CHRISTIAN WESTHORPE

COURTNEY ROWLANDPATRICIA FIGUEROA

Group 3: Renaissance ArtChapters 15-17

BY: CHRISTIAN WESTHORPE

Chapter 15Adversity and Challenge: The Fourteenth-Century Transition

The Black Death

The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era

Bubonic plague struck Europe in 1347, destroying 1/3 to almost ½ of it’s population in less than 10 years

The disease was carried in by black rats who were carrying fleas

Passed trough a bite from either the infected flea, or the rat. Then it was passed by those who were infected

Black Death-Continued

The plague got its name “Black Death” from the symptoms seen from those infected

Pus would form around the body, mainly in the lymph glands, turning the body a “deathly” black

Once a person became infected, they would usually die within two to three days

There was no way for doctors to treat this epidemic, all treatments proved useless

Europe faced four waves of this plague between 1347 and 1375

Effects of the Black Death

The Black Death caused people to question the existence of God

Some saw it as God’s way of showing his displeasure, other’s viewed it as God’s warning to Christians

The “Dance of Death” by Hans Holbein, was one of the most famous depictions of this time period (skeletons taking there victims to the grave)

Effects of the Black Death-Continued

The Black Death effected Europe’s economy as well

There was a shortage of labor, creating a greater demand for workers

Peasants took advantage, fleeing to cities where jobs were readily available

The first every labor revolts took place in France and England during the mid-fourteenth century

The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy

Lower classes started to demand equalityThe Magna Carta was signed by King John of

England in the year 1215 It disallowed the king to make up additional taxes

without consent of the royal council It also guaranteed; trail by jury, which made sure that

justice was served properly, over the will of the ruler Helped develop the constitutional monarchy

The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy-Continued

50 years after the signing of the Magna Carta, England sent King Henry III to jail

Middle-class reps began to participate in the Great Council

This was the first example of representative government

The Hundred Years’ War

A war fought between France and England, taking place all on French soil

It carried on from 1337 until 1453The war began because of the English’s claim

to continental lands, as well as the English claim to the French throne.

The English were outnumbered by 4/1 by the French, yet they still managed to win most of the early battles by introducing secret weapons

England Finally withdrew from France in 1450

Secret Weapons

English success was linked to the use of three new weapons The foot soldier The longbow Gunpowder

The Decline of the Church

The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) and the Great Schism (1378-1417) caused a huge decline in the prestige of the Catholic Church

Avignon Papacy was the relocation of the papacy from Rome to the city of Avignon in Southern France

The Great Schism was the election of two popes, one rule from Avignon, the other from Rome This caused conflicting views Violent controversy within the Church Lasted almost a decade

Literature in Transition-Boccaccio

Social Realism was a large part of Boccaccio’s writing

Social Realism is the objective attention to human society and social interaction

Boccaccio’s most famous piece of work would be the Decameron

Decameron is made up of hundred lively vernacular tales told by seven young women and three young men (they each tell a story every night for ten days)

His stories remain a lasting tribute to the varieties of human affection and desire

Christine de Pisan

Christine was the first feminist writer, as well as the first female professional writer

She argued the thought that women don’t deserve the same amount of education and rights of a man

Titles of her work “Epistle of the God of Love” “Book of the City of Ladies”

She was a spokesperson for female achievements and talents

Geoffrey Chaucer

He was one of the most famous writers of fourteenth century literature

Most famous for his Canterbury Tales Modeled off of Boccaccio’s Decameron

Used memorable details to bring his characters to life

Chaucer shaped the development of English literature

Art and Music in Transition-Giotto

Giotto anticipated the shift to realism

Brought life to his painting’s by giving the image a robust and lifelike interpretation

Some of his artwork include Madonna Enthroned Arena Chapel Lamentation

The Ars Nova in Music

Ars Nova stands for “new art”Ars Nova introduced isorythm which means

“same rhythm”It used the same rhythmic patterns at

different times during the compositionA famous composer of this time was

Guillaume de MachautHis most famous piece of work was his Mass

or Our Lady

Terms to Know

Ars Nova: a term meaning “new art”, used to distinguish fourteenth century art from the old art

Indulgence: a church pardon from the temporal penalties for sins

Isorhythm: the close repetition of identical rhythmic patterns in different sections of musical composition

BY: COURTNEY ROWLAND

Chapter 16Classical Humanism in the Age of the

Renaissance

“Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance”

1300-1600- Era of The RenaissanceClassical Humanism refers to the revival of the

Greco-Roman culture its distinctly secular stamp.

The humanists of the Renaissance were the cultural archeologists of their age.

Politically: The Italian states were independent and disunited

Italian Renaissance cities were ruled either by members of the petty nobility, by mercenary generals or by wealthy middle-class families.

The Medici Family

One of the most notable families dominating the Italian political life: The Medici Family

The Medici family was a wealthy banking family that rose to power during the 14th century and gradually assumed reins of state.

The Medici family ruled for four generations. They supported scholarship and patronized the arts.

Petrarch: “The Father of Humanism”

Francesco Petrarch, the most famous of the early Florentine humanists

Petrarch was a poet and scholar. He lived from 1304 to 1374.

Devoted his life to recovering, copying, and editing Latin manuscripts.

Petrarch used Latin for his letters and essays. But, he wrote is poems and songs in Vernacular Italian.

Petrarch was acclaimed as the finest practitioner of the sonnet form.

Alberti and Renaissance Virtu’

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1474)

Formative figure of the Early Renaissance.

Leon Alberti was a mathematician, architect, engineer, musician, and playwright.

“Man can do anything he wants” is a famous statement made by Alberti, who is living proof that this is true.

Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) was a famous humanist philosopher.

Founded the Platonic Academy in Florence.

Launched the reappraisal of Plato and the Neo-Platonist

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) was a humanist poet and theologian.

Pico’s program to recover the past and his reverence for the power of human knowledge dominated the arts and ideas of the High Renaissance.

Baldassare Castiglione•Castiglione was an Italian diplomat who wrote :The Book of the Courtier”

•Castiglione’s Courtier was inspired by a series of conversations that had taken place among a group of 16th century aristocrats at the Court of Urbino.

•His book is an index to cultural changes that were taking place between medieval and early modern times.

•His book was extremely popular. In 1527, he Aldine Press in Venice printed more then 1000 copies. It was translated into 5 languages.

Renaissance Women

Once married, Renaissance women’s roles and rights were carefully limited by men, most of whom considered women their social and intellectual inferiors.

Were held in high esteem as housekeepers and mothers. They were not respectable models for male children, who were supposed to steer away from feminine ways.

Renaissance women’s occupations remained limited to service tasks, such as midwifery and inn keeping. They reaped the benefits of an increasingly commercialized economy in which they might compete successful with men.

Ideal Renaissance Women

Duchess of Urbino was admired for her knowledge of Greek and Latin and for her role as patron of the arts.

Laura Cereta married at age 15 and continued her studies even after the death of her husband. To the conventional list of famous women, Cereta adds the female humanists of her own time.

Machiavelli and Power Politics

Niccolo’ Machiavelli (1469-1527) was a Florentine diplomat.

Machiavelli formulated the idea of the state as an entity that remains exempt from the bonds of conventional morality.

Machiavelli was a ruthless master of power politics who’s views shaped the modern character of humanistic tradition in the European west.

ART ARCHITECTURE

SCIENCEMUSIC AND DANCE

RenaissanceChapter 16

By: Patricia Figueroa

Renaissance Art

Italy and the Neitherlands were a breeding ground for new artists and their ideas and inventions which were expressed through their art.

Patrons of the arts had the most influence on the wealth and acceptance of new artists’ ideas and discoveries.

Through the many renaissance artists many new ideas changed the way people behaved and viewed the world and their fellow man.

Each artist brought with them ideas and how to show a realistic view of life through the use of their art, whether it was through sculptor, painting, architect, or music.

Early Renaissance Artists

Donatello – bronze statue - “David” – an anatomically correct sculpture of man with an innocent boy like expression

Lucca Della Robbia – marble sculptor - “Drummers” – a lifelike depiction of Psalms 150 a musical joyous scene to praise god

Sandro Botticelli – Tempura on Canvas - “Birth of Venus” a painting which represents beauty, love, earth and spirit, the goddess of earthly and spiritual love is depicted

Early Renaissance Architecture

Filippo Brunelleschi – architect, sculptor, and theorist.

Designed the dome of the Florence Cathedral.

Designed architecture with symmetry and proportions

Leon Battista Alberti – a humanist designer

Believed in harmonious design in architecture

Designed the “Santa Maria Novella

Portrait Revival

Jan Van Eyck – painted everyday life. He introduced through his paintings “the psychological portrait – the portrait that probed the temperament, character, or unique personality of the subject.” – “Arnolfini Marriage

Leonardo Da Vinci – with the of light and shade and the mouth and eyes delicately blurred the portrait expression is undetermined - “Mona Lisa”

Artist-Scientists’ Use of Different Perspectives

Picture Pane – the two dimensional surface of the panel or canvas to recreate the illusion of reality and three dimensional space. First used by Jan Van Eyck was improved upon.

Linear Perspective – a tool for translating three dimensional space onto a two dimensional surface. The first laws were formulated by architect, sculptor, Brunelleschi.

Aerial Perspective – subtle blurring of details and diminution of color intensity in objects perceived at a distance.

Perspective Intarsia – the inlay of various kinds of wood to achieve new levels of pictorial illusion.

Reference – Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition Book 3. Fifth Ed. Chapter 15, p.56-58.

Masaccio – aka Tommaso Guidi use of picture pane and linear perspective created depth in this painting “Trinity with the Virgin”

The paintings in the Brancacci Chapel represents a more elaborate synthesis of illusionistic techniques.

“Tribute Money” demonstrates the use of aerial perspective and light and shade.

Lorenzo Ghiberti made use of perspecive intarsia depicted in the “Gates of Paradise”

Leonardo Da Vinci

An artist and scientist.Studied animal, human

and plants in all aspects of life.

Studied wind and water.

Inventor of hundreds of mechanical devices which never left his notebook.

1513 Undertakes scientific studies of botany, geology, and hydraulic power

“Embryo of the Womb” “Wing Construction” “Proportional Study of Man” “The Last Supper”

Other Prominent Artists

Raphael - known for his clarity, harmony and unity of design.

“The Alba Madonna” is seen as a picture that although religious in nature could represent any mother with her children.

“The School of Athens” depicts many philosophers as well as artists and people who have had an impact on the painter’s life.

Michelangelo – poet architect, painter, engineer, regarded himself as a sculptor.

Painted the “Sistine Chapel” the creation and fall of humankind.

“Pieta” – marble sculpture where Mary is disproportonately larger larger than Jesus in her arms.

“David” – larger than life a heroic looking statue with disproportionate hands.

High Renaissance in Venice

1.Venice was called “The jewel of the Adriatic”. It was also a center for trade.

2. Leading artist Gentile Bellini created the oil on canvas “Procession of the Reliquary of the Cross in Piazza San Marco” it captures all the cultures in the Byzantine, Islamic and Western Christian decorative styles.

3. Colorist Giorgio Barbarelli aka Giorgione 4. Colorist Tiziano Vecelli aka Titian

Art of VeniceVenice Bellini

Giorgione/Titian Titian

Music & Dance

The printing press allowed for all types of music to be printed and shared.

The study of music became an important pastime and household entertainment.

Both common musicians and professional musicians created musical works.

With an emphasis on natural sounding music which corresponded to the renaissances idea of natural depicted art in all forms.

Dance became a theatrical form of expression performed by members of court.

Early and High Renaissance Music

Early Renaissance Musician - Guillaume Dufay created motets, masses, and chansons (secular songs).

High Renaissance Musician – Josquin des Prez manipulated music to go along with a picture to express its meaning called “word painting.”

Roland de Lassus created many madrigals, a composition for three to six unaccompanied voices.

The instuments of the time included th clavichord, harpsichord, lute, shawns, cromornes, trumpets trombones, drums and portable organs.