Chronology of Early Islam Muhammad Born in Mecca ca. 570 Muhammads First Revelation610 Muhammads...
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Transcript of Chronology of Early Islam Muhammad Born in Mecca ca. 570 Muhammads First Revelation610 Muhammads...
Islamic ArtChronology of Early IslamFive Pillars of Islam
Early Islamic ArtAbbasid ArtIslamic Luxury Arts
Umayyad Art in Iberia
Later Islamic ArtMamluk Art
Ottoman Turkish ArtSeljuk Art
Timurid Art
Safavid Art
Ayyubid Art
Mamluk Art
Mughal ArtSub-Saharan Islamic Art
Chronology of Early Islam
Muhammad Born in Mecca ca. 570
Muhammad’s First Revelation 610
Muhammad’s Flight to Medina (Hijra)622
Muhammad Dies in Medina 632
Five regions conquered by Muslim soldiers in the seventh century.Iran and the Arabian peninsula.North Africa.Lower Egypt.The Iberian peninsula and as far north as Poitiers in France.As far east as the Indus River.The Christian city of Constantinople fell to the Muslims in 1453?
Five Pillars of Islam
Faith There is no God but God; Muhammad is his messenger
· Prayer Salat–obligatory prayers said five times daily
· Charity Zakat–“purification” or “growth”
Fasting during month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage Hajj–trip to Mecca once in a lifetime
some go yearly during Ramadan
Early Islamic ArtAbbasids
A people who claimed descent from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad, they overthrew the Umayyads in 750.
ArabesqueNatural forms so stylized they become purely decorative.
CaliphRuler (“successor” for successor of Muhammad) who unites religious and political leadership in one leader.
CalligraphyElegant writing as a decorative art.
EwerA pitcher; in the Islamic world, could be crafted in the form of a stylized animal such as a bird.
FatimidsThe Islamic dynasty that ruled in Egypt from 909—1171.
ImanThe leader of collective worship in a mosque.
Iwan Vaulted rectangular recess in a mosque.
Koran (Qur’an)Meaning “recitations”, the Holy Book of Islam.
Kufic An early form of Arabic script; very angular, with uprights forming almost right angles with the baseline.Hejira“Emigration”; the Islamic calendar dates itself from when Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina in 622.
Minaret A tower from which the faithful are called to worship.
Minbar The pulpit on which an imam stands in a mosque.
Mirhab A semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of a mosque.
Muhammad The founder of Islam, revered as its Final Prophet. He did not claim to be divine and did not perform miracles.
Qibla wall The wall in the direction towards Mecca, which Muslims face when praying.
Umayyads The Islamic dynasty that ruled Syria from 661—749.
True or FalseIslamic art spread quickly both eastward and westward from the land once inhabited by the peoples of the ancient Near East.True
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
687-692
Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven from the Dome of the Rock
The first great achievement of Islamic architecture was The Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
687-692
Dome of the Rock; constructed in Jerusalem.
The shape was influenced by the Byzantine domed temples, like the neighboring Constantine’s Rotunda of the Holy Sepulchre.
It was decorated originally in mosaics (now replaced by tile) in vivid colorful patterns for both the interior and exterior. The Dome of the Rock is
located in Jerusalem
Dome of the Rock (interior)
Jerusalem
687-692
Great MosqueDamascus, Syria 706-715
Four features of the Great Mosque at Damascus that show the influence of the Greco-Roman world.It is made of masonry blocks, columns, and capitals salvaged from Roman and Early Christian structures.The courtyard is bordered by pier arcades like those of Roman aqueducts.The minarets are modifications of Roman square towers that were there previously.Its main entrance contains a façade with a pediment that faces into the courtyard, like a Roman forum temple.
True or FalseThe Great Mosque of Damascus owes much to the architecture of the Greco-Roman and Early Christian East.True
Great Mosque
Damascus, Syria
706-715
The courtyard is bordered by pier arcades like those of Roman aqueducts.
Mosaic from CourtyardGreat Mosque
Damascus, Syria
706-715
Why are there no human or animal forms in the mosaics of the Great Mosque at Damascus?Islam shuns the representation of any fauna in sacred places, so flora is dominant.
True or FalseIslamic tradition encourages the representation of fauna in sacred places.False
Byzantine, Late Classical, and Early Christian cultures influenced Islamic art
The cycle of mosaics at the Great Mosque of Damascus were made by Byzantine mosaicists
Plan of the Umayyad Palace
Mshatta, Jordan
ca. 740-750
All mosques are oriented toward the city of Mecca
Detail of the Friezeof the Umayyad PalaceMshatta, Jordanca. 740 - 750limestone16 ft. 7 in. high
Purpose and function of early rural Moslem palaces:Besides being country retreats, they were nuclei for agricultural development of acquired territories, and possibly functioned as hunting lodges.
Frieze of the Umayyad PalaceMshatta, Jordanca. 740 – 750, limestone16 ft. 7 in. high
A series of triangles, each containing a large projecting rosette, framed by elaborately carved moldings. Each triangle is different, and animal figures appear in some of them, but not to the right of the entrance—the part of the façade corresponding to the mosque’s qibla wall.
Abbasid Art
Aerial view of the Great MosqueQayrawan, Tunisia ca. 836-875
Plan of the Great Mosque
Qayrawan, Tunisia
ca. 836-875
True or FalseThe hypostyle mosque exhibits the greatest variation from the original plan for the mosque, Muhammad's house in Medina.False
Great Mosque
Qayrawan, Tunisia
ca. 836-875
Malwiya minaret of the Great MosqueSamarra, Iraq ca. 848-852
The distinguishing feature of the minaret from Samarra is Its steeped spiral ramp. Its name, Malwiya, means “snail shell” in Arabic)
The 165 foot tall Malwiya minaret is in Samarra, Iraq
Mausoleum of the Samanids
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
early 10th century
Malwiya minaret and Great Mosque
Samarra, Iraq
ca. 848-852
Islamic ornament is characterized by Vivid surface pattern created by shaped bricks (mostly for exteriors).Vegetal designs, often highly stylized and abstract.Abstract geometric patterns.Animal figures (in secular settings).
Islamic Luxury Arts
Confronting lions and palm tree
fragment of a textile from Zandana, Uzbekistan
8th centurysilk compound twill2 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 9 1/2 in.
Textiles were so highly valued in the Islamic world because wood is rare in the Islamic world, so architectural spaces are mainly filled with carpets and cushions instead of furniture.
Sulayman
Ewer in the form of a bird
796brass with silver and copper inlay1 ft. 3 in. high
A Sulayman's occupation was a metalworker
Quran page with the beginning of surah 18, al Kahf (The Cave)
9th or early 10th centuryink and gold on vellum7 1/4 in. x 10 1/4 in.
Most of the early examples of the script used in the Koran are written in Kufic
Umayyad Art in Iberia
Entrance to the Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain
8th to 10th centuries
Prayer hall of the Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain
8th to 10th centuries
Horseshoe arches were an important architectural feature of Mosque at Córdoba
Prayer hall of the Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain
8th to 10th centuries
Maqsura of the Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain
961-965
Spain is the European country that contains the best examples of Islamic architecture
Dome in front of the mihrabof the Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain
961-965
Plaque
10th or early 11th centuryivory, quartz, pigment4 1/4 x 8 in.
Plaque
10th or early 11th centuryivory, quartz, pigment4 1/4 x 8 in.
Plaque
10th or early 11th centuryivory, quartz, pigment4 1/4 x 8 in.
LATER ISLAMIC ARTMadrasa
“Place of study”; a theological college.
Mamluks
Former Turkish slaves who converted to Islam.
Muqarnas
Stalactite-like prismatic, lacelike forms.
Ottoman Turks
Osman I founded this dynasty in Anatolia after the Seljuks fell to Genghis Khan in the 13th century. By the 15th century they were one of the great world powers.
Shahnama
Persian national epic poem by Firdawsi, recounting the history of Iran from Creation until the Muslim conquest.
Sinan the Great
The most famous Ottoman architect (c. 1491—1588). A contemporary of Michaelangelo, he perfected the Ottoman architectural style.
Suliyman the Magnificent
Metalworker, creator of fine metal objects such as a ewerstatuette in the shape of a bird.
Court of LionsAlhambra Palace
Granada, Spain
1354-1391
The Alhambra, Meaning “the red”, a huge palace-fortress constructed of rose-colored stone on a rocky spur at Granada, built by the Nasrids.
Its gardens were intended to conjure images of Paradise.
Court of LionsAlhambra Palace
Granada, Spain
1354-1391
Court of LionsAlhambra Palace
Granada, Spain
1354-1391
Muqarnas dome, hall of the Two SistersAlhambra Palace
Granada, Spain
1354-1391
The Alhambra is the Hall of the Two Sisters
Mamluk Art
Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan
Cairo, Egypt
1356-1363
Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan is uncolumned, unlike hypostyle mosques.
It is relatively austere compared to the filigreed Alhambra and other mosques; it is dominated by its massiveness and geometric clarity.
It has a fountain in its courtyard, not seen elsewhere, and the tomb of Hasan is south of the qibla, so praying Muslims would be directing their prayers towards the tomb.
plan of the Madrasa - Mosque - Mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan
Cairo, Egypt
Qibla wall, main iwanMadrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan
Cairo, Egypt
1356-1363
Mosque developed by the Ottoman Turks
A square prayer hall covered by a dome as its 0e, which became the nucleus of all Ottoman architecture.
It is more centralized than other hypostyle mosques, with four minarets, one on each corner of the square base of the mosque, to offset the central dome. Any number and size of domes and juxtaposed geometric spaces could be put together.
Ottoman Turkish Art
Sinan
Mosque of Selim II
Edirne, Turkey
1568-1575
Sinan the Great built the Mosque of Selim II at Edirne
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
532-537
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
532-537
Sinan
plan of Mosque of Selim II
Edirne, Turkey
1568-1575
Sinan
Mosque of Selim II (interior)
Edirne, Turkey
1568-1575
Seljuk Art
Aerial View of the Great MosqueIsfahan, Iran11th to 17th centuries
Four iwans open onto the courtyard, one at the center of each side. A dome leads into the mihrab. The qibla iwan is always the largest, which immediately indicated to worshippers which direction to pray.
Courtyard of the Great MosqueIsfahan, Iran11th to 17th centuries
Winter Prayer Hall of the Shahi (Imam) Mosque
Isfahan, Iran
1611-1638
Dome of the Shah Mosque
Isfahan, Iran
1611-1638
Mihrab from the Madrasa Imami
Isfahan, Iran
ca. 1354glazed mosaic tilework11 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 6 in.
Three types of objects that were often decorated with calligraphy:
Walls.Manuscripts. Tiles.
Islamic decoration makes extensive use of calligraphic, organic, and arabesque
Characteristics of the arabesque include abstract patterns, potential for unlimited growth, and independence of the carrier of the design
Timurid Art
Maqsud of Kashan
Carpet from the funerary mosque of Shaykh Safi al-Din
Ardabil, Iran
1540knotted pile of wood and silk34 ft. 6 in. x 17 ft. 7 in.
One of the most highly developed Islamic art forms was textiles
Carpet weaving was elevated to a national industry in Iran by Shah Tahmasp
Bihzad
Seduction of Yusuf folio 52 verso of the Bustan of Sultan Husayn Mayqara
From Herat, Afghanistan
1488ink and color on paper11 7/8 x 8 5/8 in.
Safavid Art
Sultan-Muhammad
The court of Gayumarsdetail of folio 20 verso of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp
Tabriz, Iran
ca.1525-1535ink, watercolor and gold on paper13 x 9 in.
The Shahnama is the Persian national epic poem.
Sultan-Muhammad
The court of Gayumarsdetail of folio 20 verso of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp
Tabriz, Iran
ca.1525-1535ink, watercolor and gold on paper13 x 9 in.
Sultan-Muhammad
The court of Gayumarsdetail of folio 20 verso of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp
Tabriz, Iran
ca.1525-1535ink, watercolor and gold on paper13 x 9 in.
Sultan-Muhammad
Hushang discovers firedetail of folio recto of the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp
Tabriz, Iran
ca.1525-1535ink, watercolor and gold on paper13 x 9 in.
Ayyubid Art
Canteen with Episodes from the Life of Christ
From Syria
ca. 1240-50brass inlaid with silver1 ft. 2 1/2 in. high
Mamluk Art
Mosque lamp of Sayf al-Din Tuquztimur
From Egypt
1340glass with enamel decoration1 ft. 1 in. high
Luxury itemsManuscript paintings, ceramics, textiles, and metalwork, usually produced as gifts for sultans or specific patrons. They were decorated with literary or religious scenes, or were purely (intricately) decorative.
Muhannad Ibn al-Zayn
Basin (Baptistère de Saint Louis)
From Egypt
ca. 1300brass, inlaid with gold and silver8 3/4 in. high
Mughal Art
Taj Mahal
Agra, India
1632-1647
True or FalseThe first great achievement of Islamic architecture is the Taj Mahal. False
Sub-Saharan Islamic Art
Aerial view of Great Mosque
Djenne, Mali
begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-07
Eastern façade of Great Mosque
Djenne, Mali
begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-07
Eastern façade of Great Mosque
Djenne, Mali
begun 13th century, rebuilt 1906-07
Sultan-MuhammadThe court of Gayumarsdetail of folio 20 verso of the Shahnama of Shah TahmaspTabriz, Iranca.1525-1535,ink, watercolor and gold on paper,13 x 9 in.
David composing the PsalmsParis Psalterca. 950-970tempera on vellum14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in.
Compare the treatment of volume and space in the manuscript illumination from the Shanama with that in the Paris Psalter. In what ways does the Persian miniature differ from the Byzantine one? What factors might account for the differences?