from Chernigov hasn'tmade it here yet, and it should be by now. Vsevolod thinks that the shipmentmay have been "taken." He was hoping that the magi could check down theriver to see if there is any sign of the shipment, but Vsevolod wasn't surewhether the covenant would want to help.Vilus asks for news, and Grsschen tells about Dusk coming here with threeapprentice candidates.Vilus says that there is some sort of boundary around Novgorod that prevents

his means of magical travel there; someone seems to be trying to seal in theChurch's influence, and has walked a path around the city.Vilus also asks if Veritor's wife got here safely, and that Vsevolod said that hewould try to protect her if she made it to Novgorod.Vilus decides to leave, and Grsschen goes back inside the holly with theguards. Grsschen calls magi of the covenant to a meeting; they don't askMagus Frederick to leave the library, since he won't be paying any attentionto it anyway.The magi discuss whom to send out. Lochlan is a possibility. Veritor was also

planning on a trip down to Chernigov, and can take a few people with him. SoVeritor will take a few people with him, Lochlan will check out the magicalproperties of the protection of Novgorod, and Brigitte will be asked to scoutalong the rivers for a couple of days' travel.Acernus tells Veritor that if he runs into Vilus, he wants to talk to Vilus abouttransporting grain.Acernus "borrows" Veritor's "lodya" for an experiment. He shrinks it, alongwith some grain, and lets it expand again.

Thursday, 1st day of August, 1051Acernus realizes that his lab has started feeling good recently; unexpectedthings don't happen as often.Demetrios is teaching Latin to the three boys. Nikolai sits in on the lessons.Marya sits in when she can.Veritor sets off on the trip to Chernigov. He takes a Gunther, a Varangian,and Grigorii, Marya's tiun. Paulo also goes along. He also takes 5 of Marya'sguards.

Saturday, 3rd day of August, 1051Veritor's flying circus is at the junction of two rivers in the late morning whenthey find evidence of some recent funeral pyres. He sets down to let theguards have a look, and it looks like a battle within the last few weeks. It


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looks like the caravan was ambushed from the bank and from the secondbranch of the fork. The funeral arrangements argue against the attackersbeing Christians.Veritor collects 3 pawns of Corpus from the funeral pyres while the guardsare looking at the tracks and such.Veritor decides to scout down the branch of the river that doesn't lead to

Chernigov for the rest of the day. He eventually finds a series of villagesalong the river, but no clear indication of the fate of the grain. He heads backtoward Holly Hill.

Sunday, 4th day of August, 1051Veritor gets back to Holly Hill. He gives the information about the site of theattack to the magi, and asks that they find a way to get it to the prince.

Monday, 5th day of August, 1051

Veritor leaves to go toward Chernigov again.

Wednesday, 7th day of August, 1051Veritor gets to Cliff Side. There are two villages, one on either side of theriver.Vilus comes out to greet Veritor. Veritor says that he is here to do someshopping, and introduces his passengers. Veritor and the others are invitedinto the caves.After they start eating, they see a harried-looking Johan go up to the cook.

Veritor learns that Vilus moved Julka and her village here earlier in thesummer. Julka now has a lab in Cliff Side.After a bit, Ilsa comes out to say hello.Vilus offers to have Rurik recommend a small clearing nearer Chernigov sothat Veritor's people don't have to walk so far.Vilus and Veritor exchange news. There was an attempt to burn a church inChernigov, but no other trouble so far. Vilus does not go into Chernigovmuch.Vilus offers some French wine to his guests.

Thursday, 8th day of August, 1051Vilus' men show Veritor the clearing near Chernigov. Actually, Veritorborrows Vilus' arcane connection to the place so that he can find it. Rurikgoes along to accompany Veritor on the way back to Cliff Side. A few otherpeople are sent along as well to do some shopping for Cliff Side.The people who are going into Chernigov are given a lecture on how the cityis neutral, and anybody who starts trouble will be dealt with severely.Once in the city, Paulo and Grigorii go off to place orders for things.

Paulo and the others hear some taunting between opposing sides (Churchand volkhvy). Those who burned the church are being forced to rebuild it.Veritor, Gunther, and Rurik's men are back at Cliff Side before sunset.Rotblitz is there for supper. Veritor asks for news from the Tribunal. The


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March on Octavia is set aside for the moment, and a senior Quaesitor namedLanista will be coming to investigate the circumstances of the incident.Northern Dawn's charter was accepted, and Romagrad was declared to nolonger exist. Veritor asks for new Peripheral Code rulings, and Rotblitz saysthat there were some small ones.Rotblitz says that the members of Romagrad who survived the fall were ruled

to share in the resources that belonged to Romagrad. If Octavia is Marched,her portion will be divided among the others.Magus Lanista will be coming north with Alexei. There is one other maguscoming with them with the intent of settling there, a Tytalus, Rotblitz thinks.That evening, Julka and Johan come out of the lab carrying all sorts of littlethings. They move purposefully across the hall and toward Vilus' Sanctum.There are no sounds of explosions, though. About half an hour later, Julkaand Johan come back the other way; some of the containers are full now,and one might contain blood. Julka is grumbling to herself.

Friday, 9th day of August, 1051 (New Moon)Shortly before dawn, Gunther notices Julka and Johan come through the hallagain; Julka is more upset this time.

Saturday, 10th day of August, 1051Tonsa emerges from Vilus' Sanctum in the afternoon. Vilus and Veritordiscuss the political situation. Vilus mentions that Vsevolod has said that itmight be advantageous if the magi of Northern Dawn were to help any new

bishop get to Novgorod. Veritor allows that such aid might be arranged ifNorthern Dawn were notified in time to be of any help.

Sunday, 11th day of August, 1051Rotblitz leaves in the morning.

Tuesday, 13th day of August, 1051Rotblitz arrives at Northern Dawn. Grsschen has fun talking about the"other" Quaesitor who is coming for a visit to investigate the investigation. He

advises that we work on having a fit place for her to stay.Acernus and Rotblitz talk about a lot of topics that would horrify Veritor if heheard them.Near Chernigov, Veritor meets the shoppers at the lodya. He flies them allback to Cliff Side.

Wednesday, 14th day of August, 1051Veritor leaves Cliff Side for Northern Dawn.

Friday, 16th day of August, 1051Veritor and the rest get back to Holly Hill.

Saturday, 17th day of August, 1051 (First Quarter Moon)


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Magus meeting. Rotblitz joins the covenant. He brings up the issue ofOctavia's status as a member of the covenant. After much discussion, themagi of Northern Dawn vote to offer membership to Magus Octavia.The construction plans are discussed. Rotblitz wants the entire bottom floorof the new wing for his lab (and a spare). Grsschen will be on the secondfloor, and Veritor and Parcus will be on the third floor, with an empty lab on

the second floor.Over the next several days, the new addition to the keep grows.

Saturday, 24th day of August, 1051 (Full Moon)Veritor asks Acernus, Parcus, and Grsschen (and Heidi) if they want to seeif they can collect their reflections for vis that evening. They all agree to go,and Parcus plans to bring Feral and Bran along. Parcus plans to fly Feral andBran himself using his Wizard's Boost to make Wings of Soaring Wind workon a group.

Veritor takes off first with everyone except Parcus, Feral, and Bran. ThenParcus uses his own magic to take off with his guards. They all fly off to thepool.At midnight, they all peer into the pool. Feral and Bran do not see their ownreflections, Gunther sees "Karl's" face instead of his own, and draws hissword. Heidi's reflection is a fire, and Heidi is gone. The magi other thanGrsschen have their priorities: they scoop out their reflections. Grsschencalls out Heidi's name.Grsschen asks if that is Heidi in the water, and the flame wavers some.

Gunther hits the water with his sword, and it sounds like a sword hitting fleshand cloth. The ripples spread out, and the reflections of Grsschen and Heididisappear.Gunther hits the water again, but it just splashes. Heidi is nowhere to beseen. Acernus says that maybe Heidi will be back in the morning, or maybehe should come back next month without Heidi.Elsewhere, Sebastian is having fun.Back at the pool, Grsschen is looking around. Veritor decides to catch somesleep.

Sunday, 25th day of August, 1051Heidi is still gone at dawn. Veritor flies everyone, including Grsschen andhis guards, back to the covenant. The buckets do contain processable vis.We get back to the covenant to find Rotblitz sitting in the hall. Lochlan isthere, too.Rotblitz has news from Novgorod. He just happened to be flying in the area,and heard a rumor about a possible gathering of the Perun worshippersaround the statue. He was flying at high altitude, and had to go north of the

city to get away from the gathering storm. Lightning hit the statue, then thecity gates. Then the people from the hill stormed the gates, and the statuecame along behind them. He saw the statue go into the square in front of thepalace and the cathedral. As of dawn, the statue was facing south. The


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cathedral was being battered by something big, but he couldn't see exactlywhat happened.Rotblitz is heading south to tell Vilus what happened last night. After sometalk, though, he agrees to take Acernus, Lochlan, and Cormac into the city sohe will have more concrete news to tell Vilus.Rotblitz sets them down on the edge of the woods. They walk toward the

town through the fields of crops. The statue is gone, and can be made outover the city walls. The gate is destroyed, and the buildings just past themhave been smashed. Some cleanup efforts are ongoing. There are no guardsaround.They approach the bridge, where there are some guards stationed. Theguards challenge us, and ask who we are. "Foreign wizards," says Acernus.He says that we are here to see the prince who rules Novgorod. The guardsgive them an escort to the other end of the bridge, and hand them off to theguards there. The statue is standing in front of the palace, facing southwards.

They go in to see Prince Sevaschek. The hall is a little messed up, but thereis Sebastian near the throne wearing unevenly dyed red boots. Acernusgreets him as "Prince Sevaschek."Acernus explains that he heard about some excitement last night. Sebastiansays that "we won," and Rotblitz wants to know if he intends to hold the city.Sebastian says that he plans to get things organized. Acernus asks if heplans to rule the city. Sebastian evades the question, but says that he will bemoving on. Not according to his own ambition, though. Presumably, that willbe Perun's ambition.

Acernus asks what he plans to do with the Christians in Novgorod. Sebastiansays that he plans to get rid of the Church and have everyone follow Perun.Those who don't wish to follow Perun may leave. Acernus asks Sebastian'spolicy on foreign wizards. Sebastian says that Perun will leave them alone ifthey do not try to hinder Perun's forces. Sebastian beat the previous prince inbattle, but Sebastian hasn't seen the corpse.Acernus requests that we be allowed to take the books from the library.Sebastian doesn't give an answer. Acernus asks to be allowed to treat thewounded. "Which side?" Sebastian asks. "Both," is the answer. Sebastian

wants to know if he intends to use "the food thing." Acernus mainly plans tokeep wounds from going bad, not heal them quickly. Sebastian has noobjections to his healing those on Perun's side, or innocents. He's not surehow Perun would feel about Acernus healing the wounded enemy.Sebastian allows the healing of his people, and the city guard, and any of thecity folk who got injured in the course of the fighting.Rotblitz returns to Holly Hill with Lochlan.

Tuesday, 27th day of August, 1051

That evening, Acernus asks Cormac to go to the covenant in the morning totell them that he wants transportation back to Holly Hill. Then he goes to tellSebastian that he plans on going back to Holly Hill the next day, and asks if


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Sebastian has made any decision regarding the books. Acernus points outthat some of them are Christian books.Sebastian says that the books are safe where they are, and he doesn't planon destroying the books. He says that he will decide later.Acernus says that he can take anyone who is "inconvenient" out of the city.Nobody comes to mind.

Acernus gives Sebastian some advice, saying that he might give somethought to saying "no" to Perun in some cases. When asked for messages,Sebastian says to tell Sadko that he knows how Sadko feels.Acernus asks whether it is all right to purchase things in the city, and sendguards on leave. Sebastian says that this is fine.At Holly Hill, the bells rings, and Veritor sees a tired-looking, vaguely familiarman. It turns out to be a messenger from Vsevolod. Vsevolod is wounded,and is being taken to a place of safety. He asks for healing. Veritor invites theman in for food and drink. Veritor starts making arrangements to go to

Vsevolod's aid.

Everything happens around Holly Hill. The secret is there. The StoneGrave, discovered in the 1820s, contains caves and grottoes withpetroglyphs of animals and other motifs. Shilov is convinced that theseglyphs constitute a primitive script; on the basis of this conviction, hedeclared that the worlds first writing system was developed in the lower

Dnieper basin at least two millennia before the Sumerians inventedcuneiform.

The Russian linguist Anatoly Kifishyn claimed to have deciphered themysterious script and confirmed Shilovs discovery. Kifishyns findings werepublished in Ukraine with the financial support of Shilov, Polischuk, andMykola Senchenko, director of the Book Chamber of Ukraine, a stateorganization that supports publishing. Senchenko is well known for hisnumerous nationalistic, anti-Semitic publications.

Kifishyn, 63, is a hardy character who lived for a period in a shelter hefashioned from tree branches in a village near Moscow while he spent hisdays doing research in the Lenin Library. His 850-page volume is his firstpublished book. According to the biographical note, he has always beenobsessed with arcane subjects that are ignored by normal researchers andas a result has been persecuted by other scholars. Until the 1990s virtuallythe only venue that would publish his writings was a magazine called UsefulTechnology.


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Professional archeologists believe that the Stone Grave glyphs have nothingto do with any script. Kifishyn, however, concluded his book with an evenmore astonishing statement. He asserted that the linear markings paintedwith red ochre on mammoth bones, which have been found at severalPaleolithic sites in Ukraine, are also primitive texts. Thus he has extended the

history of writing back 44,000 years.

Historians have dismissed Kifishyns theory as nonsense, but a number ofnationalistic politicians who are happy to consider themselves descendants ofproto-Sumerians have treated his book very seriously. It was formallypresented in Parliament. Kievs then mayor, Oleksandr Omelchenko,bestowed the citys highest honors on the author, and a group of Ukrainianwriters petitioned the Nobel Committee in Stockholm to nominate Kifishyn forthe Nobel Prize. The proto-Sumerian migration from Ukraine to Mesopotamia

even made its way into a textbook.

Yushchenko also made a contribution. A museum was constructed at StoneGrave with funds provided by a local company. The president himself openedthe museum in October 2005, a much-publicized event that was described onYushchenkos official Web site as one of his first steps toward the people.

This high-level attention paid to the subject of the extremely distant pastprovoked a veritable frenzy of well-publicized archeological discoveries thatsupported Ukraines claim to be the cradle of civilization. Thus there werereports on a burial site of pure Ukrainians unearthed in Kiev; on the remainsof a Varangian (Norse) warrior found near the city of Chernigov, described asevidence of Ukraines European past; on the alleged invention ofhamburgers by the Scythians; on Polischuks museum as proof that Ukrainewas the birthplace of the white race; on the settlement of Kharkov 6,000years ago (the city was founded in the 17th century); and many otherinteresting facts. All of these reports appeared in a single month, reflectingthe intensity of the mythmaking.

But the most fascinating was the discovery of pre-Egyptian pyramids nearthe city of Lugansk in southeastern Ukraine, hailed as the greatest find inrecent history. The truth is that although the site is an important one, thereare no pyramids, according to Klochko, who led the excavation. We donthave pyramids in Ukraine, he says.


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ARE THESE CHURCHES INKIEV CONNECTEDUNDERGROUND?

WHY?

WHO MADE THE PLAN?

WHO USE THESE PASAGE?

Pechersk LavraHave you ever dreamed abouttravelling back in time?

If you'd like to know what it waslike in the Kiev Rus of the 11thto 18th centuries, then visit thePechersk Lavra monastery.The remarkable complex wasfounded in the 11th century bya monk named Antoniy, and itis still an active monastery.When you visit it, you can see

that the atmosphere is still likeit was in medieval times.The first magnificent building ofthe complex, which you cansee even before entering, is theTroitskaya (Nadvratnaya)Church, which towers abovethe main gates. The churchwas built in the 12th century,

but most of it was reconstructedin 1718 after a disastrous fire.The beautiful paintings thathang on the church's wallswere also done in the 18thcentury. A medieval legendsays: When you pass throughthe Saint gates under theNadvratnaya Church, you get

rid of 50 percent of your sins.So come on in. It certainly won'tdo you any harm, will it?The centre of the complex and


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the main temple of themonastery is UspenskiyCathedral. The originalstructure was the first buildingin the complex, built in 1078. Itwas reconstructed in the 18th

century in Ukrainian baroquestyle but destroyed duringWorld War II. Happily, it wasrebuilt in 2000.Unless you are really fit, youshouldn't try to make your wayto the top of the church's BellTower. At 96 meters high, thegraceful, refined creature of the

18th century was the tallestbuilding in the country at thetime. If you can make it to thetop, you will find anunbelievable view of Kievdowntown, the River Dniper, itsbridges and the districts of thelow left bank. The big clock onthe tower's fourth floor has

seven bells, which strike every15 minutes.The Lavra complex includesother wonderful churches aswell as the two largest. Thehigh, proud white buildingshave dark-blue and greencapes and gilded stars. Theirmarvellous interiors include

paintings and carved gildedicons of Ukrainian and Russianartists of the 18th century.The most mysterious and holyfeature of the complex is theLavra caves. Originally, themonks lived there. Later, thecaves became a burial placesfor Lavra's saints. The caves

have many branches, makingthem a labyrinth of underground corridors, nichesand even small underground


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churches. So far about 600meters of the caves have beendiscovered. Many peoplebelieve that much more has yetto be found.The monastery grounds include

unique exhibitions andmuseums. Visitors can seehistorical jewellery, ancientbook printing, Ukrainiandecorative art and otherinteresting artefacts.

St. Sofia's CathedralSt. Sofia's is a historic part of

Ancient Kiev Ruse that hassurvived intact since it was built in1037.The builder was one of the mostcapable Kiev Ruse princes -Yaroslav the Wise. In the 10thcentury the temple was a culturalcenter of the whole Kiev Rusestate.

Lots of scientific societies andschools were established at thefacility. Their members wrote,translated and commented onscientific and religious books.Yaroslav the Wise established anenormous library in the cathedral.It disappeared sometime duringthe medieval centuries -- an

occurrence that is still a mystery tohistorians.In the 17th and 18th centuries,other stone buildings were builtaround the cathedral, transformingthe complex into a monastery.The interior of the cathedral hasbeen left unchanged since the11th century! The most impressive

part of the interior is about 3,000square meters of ancient Rusefrescoes. The shining mosaicbackground contains at least 177


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colors. In the center you can seethe figure of Maria Oranta with herarms up.A medieval legend says Kiev willlast as long as St. Sofia does.

St. Michael's CathedralTogether with St. Sophia, St.Michael's Cathedral gives youa unique portrait of ancientKiev.The building was built in 1113by Prince Svyatopolk. Otherbuildings were added later tocreate the St. Michael's

monastery complex. Thecathedral was partiallydestroyed during the time ofTatar-Mongol rule, but it wasreconstructed in the 17thcentury.During that century,St.Michael's became one ofthe most important

monasteries of Kiev Rus. Themonastery complex itself wasenlarged, a bell tower to thecathedral and gates built. TheUkrainian getmanSkoropadskiy addedwonderful icons to thecathedral during that time.It is hard to believe it now, but

in 1934 the government ofSoviet Ukraine decided to putthe headquarters of theCentral Committee of theUkrainian Communist Partyon the St. Michael's grounds.To make for that building, thegovernment ordered thecathedral razed.

When Ukraine becameindependent in recent years, itdecided to rectify thesituation. It rebuilt the


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cathedral between 1997 and2000. It even used copies ofthe frescos and mosaics ofthe 12th century toreconstruc

Churches of Chernigiv2

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Transcript of Churches of Chernigiv2