QUANG HP*

Phn loi sinh vt Sinh vt t dng: s dng nng lng nh sngSinh vt ha dng: s dng nng lng t cc hp cht hu c hoc cc cht v c nh st, nitrate, sulfur

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*Tng quan

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*Th nghim chng minh s quang hp

*Lc lp( chloroplast) l ni xy ra qu trnh quang hp

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Lc lp*L bo quan nm trong t bo dip nhcCu to gm 2 mngBn trong cha cht cn bn l stromaCha thylakoid l nhng ti c mng bao, cc ti thylakoid xp chng ln nhau l grana

*Phng trnh quang hp tng qut

*S oxy haS khMt in tNhn in tMt hydrogenNhn hydrogenGii phng nng lngD tr nng lngQuang hp l mt chui phn ng oxy ha kh S OXY HA KH

*Quang hp l mt qu trnh oxy ha kh Quang hp l mt qu trnh oxy ha kh trong H2O b oxy ha v CO2 b kh. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Nng lng AS C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

* Oxygen phn t c to ra c t CO2 hay t H2O?

6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2Ngun gc ca oxy trong quang hp

* Dng ng v phng x 18O lm du. 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 H2O 1/2O2 + 2H+ O2 l sn phm ca quang hp, lm cho s sng trn tri t thay i.

Quang hp*Nng lng nh sng cung cp phn ly nc, tch ion H+ v in tin t v ion H+ t s phn ly nc c cung cp cho CO2 to cht kh l (CH2O)

Quang hp l qu trnh gm hai pha

*Pha sng bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc.Pha ti (Chu trnh Calvin) tng hp ng t CO2

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*Tng tc gia photon, nguyn t v electron

*Sc t quang hp Chlorophyll a l sc t quang hp chnh. Xanh Chlorophyll b khc bit v cu trc vng porphyrin. Xanh vng Carotenoids: Vng hoc cam

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*V sao l c mu xanh?

*S kch hot Chlorophyll bi nh sng

H thng quang trong quang hp*Gm cc phn t dip lc t v cc sc t khc sp xp thnh hai h thng quangH thng quang thu nhn nng lng nh sng nh nhng anten

Trung tm phn ng*

Pha sng*1. H thng quang I v IITrn mng thylakoid, gm 2 h thng quang: H thng quang I: PS700, h thng quang II: PS680Cu to h thng quang: Mi h thng quang c mt trung tm phn ng gm cc phn t sc t v cc enzyme.

*Pha sng (Light phase)

Cc thylakoid trong lc lp bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng ha hc tch tr trong ATP v NADPH.

ATP V NADPH Chlorophyll thu nhn nh sng electron chuyn n mc nng lng cao hn th th tip nhn in t.Electron c thay th bng s phn ly ca phn t H2O, oxygen c gii phng. Nng lng electron NADPH v ATP

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Phn ng xy ra trong pha sng*

*H thng quang (Photosystem)

trung tm phn ng (reaction center) c bao quanh bi cc phc h thu nhn nh sng (antena). Cc antena l cc phn t sc t bao quanh protein, thu nhn v chuyn nng lng ca cc photon v trung tm phn ng.

*H thng quang (Photosystem)

Chui dn truyn in t*Lin kt hai h thng quangPhng thch nng lng, nng lng ny c lc lp s dng to ATP

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To cht kh NADPH vo pha ti Gii phng O2 ra kh quyn qua kh khu Sinh ra khuynh ha in xuyn mng thylakoid tng hp ATP.Kt qu ca qu trnh:

*ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) Tin t nng lng ca s sng. Mt ATP mi c th c thnh lp t ADP v P v c nu c nng lng to lin kt gn gc phosphate vo ADP. AMP + Pi + Q ADP ADP + Pi + Q ATP S gn thm gc phosphate ny c gi l s phosphoryl ha (phosphorylation).

*ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

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*Quang phosphoryl ha khng vng(Noncyclic photophosphorylation) Trong pha sng c hai l trnh quang phosphoryl ha: khng vng v c vng. Quang phosphoryl ha khng vng c s tham gia ca c hai h thng quang, dng nng lng ca nh sng tng hp c ATP v NADPH.

L trnh khng vng

L trnh vng

*Quang phosphoryl ha khng vng

*Quang phosphoryl ha c vng (Cyclic photophosphorylation)

*S tng hp ATP v NADPH

*Pha ti :Chu trnh Calvin(Calvin cycle) Carbon i vo chu trnh di dng CO2 v ra khi chu trnh dng glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P). tng hp 1 G3P, chu trnh phi thc hin 3 ln, c nh 3 phn t CO2. Chu trnh Calvin gm ba giai on: + C nh CO2 (xc tc bi enzyme rubisco). + Chuyn ha CO2. + Ti to cht nhn CO2 (RuBP).

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Giai on c nh CO2 CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP: 5C)Enzyme xc tc rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)Sn phm khng bn: 6C2 phospholycerate (PGA: 3C)Sn phm c nh 3C: chu trnh C3Thc vt c nh 3C: cy C3*

Giai on kh CO2Nng lng ATP v NADPH PGA G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)6C 2 G3P

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Giai on ti to RuBPG3P ra chu trnh, tng hp glucose v cc nhm cacbohydrate khc.G3P i vo giai on 3, hon tr li nhm 5C (RuBP)Chu trnh calvin c tip din*

iu kin nng, kh, kh khu ng thng xuyn gim thot hi nc.CO2 c cung cp?*

*Cy C4

*Cy C4

*Cy CAM(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ) Mt s cy thuc h Thuc bng (Crassulaceae), h Khm (Bromeliaceae) c nh carbon bng con ng chuyn ha CAM. Cc cy CAM ng kh khu sut ban ngy v ch m vo ban m. + Ban m khi kh khu m, CO2 c c nh thnh mt acid hu c. + Ban ngy khi kh khu ng, CO2 c phng thch t acid hu c v c dng cho chu trnh Calvin.

*CAM vs C4

H HP T BO

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H hp t boH hp hiu kh: cn c O2 H hp k kh, ln men: khng cn O2 T bo s hch v chn hch: h hp hiu kh.Cht dinh dng CO2 v H2O

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EnergyIII. H HP T BO

*B my h hp ca t bo

*2. H hp Carbohydrate

Con ng bin dng ca h hp t bo3 giai onng phn (Glycolysis)Chu trnh Krebs Chui dn truyn in t

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T bo chn hch: giai on ng phn xy ra t bo cht, cc giai on khc ty th.T bo s hch: thiu ty th phn ng t bo cht v mng t bo.

*Kiu h hp sinh vt

S qu trnh h hp t bo

Giai on 1: ng phn Mt phn t glucose c ct thnh 2 phn t acid pyruvic.ng phn ct phn t ng 6 carbon thnh 2 phn t ng 3 carbonNAD+ nhn in t t nhng phn t ng ny, to thnh NADH

H HP CARBOHYDRATE

Pha 1 12345

Giai on ng phngiai on u t nng lngGlucose + 2ATP 2G3P + 2ADPGlucose bn, kh b gyPhosphoryl ha phn t ng fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 3Carbone (G3P)*

Pha 2678910ATP: Substrate-level phosphorylation

Giai on ng phnGiai on hon tr nng lngG3P PyruvateG3P oxy ha, cho in t v H+ NAD+ + 2H NADH + H+ADP + P ATP (phosphoryl ha mc c cht)2G3P + 2NAD+ + 4ADP 2pyruvate + 2NADH +4ATP*

Glucose2 Pyruvic acid

*S phosphoryl ha mc c cht(Subtrate-level phosphorylation) Trong giai on ng phn, mt gc phosphate v c c chuyn trc tip n c cht ADP to thnh ATP S phosphoryl ha mc c cht.

*S ng phn (Glycolysis) Trong s ng phn, mt phn t glucose b phn gii thnh 2 phn t pyruvate. ng phn xy ra trong dch bo (bn ngoi ty th) v gm 10 phn ng lin tip, c chia thnh 2 phase: + Phase 1: u t nng lng. + Phase 2: hon tr nng lng

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*S oxy ha acid pyruvic Trong iu kin c O2, O2 s nhn in t t NADH NAD+, NAD+ quay v phn ng (6). Acid pyruvic c a vo mng trong ty th, ti y acid pyruvic b oxy ha. Kt qu: t 2 acid pyruvic to ra: + 2 Acetyl-CoA. + 2 CO2. + 2 NADH. + 2 H+.

*S oxy ha acid pyruvic

S oxy ha acid pyruvicPyruvate ty th CO2 2C b oxy ha, nhm acetyl acetyl CoAelectron kh NAD + NADH. 2Pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA2Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2CO2 *

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Chu trnh KrebsTricarboxylic acidCitric acid

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*Chu trnh Krebs (Chu trnh acid citric) Xy ra bn trong ty th. Chu trnh acid citric gm 8 bc, mi bc c xc tc bi mt enzyme c hiu. nhm acetyl ca acetyl CoA i vo chu trnh, kt hp vi oxaloacetate to thnh citrate.

Cc phn ng xy ra trong chu trnh KrebsOxaloacetate + acetyl CoA citrate + CoACitrate di chuyn qua chu trnh Krebs loi b 2 nhm C: gii phng 2 CO2 electron chuyn n th tip nhn NAD+ NADH; FAD FADH2 4C c ti to chu trnh tip din

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Chu trnh Krebs ly nng lng ca phn t ng bng cch ct phn t acid acetic thnh CO2Chu trnh Krebs s dng nng lng ny tng hp ATPChu trnh Krebs cn tng hp NADH v FADH2

InputAcetic acidADP3 NAD FADKrebsCycleOutput2 CO2123456

* Kt qu: + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP + 2 CO2

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Giai on 3: Dn truyn in tDn truyn in t cung cp nng lng cho s tng hp ATPTrn mng trong ca ty th c cc cht dn truyn in t to thnh chui dn truyn in tChc nng ca chui dn truyn in t nh nh my ha hc s dng nng lng gii phng khi in t c chuyn trong chui dn truyn in t bm ion H+ qua mng trong ca ty thIon H+ ny l ngun nng lng d tr

*S phosphoryl ha oxi ha(Oxidative phosphorylation)

Sau giai on ng phn v chu trnh acid citric, nng lng t thc n c tch tr trong NADH v FADH2. C hai cht ny s chuyn in t n chui dn truyn in t tng hp ATP thng qua s phosphoryl ha oxi ha.

Chui dn truyn in tChui dn truyn in t l mt chui cc cht chuyn ch in t nm vi trong:Mng trong ty th ca t bo chn hchMng t bo sinh vt n bo hiu kh

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Cc thnh phn ca h thng chuyn chFlavoprotein Lipid ubiquinone (phc h chuyn ch cu thnh bi lipid: CoQ or Q)Phc h protein Fe-SulfurCytochromes

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Chc nng chnh ca phc hpPhc hp I: th th nhn in t ca NADHPhc hp II: th th nhn in t ca FADH2 Phc hp III: th th tip nhn v chuyn in t n cytochromePhc hp IV: nhn in t, kh oxygenOxy l cht nhn in t cui cngSinh vt h hp hiu kh cn c oxy

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iu g xy ra khi khng c oxy lm cht nhn in t cui cng?*

Phosphoryl ha oxy ha i cng vi chui dn truyn in t.Khng c oxy tip nhn, cc phc hp tip nhn in t trn mng t bo b kh.Ton b chui dn truyn khng th hot ngATP khng c to ra.*

Chui dn truyn in t thit lp khuynh protonCc phc hp trn mng trong ty th bm ion H+ qua mng.Khuynh proton tng hp ATP*

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ATP to thnh t NADH v FADH2 trong ty thNADHNAD+FADH2

*S ha thm thu (Chemiosmosis) S vn chuyn cc in t trong chui dn truyn lm cho cc protein bm H+ t dch ty th (matrix) ra ngn ngoi (khong gia hai mng). Sau H+ di chuyn ngc vo trong, qua cc knh trn ATP synthase ATP synthase dng nng lng sinh ra t dng H+ tin hnh s phosphoryl ha ATP.

*Tng ATP to thnh

S LN MEN: H HP YM KHS ln menS h hp ym kh thu nng lng t thc nQu trnh ng phn l con ng bin dng cung cp ATP cho s ln menAcid pyruvic b kh bi NADH to NAD+, NAD+ c tr li chu trnh ng phnTrong t bo c ca ngi, acid lactic l sn phm ph

*S ln men (Fermentation) NAD+ hot ng ging nh 1 con thoi, nhn in t v H+ pu (6) v chuyn in t v H+ cho mt cht khc. Khi thiu O2, acid pyruvic to ra pu (10) s nhn in t v H+ t NADH qu trnh ln men. C 2 qu trnh ln men: ln men ru v ln men lactic.

*Ln men lactic (Lactic acid fermentation) Xy ra ng vt v mt s VSV.

*Ln men ru (Alcohol fermentation) Xy ra hu ht thc vt v nhiu VSV

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Quang hp s dng ngun sng t vng mt thng c th thy c, v mc quang ph ny c mc nng lng cho hot ng ca cc phn t sinh hc cng nh cc electron. cc bc sng di hn ph nhn thy, khng cung cp nng lng kch thch cc phn t sinh hc.**Ch c 1 h thng quang tham gia phn ng ca pha sng, in t t photon c h thng quang h 1 thu nhn, chuyn n trung tm phn ng, electron c hot ha nng lng cao hn. Nng lng c chuyn qua chui dn truyn, nng lng gii phng tng hp ATP.in t khng c tip nhn bi NAD+, tip tc quay tr li h thng quang. Trong l tnh vng NAD+ khng c to ra, H2O khng phn ly to oxy. Gii thch: khng NAD+ tip nhn in t, ngha to 1 t ATP cho t bo. *********Pi i la inorganic

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