Church History Notes

8/13/2019 Church History Notes

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CHURCH HISTORYTHE FALL OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CHURCH

Why Study Church History?

I. Lear the Mista!es o" History # A$oid the%? “Those who do not learn from

history are doomed to repeat it.”

Commonly attributed to George Santayana (186!1"#$%& essayist& poet& philosopher and no'elist.

ll the mista)es we ha'e made as a mo'ement were made within the *estoration +o'ement. ,hy

not learn from the li)es of -aniel Sommer and -a'id ips/omb& for e0ample. (S C + p #"&#"$&#"2%

II. &isco$er our o' roots (Restoratio Mo$e%et) Ca%*us Miistry) ICOC+

Cotrary to 'hat you ha$e ,ee to-d) our %o$e%et/ did ot start i the 0e%*e-1s -i$i2roo%. What 'e are is %ore the resu-t o" the Restoratio %o$e%et tha 'e are a'are.

We shou-d !o' our s*iritua- *edi2ree3roots.

Why do 'e do 'hat 'e do?

We thi! 'hat 'e do is ,ecause it is ,i,-ica-. So%eti%es this is true) ,ut so%eti%es it is

,ecause o" our ,ac!2roud.

Read *. 45 The Stoe Ca%*,e-- Mo$e%et./ Ha-daes) Christia Coectio) 6a%es

O17e--y)

8arto Stoe ad A-e9ader Ca%*,e--. Are they a uity %o$e%et or are they a

restoratio %o$e%et?

III. A$oid s'i2i2 the *edu-u% 6oh :;<: Worshi* i S*irit ad Truth 5Ti% :;5=

Watch your -i"e ad your doctrie

0race > Le2a-is%

&octrie > ea-) E%otio) Heart

Asceticis% > Freedo%

Historica--y) Christias do 'hat 'e do as a reaction to so%e sort o" *ercei$ed *ro,-e%.

Mi2ht 'e ,e te%*ted to do the sa%e today?

8etter; Let us do 'hat the 8i,-e says. We "o--o' the 8i,-e o-y/ 8ut this is ot rea-istic.

Su22estio; -et us study church history.

This c-ass is a,out ho' to do church.



Is @a2a Christiaity/ ri2ht? Is e$erythi2 doe i the 5st cetury ,idi2 o us) e$e i" 'e

!o' that the a*ost-es ad$ised the% to do it?

&a$id 8ercot Wi-- the Rea- Heretics @-ease Stad U*/ io-a ad 8ara @a2a

Christiaity/

8ercot ad ara; Aythi2 said or doe ,y a a*ost-e or ,y the church as a 'ho-e i the

"irst cetury is ,idi23authoritati$e o us.

Stace o *artici*atio i *u,-ic etertai%et.

Worshi* i house churches3s*otaeous 'orshi*.

@aci"is%) Use o" %usica- istru%ets) @aid *reachers

Is he ri2ht? NoB Icorrect assu%*tio. @erha*s the istructio to the church 'as ae9*ediet "or the situatio. @erha*s the stad 'as a re"-ectio o" the cu-ture or the ti%es.

@au- 2a$e authoritati$e istructios to the church (5 Thess :;5<+ 'hich 'e do ot ha$e.

My coc-usio; 0od chose ot to re$ea- that to us.

Which a*osto-ic teachi2s are ,idi2 o us?

+y /on/lusion3 The only reliable authority we ha'e for su/h things is the 4ible. 5 assume&

by faith& that if God wanted a pra/ti/e of the early /hur/h to be binding he would ha'e seen to its

in/lusion in our inspired te0t.

5s worship in house /hur/hes binding +ust the /hur/h ta)e a pa/ifist stan/e 5s it

sinful to use instruments in worship

Out-ie Church History C-ass

1. ,ee) 1 7ohn 11

a. 5ntro to Chur/h 9istory - "!$#. The big pi/ture. b. 9eresy and di'ision.

/. -rift toward ,estern Catholi/ism.

$. ,ee) $ *obert 11:a. Cultural ba/)ground to the early /hur/h& espe/ially in the 1st /entury.

Gree)& 7ewish and *oman /ulture.

b. ;'angelism and the spread of Christianity& Chur/h of the ;ast to - #.

. ,ee) 7ohn (and *obert% 1$2

a. ugustine& Catholi/ism and Chur/h Coun/ils. b. +edie'al Christianity. <uinas et al.



2. ,ee) 2 7ohn and *obert 11

a. =re!*eformation3 lbigenses& ,aldo& ,y/liffe& 9uss. (7ohn% b. Cultural ba/)ground to the *eformation& Counter!*eformation. (*obert%

/. *eformation3 uther& ;rasmus& et/. (7ohn%

#. ,ee) # 7ohn and *obert 1112

a. *eformation (/ont.% >wingli& *adi/al *eformation& nabaptists& Cal'in (7ohn%

b. The ;nlightenment and its influen/e on Christianity. (*obert%/. 18th /entury. =uritans& 4aptists& +ethodists& Great wa)ening. (7ohn%

6. ,ee) 6 7ohn and *obert 11$1

a. 4a/)ground to the *estoration +o'ement. ?@Aelly& Stone& Campbell& S/ott&Christadelphians& ips/omb& et/. (7ohn%

b. *estoration +o'ement in $th /entury. Christian Chur/h& -is/iples of Christ&

Chur/h of Christ& 5C?C. (*obert%

Ear-y Church History

T'o 'ays ,i,-ica- Christiaity is -ost.

5. 0ro'th o" s*-iter) heretica- 2rou*s

<. 0radua- dri"t o" true church/ "or 2ood ) sicere/ reasos

Church History

Acts. A*osto-ic *eriod. 0ro'th. Nascet *ro,-e%s 'ith uity) *ro,-e%s 'ith ito si)

e$o-$i2 -eadershi*. Ro,ert 'i-- co$er this.

Ear-y schis%s3"a-se doctries.

5. 6udaiDers (0a-atias+ -e2a-is%. Ri2hteousess throu2h -a' !ee*i2. @au-; Let the%

,e etera--y code%ed. 0a- 5;4

I2atius;

-o not be led astray by wrong 'iews or by outmoded tales that /ount for nothing. Bor if we

still go on obser'ing 7udaism& we admit we ne'er re/ei'ed gra/e. 5t is monstrous to tal) of

7esus Christ and to li'e li)e a 7ew. (etter to the +agnesians 831& 13%

<. E,ioites (-itera--y the *oor oes+ &esceded "ro% 6e'ish Christias. F-ed to @e--a 'he

6erusa-e% 'as destroyed (Euse,ius+ Euse,ius; “They /onsidered him a plain and /ommon

man and Dustified only by his ad'an/es in 'irtue.” -enied the 'irgin birth. 7ewish response to

the gradual transition of the /hur/h to a Gree) /ulture ?bser'ed the Sabbath. Esed ?T& a

9ebrew 'ersion of +atthew /alled “The Gospel of the 9ebrews.”



. 0osticis%. 6esus a e%aatio) o-y a s*iritua- ,ody. (docetis%+ Not rea--y cruci"ied.

5 6oh 5;5 5 6 <;<< The atichrist.

E%*hasis o hidde) dee* !o'-ed2e. Li!e a *seudoChristia %ystery re-i2io.

0os*e- o" 6udas) 0os*e- o" Tho%as) ad %ay %ore Na2 Ha%adi Li,rary

“4ut you Fie. 7udas will e0/eed all of them. For you will sacrifice the man that clothesme.”

“Come& that 5 may tea/h you about Fse/rets no person Fhas e'er seen. Bor there e0ists a

great and boundless realm& whose e0tent no generation of angels has seen”

Ireaeus ad others; Si%o Ma2us 'as the "irst 0ostic.

Cerithus; 0od did ot create the *hysica- 'or-d. 6esus ca%e ito the ,ody o" the *erso'e ca-- 6esus at his ,a*tis% ad -e"t ,e"ore the cruci"i9io.

related story is one whi/h has been passed to us about the postle 7ohn. 5renaeus tells us1 and

;usebius agrees$ that =oly/arp& who learned at the feet of 7ohn& often told the story he had heard

from the postle. =erhaps we should ta)e this story with a grain of salt& but it /ertainly tells usabout the attitude of the primiti'e /hur/h toward /ertain heresies. =oly/arp related that one day

7ohn was in a publi/ bath house when he learned that the hereti/ Cerinthus was there as well (more

on Cerinthus and his tea/hing below%. 7ohn went running out of the building shouting Het us flee&

lest the building fall downI for Cerinthus& the enemy of the truth& is insideJH

Masos) Mor%os ha$e so%e thi2s i co%%o 'ith 0osticis%.

Secod Cetury;

:. &ocetis%. appearan/e& dokesis. 7esus only appeared to ha'e been a physi/al person. 9eonly appeared to ha'e been /ru/ified.

I2atius (55 A&+ FCon/erning the -o/etists Guard yoursel'es /arefully against men of

that sort. Kou will be safe enough so long as you do not let pride go to your head and brea) away from 7esus Christ and your bishop and the postoli/ institution. To be inside

the san/tuary is to be /leanI to be outside it& un/lean 5 /an see the de'il@s snares ahead.

So let submission and unselfishness be your weapons against themI ta)e a fresh grip onyour faith (the 'ery flesh of the ord% 9e F7esus was 'erily and indeed born and ate and

dran) and indeed /ru/ified& and ga'e up the ghost in the sight of all hea'en and earth

5t is asserted by some who deny GodLin other words who ha'e no faith Fin other wordsthe -o/etist tea/hers and their followers that his sufferings were not genuine. 5f this is so&

then why am 5 now a prisoner (etter to the Trallians :!1%

1 5renaeus& Against Heresies& 555..2$ ;usebius& Ecclesiastical History, 5M.12.#



ll this 9e submitted to for our sa)es& that sal'ation might be ours. nd suffer 9e did&

'erily and indeedI Dust as 9e did 'erily and indeed raise 9imself again. 9is =assion was nounreal illusion& as some s/epti/s (si/.% a'er who are all unreality themsel'es. The fate of

those wret/hes will mat/h their unbelief& for one day they will similarly be/ome phantoms

without substan/e themsel'es. Bor my own part& 5 )now and belie'e that 9e was in a/tualhuman flesh after his resurre/tion. (etter to the Smyrnaeans $!%

G. Marcioites. Marcio a 0ostic (sort o"+. Tau2ht 0od o" OT 'as 0od o" ustice) 0od o"

NT a 0od o" %ercy) 2race. Reected a-- o" OT as 'e-- as Matthe') He,re's) Mar!) Acts.

Ito asceticis%) did ot use 'ie i Lord1s Su**er.

Marcio *u,-ished a NT cao. The e""ect 'as to "orce the ear-y church to %o$e %ore

uic!-y to'ard esta,-ishi2 a cao.

Marcioite churches %ay ha$e ,ee the "irst se*arate churches i a si2-e city.

Other <d Cetury 0ostics; a-etius. ery i"-uetia-

=. Motaists. Motaus +ontanus and two prophetesses +a0imilla and =ris/a (=ris/illa%around 1#. Asceticis%. A& 5G No se9) ca1t ,e %arried. Christ a,out to co%e ,ac!.

S*ea!i2 i to2ues) re-i2ious e9cite%et.

They spo)e while in a tran/e. +ontanus was <uoted as saying “5 am /ome neither as an angel& noras an ambassador& but as God the Bather.” -idymus2 has +ontanus saying H5 am the Bather& the

,ord& and the 9oly Spirit.” The prophetess +a0imilla said&# H9ear not me& but hear Christ.H

Kou /an see why the early /hur/h rea/ted to this& but in rea/tion& did they deny the wor)ing of the

9oly Spirit

Led to ascetic 2rou*s) es*ecia--y i E2y*t ad North A"rica. Tertu--ia oied this

2rou*. The eui$a-et o" charis%atic %o$e%et today? 8e-ie$ed i %oderday

re$e-atio.

J. No$atiaists No$atia. A& <G Norther A"rica. Tau2ht that those 'ho had

co%*ro%ised duri2 *ersecutio o" &ecius %ust ,e !ic!ed out o" the church.

K; Shou-d those 'hose disci*-eshi*/ is uestioa,-e ,e !ic!ed out o" the

church?

;piphaneus& Heresies, 0l'ii.112 -idymus& On the Trinity& 555.21# ;piphaneus& Heresies& 0l'ii.11



No$ariais% is a cousi o" the -ater &oatist %o$e%et. 8oth 'ere ri2orist (-e2a-ist?+

%o$e%ets tryi2 to ,rea! 'ith Ro%e o$er its -a9 (Christia?+ attitude to'ard those 'ho

had co%*ro%ised 'ith Ro%e.

Cartha2e 55 a tradorist/ (ie oe 'ho had tured i Christia scri*tures "or ,uri2+

,isho* a**oited. Cartha2e re,e--ed) a**oiti2 &oatus) a"ter 'ho% the 2rou* is a%ed.U-ti%ate-y) this ,eca%e a "i2ht o$er church hierarchy ad *o'er o"

ordiatio3sacra%eta-is%.

4. Ariais%. Arius. A& 6esus ot 0od. 6esus the "irst creatio o" 0od. Costatie

su**orted this. Couci- o" Nicea to o**ose this. 6eh. Witess are %oder Arias. A-%ost

succeeded i ,eco%i2 the do%iat "or% o" Christiaity.

II. Ear-y dri"t "ro% a*osto-ic church;

(Note; the e%*hasis ,e-o' 'i-- ,e "air-y e2ati$e. We -ear "ro% the %ista!es) ,ut 'e ca-ear "ro% the 2ood. The church i the <d ad rd cetury 'as i so %ay 'ays a "atastic

e9a%*-e to us. They 'ere radica--y co%%itted to a Christia -i"e sty-e. Their co%%it%et

to Christia %ora-ity 'as stri!i2. They 'ere tru-y di""eret "ro% the 'or-d. The church

2re' "atastica--y ,ecause they 'ere tru-y uiue ad *eo*-e oticed this. They 'ere

a%aDi2 e9a%*-es o" ser$i2 oe aother ad the 'or-d aroud the%. I the secod ad

es*ecia--y i the rd cetury they edured *ersecutios 'hich 'e ca o-y %ar$e- at.

Thousads 'ere %artyred ad re"used to o""er sacri"ice to Ro%e.

Most or a-- o" these dri"ts started out as a reasoa,-e ad *erha*s e$e a 2ood res*ose to

*ressures "ro% the heretica- 2rou*s -isted a,o$e.

I a-- the theo-o2ica- de,ates) the Orthodo9 Church 'as ri2ht) yet -oo! 'hat ha**eed.

Orthodo9y $s Ortho*ra9y

Heterodo9y $s Hetero*ra9y

The church de$e-o*ed a 'e--de"ied theo-o2y -ar2e-y as a res*ose to *ressure "ro% these

2rou*s.

Ireaeus; &e"eded Christia teachi2) ot ecessari-y o the 2rouds o" scri*tura-

authority) ,ut o a*osto-ic traditio) the ru-e o" "aith ad a*osto-ic successio.

This 'as his atidote to 0osticis%. He cou-d ot ed a-- ar2u%ets 'ith a-etius usi2

scri*ture) ,ut as to a*osto-ic "aith) he 'o) hads do'.

9a'ing re/ei'ed this prea/hing and this faith the Chur/h /arefully preser'es it& as if

li'ing in one house. She belie'es these things Fe'erywhere ali)e& as if she had but one

heart and one soul& and prea/hes them harmoniously& tea/hes them& and hands them down&



as if she had but one mouth. Bor the languages of the world are different& but the meaning

of the tradition is one and the same.6

and

,e appeal again to that tradition whi/h has /ome down from the apostles and is guarded bythe su//essions of the elders in the /hur/hes.:

going perhaps still farther in assigning authority to tradition& he saysI

;'en if the apostles had not left their ,ritings to us& ought we not to follow the rule of the

tradition whi/h they handed down to those to whom they /ommitted the /hur/hes8

5renaeus finds authority seated not only in the /anoni/al writings& he finds truth and e'en

sal'ation in “the Chur/h.” et us see how he has adapted what 7esus said in 7ohn 13:!8I

Sin/e there are so many /lear testimonies& we should not see) from others for thetruth whi/h /an easily be re/ei'ed from the Chur/h. There the apostles& li)e a ri/h man

ma)ing a deposit& fully bestowed upon her all that belongs to the truth& so that whoe'erwishes may re/ei'e from her the water of life. She Fie. the /hur/h is the entran/e to lifeI

all others are thie'es and robbers."

A. Leadershi*3or2aiDatio o" the Church

5. e$a2e-ists

<. e$a2e-ists ad e-ders A& =

. e-ders ad head ,isho* A& 5< (I2atius o" Atioch A& 55 &o othi2 'ithout the

,isho*B ("ired u* a,out %artyrdo%+

Blee from s/hism as the sour/e of mis/hief. Kou should all follow the bishop as 7esus Christ didthe Bather. Bollow& too& the presbytery as you would the apostlesI and respe/t the dea/ons as you

would God@s law. Nobody must do anything that has to do with the /hur/h without the bishop@s

appro'al. Kou should regard the ;u/harist as 'alid whi/h is /elebrated either by the bishop or bysomeone he authoriOes. ,here the bishop is present there& let the /ongregation gather& Dust as

where 7esus Christ is there is the Catholi/ (ie the uni'ersal% Chur/h. ,ithout the bishop@s

super'ision& no baptism or lo'e feasts are permitted. (etter to the Smyrnians 8%

et the bishop preside in the pla/e of God and his /lergy (the presbyterspriests% in the pla/e of the

postoli/ /on/la'e& and let my spe/ial friends the dea/ons be entrusted with the ser'i/e of 7esus

Christ. (etter to the +agnesians 6%

6 5renaeus& Against Heresies, 5.1.$& translation by Cyril C. *i/hardson& Early Christian Fathers (The +a/millan Company

Kor)& 1":%. Citations of 5renaeus below are from the same transation.: 5bid.& 555.$.18 5bid.& 555.2.1!$" 5bid.& 555.2.1



:. ,isho*s ad arch,isho*s) re2ioa- s*heres o" i"-uece E*hesus) Atioch) A-e9adria)

6erusa-e%) Ro%e. A& <G

head e-der ,isho*) loss of evangelists. (Titus 5;GJ 5 @et G;5)< *-ura-ity o"

e-ders+

A& < ,e2a to trace ,isho* o" Ro%e) etc ,ac! to a*ost-es. Authority issue.

A& <G Metro*o-itas

A& G Ro%a ,isho*s ,e2i to c-ai% ui$ersa- authority. 0eera--y i2ored.

A& 4 three hi2h %etro*o-itas; A-e9adria) Costao*-e) Ro%e (,eca%e Co*tic)

Orthodo9 ad Ro%a Catho-ic church+

A& :G @o*e Leo I c-ai%s uri$a-ed authority o$er Wester church

A& G44 @atriarch i Costatio*-e c-ai%s ui$ersa- *atriarch o$er Easter church.

8. Teachi2 o ,a*tis%.

Catachu%es had to 'ait "or u* to si9 %oths to ,e ,a*tiDed to *ro$e they 'ere sicere. 8y

a,out A& 5G<

Fasti2 reuired aoiti2 'ith oi-

de-ayed ,a*tis% u* to si9 %oths. I so%e cases yearsB three i%%ersios

4aptisms in ent only

4aptism only 'alid of by a 4ishop& priest of dea/on.

Those who were baptiOed re/ited a /rede -ida/he a dis/ourse for those to be baptiOed.

P3 rele'ant to us

,hy 1. ,ant to be “safe” with regard to /on'ersion. 4egan to see baptism as a sa/rament.s/ribed power to the a/tion itself and began to di'or/e faith from pra/ti/e.

The E*ist-e o" 8ara,us) c. J5 A.&.

Blessed are they who, placing their trust in the cross, have gone down into thewater…We indeed descend into the water full of sins and defilement.However, we come up, bearing fruit in our heart, having the fear [of God] andthe trust in esus in our spirit. Barnabas (c. 70-130, E), 1.144



4lessed are they who& pla/ing their trust in the /ross& ha'e gone down into the water,e indeed des/end into the

water full of sins and defilement. 9owe'er& we /ome up& bearing fruit in our heart& ha'ing the fear Fof God and the

trust in 7esus in our spirit. Epistle of Barnaas

4efore a man bears the name of the Son of God& he is dead. 4ut when he re/ei'es the seal& he lays aside his deadness

and obtains life. The seal& then& is the water. They des/end into the water dead& and they arise ali'e. !hepherd of

Hermas

s many as are persuaded and belie'e that what we tea/h and say is true& and underta)e to be able to li'e a//ordingly&

are instru/ted to pray and to entreat God with fasting& for the remission of their past sins. The rest of us pray and fast

with them. They are brought by us where there is water& there is water& and are regenerated in the same manner in

whi/h we were regenerated oursel'es. They there re/ei'e the washing with. 7ustin +artyr& First Apology&

Now& the tea/hing is laid down that Hwithout baptism& sal'ation is attainable by no one.H This is based primarily on the

ground of that de/laration of the ord& who says& HEnless one is born of water he has not life.H 9owe'er& when this is

laid down& there immediately arise s/rupulous (or rather& auda/ious% doubts on the part of some. Tertullian

A. &. 8a*tiDe your i"ats/

A Catho-ic *u,-icatio;

a-id rece*tio (o" ,a*tis%+ does ot reuire "aith.There"ore a u,e-ie$er 'ho so

desires %ay ,e $a-id-y ,a*tiDed e$e thou2h he has o "aith.

Aother Catho-ic source; 8a*tiDe ay *erso "oud ucoscious ad i a dyi2 coditio/

8y : A. &. ,a*tis% o" i"ats and of the unrepentant 'as co%%o. 1!11 . -.

Chur/hes filled in or destroyed their baptisteries.

Sal'ation based on sa/rament rather than faith.

C. Asceticis%3Moasticis%.

*ighteousness through radi/al self!denial. ;0treme fasting& withdrawal from human a/ti'ity&'oluntary refusing marriage et/.

(1 Timothy 231!2 Colossians $3$!$& the main point% +ontanists& Tertullian. 4y - $

This mo'ement gained its power largely be/ause of per/ei'ed (and realJJ% worldliness in the

/hur/h. They felt righteousness /ould not be gained within the fellowship.

+on)3 a solitary mann/horite3 one who withdraws

9ermit deserted region

9ermit3 nthony - $#1!#6 Copti/ ;gypt. 9ermit& prayer fasting and meditation.

Communal =a/homius ($"$!26%& 4asil of Caesarea (!:"% +onasti/ rules for ;asternmonasteries

4enedi/t of Nursia (28!#2% 4enedi/tines po'erty& /hastity& obedien/e (di'ine praise& di'ine

reading and physi/al labor% +onte Cassino in 5taly



lso& many nuns at this time.

+o'ement e0ploded in 2th /entury& espe/ially in ;gypt as a protest against se/ulariOation and

institutionaliOation of the /hur/h.

To some e0tent a )ind of ( word for going ba/) to the good old days% of life in the /hur/h under

perse/ution

4y - 2 many organiOed /ommunes

4enedi/tines after - #

&. Creeds. Chur/h /alendar.

4y - 1 those being baptiOed say a more or less fi0ed /reed. (-ida/he%

The old *oman /reed (- 1#%

5 belie'e in God& the Bather lmightyInd in 7esus Christ& his only begotten Son& our ord&

nd in the 9oly Spirit& the holy /hur/h and the resurre/tion of the flesh

$# Ni/ene /reed.

Chur/h /oun/ils Ni/ea against rianism (7esus /reated by God% 1 Cor 236 -o not go beyond

what is written.

ll denominations ha'e /reeds. ,e do not ha'e /reeds& but baptism Q Christian Q sa'ed

E. Sacerdota-is%. @riesthood.

Clergylaity separate standards of /ommitment. 1 =et $3" a royal priesthood. 1 Tim $3# one

mediator

The idea of priests is ha'ing someone to inter/ede between us and God.

5n $nd and espe/ially rd /entury& worship be/ame gradually non!parti/ipati'e. ord@s Supper too)

on tones of being a “sa/rifi/e” rather than a remembran/e.

=riests4ishops offered a sa/rifi/e. This /ame more from =aganism than from 7udaism.

=ost - $# this trend gained mu/h momentum be/ause so many un/on'erted pagans entered the/hur/h.

4y - $# only bishops /ould perform baptisms?nly elderss and priests ( presuteros% /ould perform the ord@s Supper. 5dea of a

sa/rament.

“fathers” “re'erends” +atthew $38&" /all no one on earth “father.” no spe/ial titles. problem for us



- # most bishops and priests /elibate (but not uni'ersal until after - 1%

The ultimate3 =ope “papa” (father%

=ope eo 5 22!261 Sometimes /alled “the first pope”

Claimed

1. uthority o'er /hur/h /oun/ils

$. uthority o'er emperors$. Su//essor of =eter “Mi/ar of =eter.” “=rimate of all bishops”

eo3 “5t is true that all bishops ta)en singly preside ea/h with his proper soli/itude o'er his own

flo/)& and )now that they will ha'e to gi'e a//ount for the sheep /ommitted to the. To us (ie the bishop of *ome and his su//essors% howe'er& is /ommitted the /ommon /are of allI and no single

bishop@s administration is other than a part of our tas).”

nyone /an say this& but in the /hur/h /oun/ils of his day he more or less /arried this off.

eo3 (at Chal/edon% “9e is spea)ing whose representati'e we are.” (we referring to the royalwe%

Claimed the title pontife0 ma0imus the pagan title

ugustine laid the intelle/tual foundation of “Christendom” under the papa/y and eo laid the

go'ernmental foundation.

=ope Gregory (the “Great”% #"!62 +on)& theologian& imposed ugustinian theology.

Supported re'eren/e for saints and reli/s& purgatory

The ;ast3 ChristianiOed empire as represented by 7ustinian.

The ;ast3 Christianity about e0perien/ing God. 5t is about san/tifi/ation. 5t is about be/omingholy& be/oming li)e God. ;u/harist an epiphany

The ,est3 Christendom3 The /hur/h abo'e any human go'ernment.

Christianity is about fulfilling a legal obligation. 5t is about sa/rament. ;u/harist a sa/rament.

;u/harist a sa/rifi/e.

F. Sacra%eta-is%. Church Ca-edar) etc.

;aster was obser'ed by the early $nd /entury. 5t was N?T a borrowed =agan holiday. (although

there is some e'iden/e the name ;aster is =agan%



Chur/hes splitargued o'er the date of /elebration3 5renaeus had to inter'ene to a'oid a split

between ;ast and ,est.

Christmas /elebrated in *ome by - #. /elebration of the “epiphany” of 7esus to /ompete

with the Saturnalia.

Christmas as birthday of 7esus in the ;ast by about - 2 ;piphany separate from Christmas.

=alm Sunday about - 2& beginning in 7erusalem.

Good Briday& ent by about 2

“iturgy” in/reasingly standardiOed. Chur/h /alendar set up.

Meneration of saints&

4y end of $nd /entury the word “saint” was applied only to the martyrs.

Contrary to /ommon belief& worship in /ata/ombs was N?T to a'oid perse/ution but to honor the“saints.” Tertullian 'igorously opposed this pra/ti/e for good reasonJ

- 86 images of saints (i/ons% “worshipped with the same honor as the boo)s of the gospels”

5/ono/lasm split ;ast and ,est.

4aptism& Communion& nnointing with oil (/onfirmation% too) on a sa/ramental meaning. The a/t

itself has effe/t. 5t is a sa/ramentum (atin% a mysterium (Gree)%

?rdination of bishops began to ta)e on the fla'or of a sa/ramental /hange in the one ordained.They are transformed.

Now the laity has 'irtually no part in the liturgy and are almost /ompletely passi'e in worship.

ugustine a//elerated and /on/retiOed this mo'e toward sa/ramentalism.

0. Her%eeutica- issues

1. llegori/al interpretation. =hilo R Clement of le0andria R ?rigen (18#!$#2 /astratedhimself% ;spe/ially the ?ld Testament& ma)ing 7eho'ah more a//eptable to Gree) sensibilities.

Tried to harmoniOe Christian theology with =latonism or neo!=latonism

$. The ntio/hene s/hool -iodorus& 7ohn Chrysostoam. Theodore *eDe/ted allegori/al

approa/h. Conte0tualhistori/al analylsis.

Summary3 /hur/h history tells us to a'oid

1. /on'enient but uns/riptural or unwise organiOational stru/ture.

$. formalismritualism in our worship.. o'errea/tion to false do/trines



2. /reeds

#. o'eremphasis on physi/al “sa/rifi/e”& prayer& any sort of otherwise good spiritual a/ti'ity.

6. relian/e on a professional “/lergy” whi/h is separate from the “laity.”:. bad hermeneuti/s

Hi2h-i2hts or church history i rd

ad :th

ceturies.

9orrendous perse/utions3

1. -e/ius $2"!$#1 and Malerian ($#!$6% Completely outlawed Christianity. Sought to destroy

the /hur/h. (a politi/al ri'al% 4ishops arrested and e0e/uted if they did not re/ant. 9e ordered

all *oman /itiOens to burn in/ense& pour out an offering to the god of the *omans& and eat meat

sa/rifi/ed to an idol. Those who did were gi'en a /ertifi/ate testifying to their /omplian/e. Thosewho refused were subDe/t to dismissal from their Dobs& arrest& e0ile and e0e/ution. (See

No'atianism%

Cyprian (Carthage% and Si0tus (*ome% and many other bishops were e0e/uted

4ut the /hur/h grew and was strengthened.

$. -io/letion (!2% Galerian& i/inius. S/riptures burned. Chur/h buildings destroyed with

worshippers inside& bishops arrested and e0e/uted. s bad or worse that under -e/ius.

1 ;di/t of +ilan. n edi/t of toleration of Christianity under influen/e of Constantine.

$ Constantine emperor of entire empire. Constantinople (4yOantium% a se/ond *oman /apital.

$# Coun/il of Ni/eae o'er rianism.

Christendom begins.

7ulian “the postate” (61!6% attempts to reinstate paganism& but it is too late.

Au2ustie G:: A& The 2reatest theo-o2ia o" Ro%a Catho-icis%.

aid the groundwor) of Christendom& of +edie'al Christianity and to a large e0tent of

*eformation theologyJ

5mportant tea/hings of ugustine3

1. 9is o'erar/hing theme3 The So'ereignty of God. “The City of God.”

$. Christendom. The /hur/h should ha'e authority o'er the state. The /hur/h has a right to

defend itself& to raise armies and to fight wars to defend its prerogati'es. *ebellion against the

/hur/h is rebellion against the state.



This is the opposite of separation of /hur/h and stateJ

. ?riginal sin& total depra'ity of man)ind (“Confessions of ugustine”%

a. and thus Dustifi/ation of infant baptism.

2. =redestination. +an is in/apable of responding to God. God /hooses us& not us /hoosing him.

“Bree will” is something we re/ei'e and grow into after we are sa'ed.

#. Sa/ramentalism. 4aptism& /ommunion& et/. e" opere opero The a/t as a power in and of

itself& apart from faith on the part of those who re/ei'e it.

?rdination ma)es a bishop or priest an offi/er of the /hur/hLable to a/t independent of therighteousness of the priest& but be/ause of the offi/e of the priest.

Sal'ation is by sa/rament& not by faith.

6. ;t/. Transubstantiation (really an offshoot of sa/ramentalism% =erpetual 'irginity of +ary&

5mma/ulate Con/eption (/onne/ted to ?riginal Sin and depra'ity as 7esus /ould not be born withoriginal sin%

?pponents of ugustine3

1. The -onatists. -ominant in North fri/a. Chur/h autonomy. //elerated his mo'e toward

Chur/hState.

$. =elagius and the semi!=elagians. *oman priest who e'entually mo'ed to the ;ast. Taught that

we /hoose God and that God ma)es us more holy. ,e /an a'oid sin. ,e do not ha'e to sin.

Stressed importan/e of free will.

Su/h a tea/hing was more a//eptable in the ;ast& where holiness was stressed.

Chur/h Coun/ils3

Church Couci-s

Nicaea A& <G

The <uestion of rianism. 7esus is fully di'ine. 9e is of the same substan/e (/onsubstantial% withthe Bather.

rius said 7esus was of a similar nature to the Bather

Ni/ene Creed (a/tually published after Constantinople%



,e belie'e in one God& the Bather lmighty& +a)er of hea'en and earth& and of all things 'isible

and in'isible.

nd in one ord 7esus Christ& the only!begotten Son of God& begotten of the Bather before allworldsI God of God& ight of ight& 'ery God of 'ery GodI begotten& not made& being of one

substan/e (homoousios& of the same substan/e& /onsubstantial% with the Bather& by whom all thingswere made.

,ho& for us men and for our sal'ation& /ame down from hea'en& and was in/arnate by the 9olySpirit of the 'irgin +ary& and was made manI and was /ru/ified also for us under =ontius =ilateI 9e

suffered and was buriedI and the third day 9e rose again& a//ording to the S/ripturesI and as/ended

into hea'en& and sits on the right hand of the BatherI and 9e shall /ome again& with glory& to Dudgethe <ui/) and the deadI whose )ingdom shall ha'e no end.

nd 5 belie'e in the 9oly Ghost& the ord and Gi'er of ifeI who pro/eeds from the Bather and the

SonI who with the Bather and the Son together is worshipped and glorifiedI who spo)e by the

prophets.

nd 5 belie'e one holy /atholi/ and apostoli/ Chur/h. 5 a/)nowledge one baptism for the remissionof sinsI and 5 loo) for the resurre/tion of the dead& and the life of the world to /ome. men.

?f the same essen/e ho%oousios 's of similar essen/e ho%oiousious

Costatio*-e A& 45 Confirmed Ni/aea. 9oly Spirit also /onsubstantial (or one substan/e%

with the Bather and the Son. (less important be/ause the *oman bishop did not attend. The,estern /hur/h 'irtually unin'ol'ed.

E*hesus A& :5 7esus has both a human and a di'ine nature& but is one person.

ntio/h (two natures% 'ersus le0andria (two natures& but later one nature%

Condemned Nestoriais%. -eposed Nestorius& bishop of Constantinople. ;mphasiOed the human

nature of 7esus as separate from his di'ine nature. Nestorius3 The “one nature” is his di'ine nature.Two natures before the union but one nature after the union.

Condemned =elagius& in fa'or with ugustine. =elagius supposedly said that sal'ation is at least in

part a matter of human effortLthat gra/e alone is not suffi/ient for sal'ation.

Coun/il of ;phesus - 21 +ary& “mother of God” theoto)os ;mphasiOed di'ine nature.

Cha-cedo A& :G5

fter a thoroughly embarrassing “*obber Synod&” at whi/h armed mon)s of the le0andrine s/hool

intimidated the ntio/henes and an emmisary of eo was beaten to death& a /oun/il was /alled. 5t

/onfirmed the /oun/il of ;phesus and more /arefully defined the “two natures” do/trine.



“5n agreement with the holy fathers we all unanimously tea/h that we should /onfess that our ord

7esus Christ is one and the same SonI the same perfe/t in Godhead and the same perfe/t in manhood&

truly God and truly man& the same of a rational soul and bodyI /onsubstantial with the Bather inGodhead and the same /onsubstantial with us in manhoodI li)e us in all things e0/ept sinI begotten

of the Bather before all ages as regards his Godhead and in the last days the same& for us and for our

sal'ation& begotten of the Mirgin +ary& the theoto)os (as opposed to the Christoto)os of the Nestorians% (the God!bearer& the mother of God% as regards his manhoodI one and the same Christ&

Son& ord& only!begotten& made )nown in two natures without /onfusion& without /hange& without

di'ision& without separationI the differen/e of the natures being by no means remo'ed be/ause of theunion but the property of ea/h nature being preser'ed and /oales/ing in one person and one

substan/e& not parted or di'ided into two persons but one and the same Son& only begotten& di'ine

,ord& the ord 7esus ChristI as the prophets of old and 7esus Christ himself ha'e taught us about

him& and the /reed of fathers has handed down.

4elie'e it or not& the framers of this formula fully intended to lea'e the nature of 7esus as a mystery.

Without co"usio) 'ithout cha2e prote/ts against +onophysitism& whi/h tea/hes that 7esus@nature /hanged when he too) on human form. +onophysite Q one nature (only the di'ine nature%

This be/ame the Copti/ Chur/h. This was the le0andrine position.

Without di$isio) 'ithout se*aratio prote/ts against Nestorianism& whi/h would ma)e adistin/tion between the di'ine and the human nature of 7esusLseparating 7esus into two persons.

This was the ntio/hine position.

Thus& the Coun/il de/lared that in Christ there are two naturesI ea/h retaining its own properties& andtogether united in one substan/e (hypostasis% and in one single person.

The “hypostati/ union”

s the pre/ise nature of this union is held to defy finite human /omprehension& the hypostati/ union

is also referred to by the alternati'e term Hmysti/al union.H

,hi/h nature of 7esus was tempted by sin Could 7esus be tempted by sin before he too) on a body

Su/h things may best be )ept as a mystery.

Costatio*-e A& GG

Confirmed Cal/hedon& /ondemned re'i'ed Nestorianism. Condemned ?rigin for his tea/hing that

7esus is subordinate to the Bather and for tea/hing the pre!e0isten/e of souls.

Costatio*-e III A& =4



?pposed +onothelitism (one will% Two natures but one will (that will being di'ine%

/ompromise between +onophysitism and Cal/hedonian ideas of two natures. 7esus had a human

nature but not a human will.

Nicaea II A& J4J Condemned i/ono/lasm (i/on destroyers% 5t is heresy to de/lare that i/ons

are not useful to worshipping God.

4ran/hes of Christianity in - #.

1. ,estern Christendom. *oman Catholi/ism. +ore legalisti/& more /on/erned with sal'ation.

$. ;astern Christianity. ?rthodo0. +ore spiritual& more /on/erned with holiness.

. Copti/ Christianity. (le0andrian s/hool% +onophysite (only one nature% (9enophysite one

nature% ?ne nature Bo/used on the di'ine nature of 7esus and 'irtually denied the humanity of

7esus after his baptism. ate #th

/entury.

2. Chur/h of the ;ast. (ntio/hene s/hool% Nestorian Christianity. -yophysite (two natures%The human 7esus and the di'ine 7esus were two different people. Strongly emphasiOed the human

nature of 7esus and his suffering.

le0andria3 Theoto)os +ary ga'e birth to God.

ntio/h3 Christoto)os. +ary ga'e birth to Christ

Midd-e A2es

Binal s/hism of ;astern and ,estern Christendom. 1#2

Good news3 There ha'e always been those who sought to be dis/iples of 7esus and follow the

4ible only.

1. - 6#!"@s =auli/ians. sia +inor. Named after =aul the rmenian. *eDe/ted formalism

of 4yOantine Chur/h and sa/raments (e0/ept baptism and /ommunion% *eDe/ted use of i/onsand importan/e of as/eti/ism. 4ible the only authority. 4aptism of adults by immersion. Some

strange ideas as well. 7esus be/ame di'ine at his baptism. Some dualisti/ tenden/ies from

+ani/hees. *elied hea'ily on u)e& /ts& letters of =aul. ;arly leaders stoned to death and

burned at sta)e. s many as 1& )illed. ater& many fled to the 4al)ans& beingtransformed into the 4ogomils.

$. lbigenses& Cathari (pure ones% - 1@s!1$@s round lbi in southern Bran/e. *eDe/t papa/y& priests& most sa/raments& purgatory& infant baptism. Stressed a simply& holy life.

5n<uisition initiated to stamp out this group. $& ($ of entire population of anguedo/%

)illed to suppress them. lso had dualisti/ tenden/ies (+ani/heeism& physi/al& flesh e'il%



. 9enry the mon). 11 =rea/hed repentan/e& marriage not a sa/rament& *eDe/ted /lergy&

sa/raments& e0ternals in general& reDe/ted that /ommunion is a sa/rifi/e& /onfession to priests& prayers to the dead& original sin& infant baptism.

2. rnold of 4res/ia (5taly% d. 11## 5taly. Simple ord@s supper. 4ible as the authority& not/hur/h tradition. *eDe/ted se/ular authority of the /hur/h. *eDe/ted papa/y. 9anged.

#. =eter of 4ruys. d. /. 112 -estroyed idols. 4urned /rosses and /oo)ed meat on the fires ona

day of fasting. 4aptism of adults by immersion. ;0e/uted by being thrown into a pile of

burning /ru/ifi0es his group was burning.

6. ,aldensians. (people of the 'alleys% =eter ,aldo - 11:#! 1#@s. ,ealthy. Sold

e'erything. Bormed 4ible study groups. Translated 4ible into 'erna/ular (Bren/h%. *eDe/ted

priesthood& sa/raments& i/ons& worship of saints& /hur/h /alendar& purgatory& et/. 5nfluen/ial

in beginning of the *eformation& espe/ially in SwitOerland. ;0/ommuni/ated but not so hea'ily

perse/uted. +o'ed into 'alleys in SwitOerland.

ate +iddle ges3 Thomas <uinas& ?/)ham& et/.

=apa/y be/ame disgustingly /orrupt. +any were more of a politi/al than a religious leader.

=oliti/al as/enden/y of =apa/y. Crusades

1st 1"6!1"" Captured 7erusalem& set up se'eral Beudal )ingdoms

$nd 112:!112" Total disaster

rd 118:!11"$ Captured /re and /oastlands of =alestine! 8th 1$:!1$:1

Cult of +ary be/ame 'ery strong. +ary was more relatable than a distant 7esus.

Growth of monasti/ism in the ,est.

-omini/ans (-omini/& 11:!1$$1% (austere& intelle/tual& dis/iplined%Bran/is/ans (Bran/is of ssisi 118$!1$$6% (spiritual& humble& nature!lo'ing%

This was the age of s/holasti/ism. -iale/ti/al dis/ussion of s/ripture& /ommentaries andristotle. +any uni'ersities established. Stressed the /ongruen/e of reason and faith.

nselm of Cantebury (1!11"% “5 belie'e in order that 5 may )now”

=resented arguments for e0isten/e of God. ?ntologi/al& Cosmologi/al arguments.

=eter belard (1:"!112$% +ust doubt to )now. Si/ et Non



lbertus +agnus& -uns S/otus& ,illiam of ?/)ham& et/.

The most important theologian of the +iddle ges.

Thomas <uinas 1$$#!1$:2

The )ey theologian of modern Catholi/ism. 16th /entury de/lared “-o/tor of the

Chur/h.”18:" *C /hur/h offi/ially de/lared <uinas@ theology normati'e for

*oman Catholi/ism.

,rote Summa Theologiae

9e belie'ed that the truth ought to be reasonable& therefore we ought to be able to

apply reason and logi/ to understand and e0plain God and Christian do/trine.

God re'eals himself through reason.

pplied logi/ of ristotle to Christian theology.

Bi'e logi/al demonstrationsproofs of the e0isten/e of God.

=rime mo'er

Eltimate /ause (Cosmologi/al rgument%

*eDe/ted ?ntologi/al argument (That& than whi/h nothing /an be greater%Teleologi/al rgument (argument from design%

+inimiOed e0periential aspe/ts of Christianity.

-id not a//ept stri/t monergism& but agreed that a response of faith and a/tion on

our part is re<uired for sal'ation whi/h is both Dustifi/ation and san/tifi/ation.

Thomas <uinas3

“God& therefore& is the first /ause& who mo'es /auses both natural and 'oluntary.

nd Dust as by mo'ing natural /auses 9e does not pre'ent their a/tions from being

natural& so by mo'ing 'oluntary /auses 9e does not depri'e their a/tions of being

'oluntaryI but rather is 9e the /ause of this 'ery thing in them& for 9e operates in

ea/h thing a//ording to his own nature.”



5n other words& <uinas belie'ed in free will and not a stri/t monergism.

Thomas <uinas3 God predestinesforeordains in that he fore)nows who will

freely /hoose to be sa'ed.

BormaliOed do/trine of purgatory.

Re"or%atio.

Wi--ia% o" Oc!ha% 5<5G =rimarily a philosopher (of nominalism% but opposed

authority of the =ope. The 4ible& not the /hur/h& is the ultimate authority.

6oh Wyc-i" E2-ad 5<:54: S/ripture the only authority. Translated Mulgate into

;nglish. ?pposed idols& indulgen/es& purgatory& transubstantiation& priesthood. Called the =ope

the anti/hrist. //epted ugustine@s predestination. Bollowers /alled *oundheads. 121 hisfollowers& )nown as ollards& de/lared hereti/s. 12$8 -isinterred his bones and burned them&

dumping the ashes into ri'er.

6oh Hus 8ohe%ia 5==5:5G 5nfluen/ed by ,y/lyffe. =ersonal piety& 4ible the

only authority& only God /an forgi'e sin. *eDe/ted worshiping idols& saints et/. 4urned atsta)e. The authorities dug up the dirt around the sta)e so that people /ould not bring reli/s ba/)

to 4ohemia. The in<uisition wiped out a large portion of the population of 9ussite 4ohemia.

9ussites be/ame the 4rethren or +ora'ian Chur/h. Those who were un/ompromising werewiped out. 4e/ame 'ery s/hismati/. 5nfluen/ed le0ander Campbell.

Marti Luther. 5:45G:=. Catholi/ priest and ugustinian mon). Not out to abolish

Catholi/ism per se& but to reform it. =la/ed "# theses on /hur/h door in ,ittenburg in1#1:

against indulgen/es& worldliness of priesthood. ;0/ommuni/ated. S/ripture the only authority

for truth.Sal'ation by "aith o-y. Sola S/riptura& Sola Gratia et Bides

*epentan/e not re<uired. =redestination. ?'errea/ted to legalism& wor)s sal'ation ofCatholo/ism. *eDe/ted /eliba/y for priests& /onfession& sa/raments other than baptism&

eu/harist.

4oo) of 7ames “a boo) of straw” ?ne mista)e Trying to reform Catholi/ism& rather than

restore bibli/al Christianity. *e'i'ed ugustine& not NT.9e& along with >wingli brought ba/) orthopra0y& but not orthodo0y.

U-rich 'i2-i 5:4:5G5 Swiss reformer. Similar to uther& but more radi/al about

restoring New Testament pra/ti/e. -ebated o'er ord@s Supper. *eDe/ted transubstantiation.

9e and uther disfellowshipped ea/h other o'er transubstantiation. 9is mo'ement led to whatis )nown as *eformed Theology (reformed /hur/h% 9e reDe/ted priestly garments& statues&



stained glass& et/. -estroyed mu/h art in the pro/ess. Chur/h is “four bare walls and a sermon.”

ed to nabaptists.

i)e ugustine and uther& >wingli was a radi/al predestinationist. 9e saw the so'ereignty of

God as the /hief prin/iple of Christianity.

Thomas <uinas (and the 4ibleJ% God fore)nows those who will be sa'ed. >wingli& Cal'in3

God foreordains who will be sa'ed.

>wingli3 ord@s supper and baptism are symboli/ /eremonies& and are not the means of gra/e.

,e /an see where this led. “Sa/raments are signs or /eremonies by whi/h men offer themsel'es

before the /hur/h as soldiers or dis/iples of Christ. Completely reDe/ted baptismal regeneration.

-ied in a battle with Catholi/ /antons of SwitOerland.

The Aa,a*tist (re,a*tiDer+ %o$e%et. 5G<G and later. lso )nown as the *adi/al*eformation. 5mmersion of adults after repentan/e and /onfession of faith. 4ible only authority.

Separation of /hur/h and state. //used their enemies (the magisterial *eformation% <uiterightly of being Constantiniansugustinians.

Taught synergism& not monergism (God and man /ooperate in sal'ation% Taught “pre'enientgra/e.”

Mi/iously perse/uted. >wingli personally appro'ed the drowning of Beli0 +anO. 4urned at

sta)e by Catholi/s& drowning by utherans and Cal'inists.

5t is hard to e0aggerate the signifi/an/e of separation of /hur/h and state. ;0treme pa/ifists.

Their ideal3 To restore 1st /entury NT Christianity.

Birst theologian of the nabaptists3 4althasar 9ubmaier. 4urned at sta)e 1#$8& his wifedrowned in the -anube.

7a/ob 9utter 9utterites. Mery s/hismati/.

+enno Simons R +ennonites be/ame legalisti/ and o'erly emphasiOed as/eti/ism and

separation from the “world.”

Swiss nabaptists be/ame the mish

nabaptists /hose to remo'e themsel'es from the world rather than to influen/e it.

6oh Ca-$i. 5G5G=: Gene'a. Theologian& 4ible /ommentator and /i'il leader of a

theo/ra/y in Gene'a. +ost influential theologian of the *eformation. ,rote Istitutes o" the

Christia Re-i2io. Gene'a Con'ention is a /reed whi/h influen/ed all reform /hur/hes.



9is theology )nown as Cal'inism. +onergism

To <uote Cal'in3 “God is said to ha'e ordained from eternity those whom he wills to embra/e in

lo'e& and those upon whom he wills to 'ent his wrath.”

Total depra'ity& un/onditional ele/tion& limited atonement& irresistible gra/e& final preser'ation

of the saints. (TE5=% -ouble predestination.

God has two willsI one re'ealed (1 Tim $3!2& $ =et 3"% and one se/ret3 foreordination for

eternal sal'ation or damnation. -ouble predestination.

-enominations whi/h are essentially Cal'inist3 =resbyterian& -ut/h *eformed& 4aptist& =uritan(Congregationalist% ngli/an;pis/opalian (sort of% Charismati/s are essentially Cal'inist in

their do/trine. ;'angeli/als in general are Cal'inist. =ray 7esus into your heart and on/e

sa'edalways sa'ed are step/hildren of Cal'inism.

Couter Re"or%atio

&esiderius Eras%us 5:==5G= leading figure of the *enaissan/e. Sought to reform

rather than brea) from the *oman Chur/h.

Taught Bree ,ill. ,rote “?n the Breedom of the ,ill.” 1#$2 (uther replied with “?n the

4ondage of the ,ill”%

,rote “=raise of Bolly” 1#" in whi/h he sar/asti/ally atta/)s pilgrimages& reli/s& monasti/ism&

as/eti/ism& worship of saints and superstitious +edie'al pra/ti/es in general& along with Catholi/

heirar/hy.

The most influential bibli/al s/holar of his time (with the possible e0/eption of Tyndale%

=rodu/ed a /riti/al Gree) New Testament 1#12.

;rasmus laid the egg that uther hat/hed.

P3 ,as ;rasmus@ 'iew superior to that of uther and >wingli& if he had su//eeded

Couci- o" Tret (Ita-y+. 5G:G5G= n attempt to reform the Catholi/ Chur/h in

response to the /riti/ism of uther& ;rasmus and others.

1. Sought with some su//ess to eliminate many +edie'al e0/esses.

$. Sought& with more su//ess& to ma)e many latent Catholi/ tea/hings offi/ial.

. Condemned uther and other reformers as hereti/s.2. Confirmed the authority of e0tra!bibli/al tradition.

#. Confirmed wor)s san/tifi/ation. Sa/rament of priesthood et/.

Other de$e-o*%ets;



,illiam Tyndale translated Gree) and 9ebrew 4ible into ;nglish& is burned at sta)e 1#6.

5nfluen/ed by uther.

Thomas Cranmer and ngli/anism.

7ohn Ano0 1##!1#:$ S/otland 5ntrodu/ed Cal'inism to S/otland and ;ngland. Bounded the

=resbyterian Chur/h.

4aptists. (;ngland%. 5ntrodu/ed belie'er@s baptism to Cal'inism. 4ible the only authority.

*etained predestination and on/e sa'ed always sa'ed.

=uritans (;ngland% Stressed importan/e of /hur/h autonomy. Stri/t Cal'inists.5n ES be/ame Congregationalists (7onathan ;dwards%

Pua)ers (;ngland% Charismati/. =ersonal holiness. =a/ifists. iterally <ua)ed in worship.

holinessspiritualist offshoot of the *adi/al *eformation.

6aco, Ar%iius (5G=5=+ (-ut/h% rminianism. The =rotestant e<ui'alent of =elagianism

(more a//urately of semi!=elagianism%.

utherism and *eformed theologians 'ery soon lapsed into a fairly dry& s/holasti/& o'erly defined&dry& /old sort of intelle/tual Christianity. +u/h relian/e on ristotlean logi/ and Thomisti/

s/holasti/ism.

Spe/ifi/ally& the -ut/h *eformed Chur/h supported “supralapsarianism.” This do/trine is that God predestined some to hea'en and others to hell before he /reated the world and before he pro'ided for

forgi'eness of sins. This is the do/trine of limited anonement.

rminius affirmed free willLthat we respond to the gra/e of GodLand reDe/ted un/onditional

ele/tion. “pre'enient gra/e” God fore)nows& but does not predetermine. 9e died before his

tea/hing was /ondemned.

9e was a//used of Catholi/ sympathy and of belie'ing in wor)s sal'ation& but he publi/ly de/lared

in fa'or of sal'ation by gra/e through faith alone. ,hy 4e/ause he denied that we are totally passi'e in our re/eption of sal'ation. They /onsidered our response a “wor).” They /onsidered

those who /hoose to a//ept God@s sal'ation as somehow trying to earn it.

rminius3 Supralapsarianism (and by inferen/e any )ind of un/onditional ele/tion% ma)es God theauthor of sin. 5f so& then sin is not sin.

Chur/hes whi/h a//ept the rminian 'iew3 +ethodists& *estoration +o'ement& some )inds of baptists.



The Cane *idge *e'i'al. 181. Sha)ing in the Spirit. ;'angeli/al in nature.

7une $8& 182 “The ast ,ill and Testament of the Springfield =resbytery.”

-enoun/ed human /reed. The 4ible only.

To be Called Christian only. o/al /hur/h go'ernment only.

Breedom of /ons/ien/e& /harity on matters of opinion.

Strong millenial tenden/y. The millennium is almost upon us. Christianity to be the

world religion.

These guys /onsidered themsel'es reformers and uniters& not restorers.

Thomas Campbell. (1:6!18#1% 4orn a =resbyterian (predestination%. 5nfluen/ed by 9aldane&

se/eder =resbyterians& Sandemanians. 7oined a reformist mo'ement. +o'ed to ES 18:.

4e/ame disillusioned with the =resbyterianism. ttempted to form an independent& non!

denominational /hur/h.

18" =ublished the “-e/laration and ddress.”

le0ander Campbell. 1:88!1866 Son Mery intelle/tual

7oined Thomas from S/otland 18"

4elie'ers only baptism 181$ (SC+ p. 18%

Bormed +ahoning 4aptist sso/iation. but ne'er /alled themsel'es 4aptists. Called themsel'esChristians.

Campbell,al)er -ebate 18$

The Christian 4aptist 18$

The +illennial 9arbinger 18

+ahoning 4aptist sso/iation dissol'ed 18

4ethany College 182

18$@s an independent mo'ement in ?hio& =ennsyl'ania

,alter S/ott a 'ery influential prea/her.

-id more to /reate the mo'ement& perhaps& than le0ander Campbell. mu/h more effe/ti'e

prea/her. Birst e'angelist in the mo'ement



“*estored the gospel” in 18$: The fi'e step plan of sal'ation

S/otts3 faith& repentan/e& baptism& remission of sins& 9oly Spirit

CoC today3 hear& belie'e& repent& /onfess& be baptiOed

The /rowning e'ent of the early years of the mo'ement3

18$2 Stone and Campbell met for the first time

181 -e/ided to form a unified mo'ement

=roblems3

1. Christian (Stonites% or -is/iple (Campbellites%

$. ;motional 's intelle/tual mo'ements (prea/hers 's tea/hers%. Tea/hing on baptism

2. ?rdination of ministers#. -o/trine of the 9oly Spirit

9ermeneuti/s3

le0ander Campbell relied on Bran/is 4a/on and 5saa/ Newton. 4elie'ed we /ould use

the s/ientifi/ method to study the 4ible. Mery solid hermeneuti/s& but sought the

“fa/ts” of the 4ible.

Command& ;0ample and Ne/essary -emonstrations.

,here the 4ible spea)s& we spea)& where the 4ible is silent& we are silent

,ea) on prin/iples. Tended toward legalism.

The turning point3 ,ere they a unity mo'ement (a reformation% or a restoration mo'ement

Stone and Campbell fa'ored reformation (e0ampleI the Christadelphians%

,alter S/ott& 4enDamin Bran)lin& Tolbert Banning& -a'id ips/omb and others

mo'ed toward restoration. Sought “the perfe/t pattern.”

-ominant influen/es in the mo'ement3

The Colleges (4ethany College& -a'id ips/omb College& 9arding& CE& et/.%

The =eriodi/als (editorbishops% (The +illennial 9arbinger& The meri/an Christian

*e'iew& The Gospel d'o/ate& Birm Boundation& et/.%



These were for/es for unity and for di'ision

Causes of disunity3

;'angelism and inter!/hur/h organiOation (the +issionary So/iety% (are para!/hur/h organiOations?A% (p $#2 SC+o'ement%

The Ci'il ,ar3 pa/ifism& sla'ery& et/. (The +issionary So/iety supported the North%

The “instrument.” +oses ard3 No prea/her should enter a /hur/h where an organ stands.

-aniel Sommer and -a'id ips/omb. “Bathers” of the CoC. Two fathers with a 'ery differentnature.

1"6 ES Census a/)nowledged two separate groups3 The Chur/h of Christ and

the Christian Chur/h-is/iples of Christ.

Northern /hur/hes allowed for organiOation& more liberal. 4e/ame the Christian Chur/h andthe -is/iples of Christ

Southern /hur/hes fier/ely independent& be/ame Chur/h of Christ

SC +o'ement3 p #:&#:2

No sense of history ('ery different from CampbellJJ%

Chur/h go'ernment based on elders and ministers or e'angelists

-a'id ips/omb (181!1"1:% “Bather” of the Chur/h of Christ

Bounder of ips/omb Eni'ersity ;ditor of the Gospel d'o/ate 1866!1"1:

Mery strong dependen/e on the 4ible. -o/trinally oriented. ,at/h your life and your do/

trine.

4e/ame legalisti/ally oriented. Split o'er 'ery minor issues (one /up& instruments in /hur/hes&

et/% No issue too small to di'ide o'er. (s/ientifi/ hermeneuti/s and restorationist

philosophy%

-aniel Sommer ,at/hdog for the brotherhood.

-aniel Sommer was a militant who left a lega/y of legalisti/ wrangling and

di'ided /ongregations.

Bollowing his lengthy sermon& during whi/h he blasted the HliberalsH for their



many Hsins&H a prepared do/ument was read to the assembled /rowd by elder =eter

,arren. This powerful do/ument& whose /hief author was Sommer himself& is )nown

as the ddress and -e/laration. 5t is an ob'ious play on the H-e/laration and ddressHwhi/h was authored and published in 18" by Thomas Campbell and was a platform&

/ontained in thirteen propositions& for unity among all belie'ers. Sommers

HSand Cree) +anifesto&H howe'er& was Dust the opposite. 5t was a /all for di'ision. arry +iles& in his study of Sommers life& noted that this day Hwill go down

in our history as a day when the lines of demar/ation were drawn.H -r. eroy

Garrett seems to agree !! HThe date was Sunday& ugust 18& 188"& and while it isris)y to attempt to pinpoint the origin of any /hur/h& this would be a suitable

date for the beginning of the Chur/hes of ChristH (The Stone!Campbell +o'ement& p. "$%.

Sommer was determined to lead the faithful away from the larger body of -is/iples

of Christ& and he /ame to refer to those loyal to his own plea as the HChur/h of Christ&H whereas all others were the HSo!/alled Christian Chur/h.H 9e was

/ondemned for this in the Christian Standard !! H-aniel Sommer is trying to get /ontrol

of some of our /ongregations& and form a distin/t religious body. 9e would thus

start a new se/t. 5ts bond and union would be its opposition to /ertain methodsof Christian wor) done by us.H Thus& Sommers followers /ame to be referred to as

Hanti brethren&H sin/e they were opposed to so many things. Sommer also fre<uentlyinsisted that his people were the Honly Chur/h of Christ in town.H ,ith e0tremism

always /omes e0/lusi'ism.

The matter effe/ti'ely was brought to a head by one statement in parti/ular

on this o//asion. Sommer de/lared& H5n /losing up this address and de/laration&

we state that we are impelled from a sense of duty to say& that all su/h inno'ations

and /orruptions to whi/h we ha'e referred& that after being admonished& and ha'ing hadsuffi/ient time for refle/tion& if they do not turn away from su/h abominations& that we /an

not and will not regard them as brethren.H The words had been utteredJ HBor the first

time in its history a substantial segment of the Stone!Campbell +o'ement madea test of fellowship and a bond of union o'er issues that had generally been

/onsidered matters of opinionH (-r. eroy Garrett& The Stone!Campbell +o'ement& p. "$%.

-aniel Sommer was de'oted to di'ision& and on +ay $2& 18"$& wrote in his ?/tographi/ *e'iew& HThe Sand Cree) -e/laration is being adopted& and those who will not

do right are purged out as old lea'en. 5n /ourse of a few years the Chur/h

of Christ will be entirely separated from the Christian Chur/h. Then there will

be no more fellowship between them as there now is between the Chur/h of Christ and any other bran/h of se/tarianism. 9alleluDah.H 5n other words& =raise God

for this di'ision of 9is peopleJJ

$th Century /ontro'ersies3

?ne /up& Sunday S/hool& anti /hur/hes

=remillennialism

Bor the Christian Chur/h-is/iples of ChristI The ;/umeni/al +o'ement. ?pen +embership.



Su/h strong emphasis on the basi/s& failed to en/ourage deep bibli/al study by e'ery member (li)e

the Chur/h of Christ%

=roposal3 Con'ert people to 7esus Christ (without losing emphasis on ordship or tea/hing on how

to be sa'ed%

=roposal3 et us /ontinue to be a world!wide mo'ement& but finan/ial and otherwise /ommitmentis a lo/al de/ision by a leadership based on elders and e'angelists. Moluntary para!/hur/h

asso/iations.

+o'e from a group 'ision to mi0ture of group and indi'idual sense of mission. +o'e away froms/hismati/ attitude. ttitude of reformation 's restoration.

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