CHRISTIAN HISTORY MADE EASY Chapter Twelve “From Modern to Post-Modern … and Beyond”

CHRISTIAN HISTORY CHRISTIAN HISTORY MADE EASYMADE EASY

Chapter TwelveChapter Twelve

““From Modern to Post-Modern … and Beyond”From Modern to Post-Modern … and Beyond”

© 2003 Timothy Paul Jones© 2003 Timothy Paul Joneshttp://www.timothypauljones.comhttp://www.timothypauljones.com

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Where are we now?Where are we now?

——At the dawn of the 20At the dawn of the 20thth Century, the Century, the feeling-centeredness of liberalism and feeling-centeredness of liberalism and Romanticism Romanticism had moved people away had moved people away from the from the reason-centeredness of the reason-centeredness of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment.

——An An optimistic confidence in optimistic confidence in humanity’s ability to change the humanity’s ability to change the worldworld, however, still remained., however, still remained.

Where are we now?Where are we now?

——At the At the Edinburgh Missions Edinburgh Missions Conference (1910) Conference (1910) delegates delegates anticipated winning the world in their anticipated winning the world in their generation.generation.

——With the beginning of World War I, With the beginning of World War I, however, however, the optimism of the Modern the optimism of the Modern Age Age began to fade.began to fade.

Karl Barth and the end of the Karl Barth and the end of the Modern AgeModern Age

——When World War I When World War I began, began, Karl Barth Karl Barth was was the pastor of a small the pastor of a small Swiss church.Swiss church.

——Barth saw his Barth saw his professor’s names on professor’s names on a a statement supporting statement supporting Germany’s war policy Germany’s war policy and declared, and declared, “Nineteenth-century “Nineteenth-century theology no longer held theology no longer held any future for me.”any future for me.”

““A God without A God without wrath brought men wrath brought men without sin into a without sin into a kingdom without kingdom without

judgment through a judgment through a Christ without a Christ without a

cross.”—cross.”—H. Richard Niebuhr, H. Richard Niebuhr,

describing describing nineteenth-century nineteenth-century

liberalismliberalism


——Barth began to read the Barth began to read the Bible as Bible as a witness to a witness to Jesus Christ, the one Jesus Christ, the one Word of God, Word of God, and found a and found a “strange new world.”“strange new world.”

——This new perspective This new perspective called Barth to an called Barth to an emphasis on emphasis on the the sovereignty of God sovereignty of God and and the centrality of Jesus the centrality of Jesus Christ.Christ.


——Liberalism Liberalism had had asserted that Scripture asserted that Scripture containscontains the Word of the Word of God.God.

——Barth Barth argued that argued that Scripture Scripture becomes becomes the the Word of God when the Word of God when the Spirit enlivens Scripture Spirit enlivens Scripture to bear witness to Jesus to bear witness to Jesus Christ.Christ.


——In 1934,In 1934, five thousand Christians five thousand Christians resisted resisted Adolf Hitler’s attempt to merge German Adolf Hitler’s attempt to merge German Protestants into one pro-Nazi denomination.Protestants into one pro-Nazi denomination.

——These Christians became known as These Christians became known as “the “the Confessing Church.”Confessing Church.”

——Karl Barth drafted Karl Barth drafted the Barmen the Barmen Confession, Confession, the doctrinal statement of the the doctrinal statement of the Confessing Church.Confessing Church.

Dietrich BonhoefferDietrich Bonhoeffer——As a seminary student in As a seminary student in Berlin, a German Lutheran Berlin, a German Lutheran named named Dietrich Bonhoeffer Dietrich Bonhoeffer was influenced by Karl was influenced by Karl Barth.Barth.

——In 1928, Bonhoeffer In 1928, Bonhoeffer moved to the United States moved to the United States to attend Union Theological to attend Union Theological Seminary.Seminary.

——It was in an African-It was in an African-American church in Harlem American church in Harlem that Bonhoeffer heard the that Bonhoeffer heard the gospel.gospel.

Dietrich BonhoefferDietrich Bonhoeffer

——As a seminary professor for the Confessing As a seminary professor for the Confessing Church, Bonhoeffer wrote Church, Bonhoeffer wrote The Cost of Discipleship The Cost of Discipleship ((NachfolgeNachfolge), ), an exposition of the Sermon on the an exposition of the Sermon on the Mount.Mount.

——When offered the opportunity to remain in the When offered the opportunity to remain in the United States for the duration of the war, United States for the duration of the war, Bonhoeffer said, Bonhoeffer said, “I shall have no right to participate “I shall have no right to participate in the reconstruction of Christian life in Germany in the reconstruction of Christian life in Germany after the war if I do not share the trials of this time after the war if I do not share the trials of this time with my people.”with my people.”

——On April 8, 1945, On April 8, 1945, Bonhoeffer was executed Bonhoeffer was executed for his for his part in a plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.part in a plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.

Fundamentalism and Fundamentalism and evangelicalismevangelicalism

——Americans who accepted the Americans who accepted the “five fundamentals” had been “five fundamentals” had been known asknown as “fundamentalists” “fundamentalists” and and as as “evangelicals” “evangelicals” since the late since the late 1800s.1800s.

——Wanting to separate Wanting to separate themselves completely from themselves completely from liberalism, many fundamentalists liberalism, many fundamentalists in the 1920s began to …in the 1920s began to …— … — … reject theological education.reject theological education.

— … — … reject long-term creationism.reject long-term creationism.

— … — … require premillennial beliefs.require premillennial beliefs.

— … — … focus on precise personal standards. focus on precise personal standards.

““I don’t know any more I don’t know any more about theology than a jack-about theology than a jack-rabbit knows about ping-rabbit knows about ping-

pong!”—Billy Sunday, pong!”—Billy Sunday, fundamentalist evangelistfundamentalist evangelist


After the “Monkey Trial” of 1925, many fundamentalists After the “Monkey Trial” of 1925, many fundamentalists became even more narrow in their outlook, forsaking became even more narrow in their outlook, forsaking

conservative Christians like William J. Bryan because of his conservative Christians like William J. Bryan because of his long-term creationist views.long-term creationist views.


——By the 1940s, some fundamentalists wanted to By the 1940s, some fundamentalists wanted to return to return to the emphasis on essential the emphasis on essential (“fundamental”) beliefs (“fundamental”) beliefs that had characterized early that had characterized early fundamentalism.fundamentalism.

——These individuals became known as These individuals became known as “New “New Evangelicals.”Evangelicals.”

——In October 1941, the leaders of the New In October 1941, the leaders of the New Evangelical movement met at Moody Bible Institute Evangelical movement met at Moody Bible Institute to form to form the National Association of Evangelicals.the National Association of Evangelicals.

——Their goal was to hold certain fundamental Their goal was to hold certain fundamental beliefs without being beliefs without being “negative or destructive.”“negative or destructive.”


——In the late 1940s,In the late 1940s, Billy Billy Graham Graham emerged as a emerged as a New Evangelical leader.New Evangelical leader.

——After a 1949 After a 1949 evangelistic crusade evangelistic crusade catapulted Graham to catapulted Graham to national prominence, national prominence, the the New Evangelicals New Evangelicals became known simply became known simply as “evangelicals.”as “evangelicals.”

New EvangelicalNew Evangelical

Fundamental/Fundamental/

EvangelicalEvangelical

FundamentalFundamentalJohn R. Rice, John R. Rice,

J. Frank Norris, J. Frank Norris,

Bob JonesBob Jones

EvangelicalEvangelicalBilly Graham, Billy Graham,

J.I. Packer,J.I. Packer,

Timothy Timothy GeorgeGeorge

The Pentecostal MovementThe Pentecostal Movement

——The Holiness Movement, an The Holiness Movement, an outgrowth of Methodism, had outgrowth of Methodism, had emphasized a emphasized a “second blessing” “second blessing” that led to that led to “spiritual perfection.”“spiritual perfection.”

——In 1900, Charles Fox Parham In 1900, Charles Fox Parham began teaching that began teaching that “speaking “speaking with other tongues” with other tongues” should should accompany the second blessing.accompany the second blessing.

——On January 1, 1901, one of On January 1, 1901, one of Parham’s students began Parham’s students began speaking in an unknown tongue.speaking in an unknown tongue.

The Pentecostal MovementThe Pentecostal Movement

——In 1906, William Seymour preached Parham’s In 1906, William Seymour preached Parham’s views at the Apostolic Faith Gospel Mission on views at the Apostolic Faith Gospel Mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles, California.Azusa Street in Los Angeles, California.

——Holiness Christians flocked to Azusa Street to Holiness Christians flocked to Azusa Street to receive “baptism with the Holy Ghost” and the receive “baptism with the Holy Ghost” and the Pentecostal movement grew rapidly.Pentecostal movement grew rapidly.

——In 1914, several Pentecostal groups merged to In 1914, several Pentecostal groups merged to form “the Assemblies of God.”form “the Assemblies of God.”

——The Charismatic Movement encouraged The Charismatic Movement encouraged speaking in tongues but, unlike the Pentecostals, speaking in tongues but, unlike the Pentecostals, did not connect tongues with a “second did not connect tongues with a “second blessing.”blessing.”

““That they may be one”That they may be one”——In 1910, following the In 1910, following the Edinburgh Missions Edinburgh Missions Conference, Conference, an Anglican an Anglican invited invited “all churches “all churches which accept Jesus Christ which accept Jesus Christ as God and Savior to join as God and Savior to join for the consideration of all for the consideration of all questions pertaining to questions pertaining to Faith and Order.”Faith and Order.”

——The The “Faith and Order” “Faith and Order” conference met after conference met after World War I and claimed World War I and claimed 85% agreement on 85% agreement on doctrinal issues.doctrinal issues.

——In 1925, In 1925, ninety-one ninety-one liberal groups liberal groups formed a formed a “Life and Work”“Life and Work” conference that conference that downplayed doctrinal downplayed doctrinal issues and focused on issues and focused on social reform.social reform.

——In 1938, the In 1938, the Faith and Faith and Order Order conference merged conference merged with the with the Life and Work Life and Work conference to form the conference to form the “World Council of “World Council of Churches.”Churches.”

““That they may be one”That they may be one”

——After World War II, many evangelicals wanted to After World War II, many evangelicals wanted to work for Christian unity without compromising work for Christian unity without compromising essential aspects of their faith.essential aspects of their faith.

——This desire led to …This desire led to …

… … Christianity Today Christianity Today magazine (1953).magazine (1953).

… … the Lausanne Covenant the Lausanne Covenant at the International at the International Congress on World Evangelization (1974).Congress on World Evangelization (1974).

… … cooperation in para-church events, cooperation in para-church events, such as the such as the Billy Graham evangelistic crusades.Billy Graham evangelistic crusades.

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicismin the 20in the 20thth Century Century

——In 1958, a 76-year-old Italian In 1958, a 76-year-old Italian cardinal became cardinal became Pope John Pope John XXIII.XXIII.

——In 1962, Pope John XXIII In 1962, Pope John XXIII convened convened the Second Vatican the Second Vatican Council.Council.

——The purpose of the Second The purpose of the Second Vatican Council was Vatican Council was aggiornamentoaggiornamento——“updating the “updating the outward forms.”outward forms.”

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicismin the 20in the 20thth Century Century

Summary of Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) …Summary of Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) …

Session One:Session One: Allowed translation of the Mass into Allowed translation of the Mass into native languages, encouraged lay-people to study native languages, encouraged lay-people to study Scripture, stated that Scripture is primary source of Scripture, stated that Scripture is primary source of divine truthdivine truth

Session Two:Session Two: Created a group (“college”) of bishops Created a group (“college”) of bishops to advise the popeto advise the pope

Session Three: Session Three: Declared that non-Catholics “are not Declared that non-Catholics “are not deprived of significance in the mystery of salvation” deprived of significance in the mystery of salvation” and that Mary must “never take away from Christ the and that Mary must “never take away from Christ the One Mediator”One Mediator”

Session Four: Session Four: Encouraged religious libertyEncouraged religious liberty

““That they may be one”That they may be one”

In 1994, forty Catholic and evangelical theologians In 1994, forty Catholic and evangelical theologians signed signed “Evangelicals and Catholics Together” “Evangelicals and Catholics Together” (ECT).(ECT).

——According to the ECT, According to the ECT, “justification occurs by “justification occurs by grace through faith in Jesus Christ.”grace through faith in Jesus Christ.”

In 1997, the signers of the ECT issued a second In 1997, the signers of the ECT issued a second statement, statement, “The Gift of Salvation.”“The Gift of Salvation.”

——According to this statement, According to this statement, “justification is not “justification is not earned by any good works or merits of our own; it earned by any good works or merits of our own; it is entirely God’s gift, received through faith.”is entirely God’s gift, received through faith.”

From Modern to From Modern to Post-ModernPost-Modern

MODERNMODERN POST-MODERNPOST-MODERN

BeginningBeginning Emerged between the Emerged between the end of the Thirty Years’ end of the Thirty Years’ War (1648) and the War (1648) and the French Revolution French Revolution (1789)(1789)

Emerged in the Emerged in the aftermath of the Second aftermath of the Second World WarWorld War

EndingEnding Began to fade with the Began to fade with the beginning of the First beginning of the First World War (1914), World War (1914), ended with the fall of ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)the Berlin Wall (1989)

At the dawn of the 21At the dawn of the 21stst Century, continues to Century, continues to develop develop

Key ideasKey ideas Logical, rational, Logical, rational, individual, progress individual, progress toward futuretoward future

Visual, experiential, Visual, experiential, relational, satisfaction relational, satisfaction here and nowhere and now

Final reflectionsFinal reflections““In the history of the church, the old may In the history of the church, the old may

suddenly become new and the new may suddenly suddenly become new and the new may suddenly become old. What seemed to be permanent often become old. What seemed to be permanent often

fades away, and what seems to have faded is fades away, and what seems to have faded is there after all. there after all. The church is pushed this way and The church is pushed this way and that by waves and by winds, and yet it never quite that by waves and by winds, and yet it never quite goes on the rocks. goes on the rocks. Henry Scott Holland described Henry Scott Holland described

it in 1914 when the Bishop of Zanzibar wrote a it in 1914 when the Bishop of Zanzibar wrote a pamphlet asking where the church stood. Scott pamphlet asking where the church stood. Scott

Holland said it did not stand at all but Holland said it did not stand at all but ‘moves and ‘moves and pushes and slides and staggers and falls and gets pushes and slides and staggers and falls and gets

up again, and stumbles on and presses forward up again, and stumbles on and presses forward and falls into the right position after all.’ and falls into the right position after all.’ That is That is

church history.”—church history.”—Gavin WhiteGavin White

To do this week …To do this week …

Review the entire text of Review the entire text of Christian Christian History Made Easy.History Made Easy.

Watch Watch Inherit the Wind, Inherit the Wind, Bonhoeffer, The Hiding Place, Bonhoeffer, The Hiding Place, and and Shadowlands.Shadowlands.

CHRISTIAN HISTORY MADE EASY Chapter Twelve “From Modern to Post-Modern … and Beyond”

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