Chp 3 Sl Alcohol
Transcript of Chp 3 Sl Alcohol
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An Introduction To TheHealth Effects of Alcohol
A Small Dose of Alcohol
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What Is This?
CH
H
H
OHC
H
H
(CH3-CH2-OH)
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Ethanol
CH
H
H
OH
Ethyl Alcohol
C
H
H
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Methanol
CH
H
H
OH
Methyl Alcohol
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Beer 10,000 years ago accident from grain?1100 AD guild formed devoted to brewing1722 a nourishing drink for potters andlaborers created called Potter
Wine8 ,000 years ago
5,000 years ago the vineyards2,000 BC - Hammurabi ruler of Babylon setsrules for the sale and purchase of wine1,500 BC Greek god of wine Dionysus /
Bacchus
Historical Development
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AlcoholAlchemist of the 16th century saw alcoholas the essence from distillation.The middle of the 1 8 th century alcohol tookon its current meaning of the intoxicating
ingredient of many common beverages.
Historical Awareness
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"You will conceive and bear a sonnowthen be careful to take no wine or strong drink and to eat nothingunclean".
Bible - Judges 13:3-4
Ancient Awareness
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T is not the drinking that is to beblamed, but the excess.
John Selden (15 8 41654)
In Table Talk 16 89
Historical Perspective
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Alcohol is the number one drug of choice among our Nations youth. Yet the
seriousness of this issue does notregister with the general public or policymakers.
Enoch Gordis, M.D. Director, National Instituteon Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Current Views
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Production of Alcohol
Fermentation Sugar to Alcoholand Carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 2(CH 3-CH2-OH) + 2CO 2
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7.4% of adult population in U.S. alcoholic
$18
5 Billion cost of alcohol abuse in U.S.100,000 deaths annual in U.S. related to$1.2 Billion spent on wine, beer and liquor advertisements in U.S.
Some Current Facts
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Most common preventable cause of adverse CNS development
4,000-12,000 infants per year in US
Characteristics
Growth retardationFacial malformationsSmall head
Greatly reduce intelligence
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
1 to 3 births per 1,000 world wide??
19 68 first association by Frenchresearchers at the University of Nantes
Early 1 9 70s FAS as condition Universityof Washington, Seattle WA, USA
4,000-12,000 infants per year in US
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Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)
Milder form of FAS
7,000-36,000 infants per year in US
CharacteristicsGrowth deficiency
Learning dysfunctionNervous systems disabilities
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A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Alcohol 2/16/04FAS Child (National Geographic, George Steinmetz, Feb 1992)
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Consumption
Have you ever drankalcohol?Why?
Have you ever dranktoo much alcohol?
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Health Effects
What are the pleasanteffects of alcohol?
The adverse effects(toxicity)?
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CNS DepressantDepression of inhibitory controlVasodilation, warm, flushed, reddish skinEmotional outburstsDecreased memory & concentrationPoor judgment
Decreased reflexesDecreased sexual response
Acute Effects
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ObviousAlcoholism, death, cancer (oral cavity,esophagus, liver), fetal effects (FAS)
AlcoholismCirrhosis of liver, appetite loss, poor
judgment
SubtleLost productivity, impaired performance,motor impairment, cost to society
Long Term Adverse Effects
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Alcohol & Cancer
Ethanol consumption increasesrisk of cancer
Oral CavityPharynx and Larynx
EsophagusLiver
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Rapidly absorbed from stomach,small intestine, and colonMaximal blood concentration within30 to 9 0 minutesCan be absorbed through the lungs
Absorption
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Uniformly distributed throughouttissues and body fluidsReadily crosses placenta, toexposure fetus
Distribution
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Urinary ExcretionExhalationMetabolism
Elimination
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Metabolism I
CH OH
Ethanol
H
H
C
H
H
CH
H
H
C O
H
=
Acetaldehyde(ADH Alcohol Dehydrogenase)
ADH
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Metabolism II
CH
H
HC OH
=
Acetaldehyde(ALDH Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase)
ALDH
Acetate
CH
H
HC OOH
=
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Metabolism III
8 0-9 0% Metabolized
Rate is constant (not increasedby concentrations in the blood)About 30 ml (1 oz) in 3 hours
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Gender Differences
Females higher blood alcohol levelsthan males
Males have higher stomachmetabolism of alcohol than females
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Genetic Variation in ALDH
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)varies in Caucasians, Blacks and Asians.
50% of Asians have inactive ALDH
Elevated acetaldehyde cause increased
flushing, tachycardia (elevated heart rate),nausea, vomiting & hyperventilation.
Disulfiram inhibits ALDH
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Alcoholism Alcohol Dependence
Characterized by the following:
Craving: A strong need, or compulsion, to drink.Loss of control: The inability to limit ones drinking
on any given occasion.Physical dependence: Withdrawal symptoms, suchas nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, occur when alcohol use is stopped after a period of heavydrinking.Tolerance: The need to drink greater amounts of alcohol in order to get high.
(from: U.S. Alcohol & Drug Information - http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/)
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Alcoholism Alcohol Dependence
Approximately 14 million Americans7.4 percent of thepopulation meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol
abuse or alcoholism
(from: U.S. Alcohol & Drug Information - http://ncadi.samhsa.gov/)
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Tremor Nausea
IrritabilityAgitationTachycardiaHypertensionSeizersHallucinations
Alcohol Withdrawal Effects
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Ethanol as Antidote
Antidote for Poisoning by:Methanol
Ethylene glycolDiethylene glycol
Inhibits metabolic activation byalcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
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198 1 - U.S. Surgeon General first advised thatwomen should not drink alcoholic beveragesduring pregnancy.
1988 - U.S. requires warning labels on allalcoholic beverages sold in the United States.
199 0 - U.S. Dietary Guidelines state that womenwho are pregnant or planning to become
pregnant should not drink alcohol.
1998 - 19 states require the posting of alcoholhealth warning signs where alcoholic beveragesare sold
Regulatory Status
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Additional Information
Web SitesEngland Department of Health (DOH) Alcohol
Misuse Information. Online. Available HTTP:(accessed: 1 April 2003).
Health Canada Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and FetalAlcohol Effect. Online. Available HTTP:(accessed: 2 April 2003).
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Authorship Information
For Additional Information Contact
Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTE-mail: [email protected]: www.asmalldoseof.org
This presentation is supplement toA Small Dose of Toxicology