Christoph PloetnerChair

IEC Academy Webinarfor COPANT8 June 2021

Electricity – THE Promotor of ProgressGeneration, Transmission, Distribution, Utilization –

all easy to handle in any amountExample 1: Power Machines

- steam engines 1776 J. Watt – steam engine with acceptable efficiency- combustion engines 1804 combustion motor, 1879 C. Benz – gasoline motor- electrical machines 1838 first DC-motor application (200 Watt), battery-powered

Example 2: Illumination- gas lamps, petroleum lamps 1783 gas extraction from hard coal, from about 1870 petroleum- electric light bulbs 1876 Yablochkov arc candle (2 carbon rods), 1879 Edison light bulb

Beginning of the electrotechnics during thecentury of industrial progress: 1800 - 1900

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1. Scientific exploration: about 1800-1850 1800 A. Volta battery scientific / technical 1820 H.-C. Oersted magnetic field from current scientific 1831 M. Faraday / J. Henry current from magnetic field scientific 1831 M. Faraday first DC generator scientific / technical 1832 H. Pixii first AC generator scientific / technical 1833 E. Lenz law of reciprocity scientific 1864 J. C. Maxwell Maxwell equations scientific

Exploration of the electrotechnics –significant milestones from the 19. century

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2. Technical realization of devices: about 1850-1900 1856 W. Siemens generator with shuttle armature technical 1866 W. Siemens dynamo machine, self energizing technical – patent granted 1879 T. Edison light bulb technical – patent granted 1882 Gaulard/Gibbs “secondary generator” (moveable core) technical – patent granted 1885 Blathy/Deri/Zipernowski first TRANSFORMER (closed core) technical – patent granted 1886 W. Stanley transformer with laminated core technical – patent granted 1887 N. Tesla 2~ induction motor technical – patent granted 1888 F. A. Haselwander 3~ synchronous generator technical – patent granted

– appealed – withdrawn 1889 M. Dolivo-Dobrowolski 3~ asynchronous motor technical – patent granted 1890 M. Dolivo-Dobrowolski 3~ transformer technical – patent granted

Exploration of the electrotechnics –significant milestones from the 19. century

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3. Technical utilization: beginning in 1891 1891 AEG + MF Oerlikon

- first 3~ long-distance transmission ‘Lauffen-FRA’, Germany- 175 km, 15 kV (25 kV), 40 Hz, 220 kVA, line erected along railway- generator 300 hp, 32 poles, 55 V - transformers already oil-insulated

1896 Westinghouse + GE- Niagara Power Station, NY, US- 10x generator 2~, 3.7 MVA, 2.2 kV, 25 Hz- 10x transformers in “Scott” circuit (2~ into 3~) - 3~ transmission at 11 kV to Buffalo – 42 km

Exploration of the electrotechnics –significant milestones from the 19. century

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First single-phase transformer 1885 First three-phase transformer 1890M. Deri / O. Blathy / K. Zipernowsky Michael Dolivo-Dobrowlsky (1862-1919)(1860-1939) (1854-1938) (1853-1942) AEG, Berlin

GANZ, Budapest

The inventors of the transformer – Tribute

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Shell-type

Core-type

130+ years transformers

1. Academic literature (until about 1850)Scientific contributions and lectures by independent researchers dominating2. Technical literature (from about 1850)Patent filing dominates – at first by independent inventors, then with support from companiesFrom about 1880, foundation of local electrical engineering societies3. Agreements’ literature (Rules, Regulations, Standards)From 1891 into the 1920th agreeing / defining / standardizing of nomenclature, symbols, units, ratingsFrom about 1910: development of local technical standards / Rules for ‘Electrical Machinery’From about 1920: Publication of IEC StandardsFrom about 1925: Aligning content of local standards with IEC standards4. Specialist literatureUntil 1900 at least ten books about transformers already publishedAnd how many until today? No idea but for sure far more than 100.000books, brochures and papers!

Evolvement of transformer literature and publications

81.

1904 Electrical Congress convened in St. Louis, MO, US and decided to establish a permanentinternational commission to consider the standardization of terms, nomenclature,ratings of machinery…

1906 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) founded in London, UK1910 – First IEC working bodies established, called ‘Advisory Committee (AC)’1913 AC 1 founded 1910 Nomenclature

AC 2 founded 1911 Rating of electrical MachineryAC 3 founded 1911 SymbolsAC 4 founded 1913 Prime movers (mainly hydraulic and steam turbines)

1935 AC 2 split in two sections AC 2A (rotating machines) and AC 2B (transformers)1949 – Constitution of Technical Committee 14 (TC 14) – Power Transformers

IEC Power Transformer Standardization –from the beginning to present

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IEC Power Transformer main standards

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Rules for Electrical Machinery

I.E.C. 34:1920 Ed1

I.E.C. 34:1925 Ed2

I.E.C. 34:1930 Ed3

I.E.C. 34:1935 Ed4

IEC 76:1955

IEC 60076-1:2011

Important electrotechnical associationsstandardization knowledge generation / documentation /

promotion / exchange word-wide

regional

local electrotechnical commissions, societies, country institutions

Facts at a glance IEC internal liaisons

IEC TC 14 Power Transformers

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Secretariat UK Membership (countries) 48 P – Members 36 O - Members 12 Registered experts 261 Currently active MT, PT, WG, AHG 8 Documents in charge (TR, TS, IS) 40 in maintenance/development 6/1 AHG reports in development 1 IEC/IEEE common documents 6

TC 10 Fluids for electrotechn. applic. TC 36 Insulators SC 36A Insulated Bushings TC 38 Instrument transformers TC 42 HV and HC test techniques TC 55 Winding wires TC 88 Wind energy generating systems TC 99 Insulation coordination TC 112 Evaluation of insulating materials TC 122 UHV AC transmission systems

130 years transformers – Technology and standards pretty much matured Improvements however still possible and necessary. Currently in revision / maintenance:

Standard Major change / improvement user impact IEC 60076-1 - General changing (precising) thermal requirements high IEC 60076-2 - Temperature rise including Ester liquids medium IEC 60076-4 - Impulse testing guide impulse testing using modern meas. equipm. medium IEC 60076-5 - Short-circuit withstand capability increased verification requirem. high IEC 60076-6 - Reactors introduction of “Converter Reactor” for VSC medium IEC 60076-19 - Uncertainty of loss measurements corrections, clarifications minor

IEC 60076-25 - Neutral grounding resistors new development

IEC TC 14 Power Transformers – revisions/ developments in progress

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IEC TC 14 Power Transformers – Revision of IEC 60076-1 I

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Actual thermal requirements unchanged since 1976 (IEC 76-1, IEC 76-2) with following definitions: fix temperatures of external cooling medium (air):

40°C at any time, 30°C monthly average, 20°C yearly average fix temperature rise limits:

60 K top oil rise, 65 K avg winding rise ON/OF, 70 K avg winding rise OD, 78 K hot spot rise

specific adjustments of temperature rise limits for installations in regions with higher ambient temperature.

IEC TC 14 Power Transformers – Revision of IEC 60076-1 II

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New thermal requirements after revision will be based on permissible absolute temperatures of utilized materials (solid insulation, liquid …) base rule: permissible material temperature minus relevant temperature of external cooling medium at

installation site equals the permissible temperature rise limit. new term: Rated temperature – temperature of external cooling medium relevant for ageing calculated as weighted average of yearly average temperature und monthly average temperature

impact for permissible temperature rise limits Case 1: if Rated temperature = 20°C, no change Case 2: if Rated temperature = 10°C, permissible temperature rise limits increase by 10 K Case 3: if Rated temperature = 35°C, permissible temperature rise limits reduce by 15 K

no adjustments of temperature rise limits at all necessary

Number of standards in TC 14 – in development and maintenance2002: 15 2019: 40

Intention for coming years: - focus on updating and improvement of existing standards- identify and abandon standards that are not required any longer / merge

standards if possible- reduce number of documents - carefully discuss and evaluate NPs before moving to voting- Not all topics can and must be standardized –Target: cover > 90% of applications, not 100%

IEC TC 14 Power Transformers – Strategy for standards development / maintenance

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• Power transformer standards developed and maintained by IEC TC 14 are Product Standards linked to and dealing with one specific technology – namely the electromagnetic induction principle

• Other emerging technologies could and actually already can fulfil the same function, namely the solid-state technology (SST). How to handle this alternative technology (and also further potential technologies)?

• inside TC 14 – not realistic• in SC 22F – Power electronics for electrical transmission and distribution systems – more realistic

• Additionally required (intended): A horizontal standard applicable for all kinds of power transformer technologies describing and defining

• the electrical interface parameter to the network such as voltages, currents, impedance…• specific performance parameter such as losses, sound level, ageing…

fully technology neutral.• Further needs: Development of new IEV definitions (power transformer, electromagnetic power

transformer, SST power transformer...)

Challenge 1 – alternative technologies providing the transformer function

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BIM Project execution from planning and specification, to production and further to

commissioning plus operation and lifecycle considerations with a digital model containing all information and data – available to all assigned actors in real time. Efficient project cooperation and coordination. Minimization of failures. Optimization

of time and cost. Ease maintenance / repair – all information are available in the exchangeable digital

model. Model contains basically descriptive characteristics Can be understood as an “open loop” control circuit

Challenge 2 – Building Information Modelling (BIM) & Digital Twin I

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Digital Twin Digital replication of physical device functions (entirely or partly – electrical, thermal,

loss of life…) Collection of generated data during production and operation. Such are analysed

(mainly with AI algorithms) and further processed for service optimization, knowledge generation, maintenance planning …

Can be understood as a “closed loop” control circuit

Questions for TC 14: • To what extent apply the BIM & Digital Twin concepts to power transformers? • Are there standards necessary to be developed and to what extend (maybe interface

definitions)?

Challenge 2 – Building Information Modelling (BIM) & Digital Twin II

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Improve and consolidate standards for Power Transformers using the electromagnetic technology (classic TC 14 task) – Technology will remain dominating in foreseeable future

Enable and prepare for other technologies providing the power transformer function Continue in harmonization of standards between leading standard organizations Watch out for new trends – if and when necessary, include in IEC documents Building Information Modelling Digital Twin …

Tasks for IEC TC 14 to secure power transformer function with standards

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130+ years TRANSFORMERS …

and no end foreseeable!

Christoph PloetnerChairMick MagharSecretary

IEC Academy Webinar for COPANT8 June 2021

Christoph PloetnerChair

IEC Academy Webinar for COPANT08 June 2021