Chp 25: Human Geography of South Asia. 4 sub regions of South Asia India India Pakistan & Bangladesh...

Chp 25: Human Chp 25: Human Geography of South Geography of South

AsiaAsia

4 sub regions of South Asia4 sub regions of South Asia

IndiaIndia Pakistan & BangladeshPakistan & Bangladesh Nepal & BhutanNepal & Bhutan Sri Lanka & the MaldivesSri Lanka & the Maldives

Differences between the northern Differences between the northern and southern regions of Southeast and southern regions of Southeast

AsiaAsiaNorthNorth

Development along the Ganges RiverDevelopment along the Ganges River

Rice cultivationRice cultivation

Surplus foodSurplus food

Increases in populationIncreases in population

Civilization develops into kingdomsCivilization develops into kingdoms

Raja-head of stateRaja-head of state

part of the warrior classpart of the warrior class

Differences between the north and Differences between the north and southsouth

SouthSouth

Geography makes unification difficultGeography makes unification difficult

Also develop caste system (future Also develop caste system (future slides)slides)

Spread to the coastSpread to the coast

Develop sea ports and sea Develop sea ports and sea trading trading networks networks

Indo-AryansIndo-Aryans

Language—SanskritLanguage—SanskritVarnas—Class/caste systemVarnas—Class/caste system

Kshatriyas—warrior classKshatriyas—warrior classBrahmins—priest classBrahmins—priest classVaisyas—merchants, Vaisyas—merchants, Sudras—artisans, farmersSudras—artisans, farmers

Non-Indo-AryansNon-Indo-AryansUntouchablesUntouchables

Created by the Purusha (universal spirit)Created by the Purusha (universal spirit)

Take Five…Take Five…

Name the 3 major religions that Name the 3 major religions that emerged from Southeast Asia.emerged from Southeast Asia.

HinduismHinduism

Brahma-the creatorBrahma-the creatorVishnu-the preserverVishnu-the preserverSiva-the destroyerSiva-the destroyer

Essential beliefs of Essential beliefs of HinduismHinduism

ReincarnationReincarnationdharma (moral duty)dharma (moral duty)Karma (good or bad)Karma (good or bad)

HinduismHinduism

Vedas Vedas • Rig-vedaRig-veda

Preservation of all lifePreservation of all life

BuddhismBuddhismSiddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama

““Buddha” or the “Enlightened One”Buddha” or the “Enlightened One”Essential beliefsEssential beliefs

Four noble truthsFour noble truths1. all human life contains suffering 1. all human life contains suffering and sorrowand sorrow2. desire causes suffering2. desire causes suffering3. by rejecting desire, people can 3. by rejecting desire, people can

attain nirvana, which frees the soul attain nirvana, which frees the soul from reincarnationfrom reincarnation

4. following the eightfold path leads 4. following the eightfold path leads to to the rejection of desirethe rejection of desire

Essential beliefs of BuddhismEssential beliefs of Buddhism

Rejected the Vedas (ancient religious Rejected the Vedas (ancient religious texts)texts)

Opposed the BrahminsOpposed the Brahmins

Rejected the Varna (caste) systemRejected the Varna (caste) system

Theraveda “way of the elders”Theraveda “way of the elders”

Mahayana “greater vehicle”—total Mahayana “greater vehicle”—total peace to live a moral life and then be peace to live a moral life and then be rewardedrewarded

Buddhism (con’t)Buddhism (con’t)

The Eightfold PathThe Eightfold Path right faithright faithintentionsintentionsspeechspeechactionactionlivinglivingefforteffortmindfulnessmindfulnessmeditationmeditation

Wheel of LifeWheel of Life

Jainism Jainism

Founders: 24 Jinas (“those who have Founders: 24 Jinas (“those who have overcome”)overcome”)

Ahimsa-path of non-violenceAhimsa-path of non-violence VegetariansVegetarians Based on 3 Ratnas (jewels): Right Based on 3 Ratnas (jewels): Right

faith; Right knowledge; Right actionfaith; Right knowledge; Right action

MahaviraMahavira

Prince Vardhaman Prince Vardhaman Rejected life as a princeRejected life as a prince Focused on meditation Focused on meditation

and suffering for Jainismand suffering for Jainism Became known as Became known as

Mahavira “Great Hero”Mahavira “Great Hero” Achieves Nirvana and Achieves Nirvana and

Moksha with death at 72Moksha with death at 72 Celebrated as Jainism Celebrated as Jainism

holidayholiday

IndiaIndia

Early Indian civilization=Early Indian civilization=

Indus Valley 2500 BCIndus Valley 2500 BC Aryans crossed the Aryans crossed the

mountains of Hindu Kush mountains of Hindu Kush

and took control and took control

of the region pushing the nativeof the region pushing the native

peoples to the Southpeoples to the South

Unification by the Mauryan EmpireUnification by the Mauryan Empire

Asoka the Great 321 BCAsoka the Great 321 BC Unifies India and Spreads BuddhismUnifies India and Spreads Buddhism

Mauryan EmpireMauryan Empire

Gupta Empire Takes OverGupta Empire Takes Over Chandragupta I comes Chandragupta I comes

to power in to power in approximately 330 BC approximately 330 BC and unites northern and unites northern IndiaIndia

Chandragupta I is Chandragupta I is followed by sons and followed by sons and grandsons who expand grandsons who expand more of northern and more of northern and eastern Indiaeastern India

Ruled until Ruled until approximately 500 BCapproximately 500 BC

Hindu culture in the Gupta AgeHindu culture in the Gupta Age

““classical age”classical age”

Advances in art and literatureAdvances in art and literature

Advances in mathematics & scienceAdvances in mathematics & science

numerals and decimal systemnumerals and decimal system

est. (pi) & that the earth is est. (pi) & that the earth is spherical and rotates on an axisspherical and rotates on an axis

Advances in medicineAdvances in medicine

Gupta SocietyGupta Society

Expansion of the jati (caste system) Expansion of the jati (caste system) systemsystem

The 4 stages of lifeThe 4 stages of life

Moksha=liberation from reincarnation—Moksha=liberation from reincarnation—the cycle of death and rebirththe cycle of death and rebirth

Women in Guptan societyWomen in Guptan society

Suttee—the practice of committing Suttee—the practice of committing suicide in the event husband dies suicide in the event husband dies (usually only the upper classes)(usually only the upper classes)

A Widow’s Self SacrificeA Widow’s Self Sacrifice

Other InvadersOther Invaders

Central Asian PeoplesCentral Asian Peoples MuslimsMuslims

• Establishment of the Establishment of the

Mughal Empire from the Mughal Empire from the

1500’s to the 1700’s1500’s to the 1700’s

European Imperialism European Imperialism

French, Dutch, Portuguese, and French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British make trade relationships with British make trade relationships with Indian chiefsIndian chiefs

Great Britain ultimately successfulGreat Britain ultimately successful• Est. British East India Co.Est. British East India Co.• Controlled trade by 1757Controlled trade by 1757• Controlled India by 1857 called the rajControlled India by 1857 called the raj• Controlled for 90 years despite Controlled for 90 years despite

rebellionsrebellions

Non-violent ProtestNon-violent Protest

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi Great Britain grants independence Great Britain grants independence

(8-14-1947)(8-14-1947) Division of IndiaDivision of India

• Pakistan and Bangladesh separatePakistan and Bangladesh separate• Division leads to conflict Division leads to conflict

Hindus vs MuslimsHindus vs Muslims

World’s Largest DemocracyWorld’s Largest Democracy

Effects of British imperialismEffects of British imperialism Federation of states (like US)Federation of states (like US) Prime minister (like G.B.)Prime minister (like G.B.) Parliamentary democracy (like G.B.)Parliamentary democracy (like G.B.) Representation from all groups: Representation from all groups:

Hindu, Muslim, Sikhs & TamilsHindu, Muslim, Sikhs & Tamils• Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Assassination of Prime Minister Indira

Gandhi (1984) by a Sikh extremist Gandhi (1984) by a Sikh extremist


Complete the skillbuilder on pg. 569Complete the skillbuilder on pg. 569

Economy of IndiaEconomy of India

One of world’s largest, but slowest economiesOne of world’s largest, but slowest economies ½ of India’s population are impoverished½ of India’s population are impoverished 2/3’s are farmers2/3’s are farmers 5% of the population own 25% of the land 5% of the population own 25% of the land

(1990’s)(1990’s) Land reform—redistribution of land Land reform—redistribution of land

(unsuccessful)(unsuccessful) Green Revolution more successful—new Green Revolution more successful—new

farming techniques and increased crop yieldsfarming techniques and increased crop yields

Economy of IndiaEconomy of India

Cotton textilesCotton textiles Iron, steel, chemical, machinery etcIron, steel, chemical, machinery etc

• Major industrial citiesMajor industrial cities CalcuttaCalcutta Bombay * most industrialized cityBombay * most industrialized city AhmadabadAhmadabad MadrasMadras Bangalore * center for technologyBangalore * center for technology

Tradition vs Modern IdeologyTradition vs Modern Ideology

Arranged marriagesArranged marriages Extended family groupsExtended family groups Vegetarians (religion)Vegetarians (religion) Soccer, field hockey etcSoccer, field hockey etc Bollywood (Hollywood Indian style) * Bollywood (Hollywood Indian style) *

BombayBombay

Indian Culture…Indian Culture…

Education—growing literacy ratesEducation—growing literacy rates Many languages—mostly Sanskrit Many languages—mostly Sanskrit

• Southern India—4 main languages Southern India—4 main languages

Chp 25 Section 2: Pakistan and Chp 25 Section 2: Pakistan and BangladeshBangladesh


Why did Pakistan and Bangladesh Why did Pakistan and Bangladesh break away from India after the break away from India after the British occupation?British occupation?

Early civilization…Early civilization…

Today Pakistan = Indus River Valley Today Pakistan = Indus River Valley civilization 2500 BCcivilization 2500 BC

Sophisticated for its time period with Sophisticated for its time period with major cities and irrigation systemsmajor cities and irrigation systems

Fell to Aryans around 1500 BC and Fell to Aryans around 1500 BC and then suffered from other invasionsthen suffered from other invasions

PartitionPartition

Division of IndiaDivision of India• India (Hindu) & Muslim Pakistan (East & India (Hindu) & Muslim Pakistan (East &

West)West)• Conflict and violence (approx. 1 million Conflict and violence (approx. 1 million

deaths)deaths)• Movement of people across bordersMovement of people across borders

Additional conflict and civil war between E & Additional conflict and civil war between E & W PakistanW Pakistan

1971 East Pakistan won its independence 1971 East Pakistan won its independence and became Bangladesh and became Bangladesh

Wally Points…Wally Points…

If E and W Pakistan are both Muslim If E and W Pakistan are both Muslim countries, then why did they fight a countries, then why did they fight a civil war?civil war?

Politics in Pakistan and BangladeshPolitics in Pakistan and Bangladesh

Attempted democracies=failedAttempted democracies=failed Military rule dominatesMilitary rule dominates Political corruptionPolitical corruption 1990’s both countries had female 1990’s both countries had female

prime ministers (a step in the right prime ministers (a step in the right direction???)direction???)

Conflict, war and violenceConflict, war and violence• Ex: Kashmir—fighting over territory Ex: Kashmir—fighting over territory

between India and Pakistanbetween India and Pakistan

Economics Economics

Large populationsLarge populations Primarily agricultural based economiesPrimarily agricultural based economies

• Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming• Hindered by seasonal monsoons, drought, Hindered by seasonal monsoons, drought,

cyclones and low yieldscyclones and low yields• Most productive in Pakistan through Most productive in Pakistan through

irrigation from the Indus Riverirrigation from the Indus River Rice, cotton and freshwater fish are main Rice, cotton and freshwater fish are main

industries for exportindustries for export Poverty (Bangladesh one of the Poverty (Bangladesh one of the

poorest countries in the world)poorest countries in the world)

Economics (con’t)Economics (con’t)

Small industrySmall industry• Lack capital, resources, educated Lack capital, resources, educated

workforce and marketsworkforce and markets Textile industries primarilyTextile industries primarily

• Cotton, wool and leather goodsCotton, wool and leather goods Microcredit=Began in Bangladesh and Microcredit=Began in Bangladesh and

offered to small business owners (some offered to small business owners (some women). Small business owners join women). Small business owners join together and apply for a joint loan—together and apply for a joint loan—must repay the loan together. must repay the loan together.


Complete the skill builder questions Complete the skill builder questions on pg. 575.on pg. 575.


What do you see as potential What do you see as potential problems with microcredit? problems with microcredit?

ReligionReligion

Both Pakistan and Bangladesh were part Both Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the Mughal empire and therefore of the Mughal empire and therefore MuslimMuslim

Only about 10% of the population are Only about 10% of the population are HinduHindu

Practice the Muslim faith Practice the Muslim faith • Ramadan and MosquesRamadan and Mosques

Pakistan is stricterPakistan is stricter• Ex: Purdah=seclusion of women (wearing Ex: Purdah=seclusion of women (wearing

veils)veils)

Ethnic diversityEthnic diversity

Pakistan has 5 main ethnic groupsPakistan has 5 main ethnic groups• Each has own language and cultureEach has own language and culture• Each has own regional territory with Each has own regional territory with

PakistanPakistan Urdu is the official language of PakistanUrdu is the official language of Pakistan

Bangladesh primarily one ethnic Bangladesh primarily one ethnic group: Bengalisgroup: Bengalis• Primary language is SanskritPrimary language is Sanskrit

CultureCulture Arranged marriages commonArranged marriages common Families live together in extended family unitsFamilies live together in extended family units Most people are rural and live simplyMost people are rural and live simply Large cities are overcrowded—traffic is a problemLarge cities are overcrowded—traffic is a problem Enjoy sports: soccer and cricket and Bollywood!!Enjoy sports: soccer and cricket and Bollywood!! Attend mushairas (large gatherings for poetry readings)Attend mushairas (large gatherings for poetry readings)

• Rabindranath Tagore=Nobel Prize for Literature in Rabindranath Tagore=Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913=“My Golden Bengal”1913=“My Golden Bengal”

Folk dances are popularFolk dances are popular• Ex: Qawwali—religious devotional singingEx: Qawwali—religious devotional singing

Chp 25: Section 3: Nepal and Chp 25: Section 3: Nepal and BhutanBhutan

Geography of Nepal and BhutanGeography of Nepal and Bhutan

Isolated by Himalayas Isolated by Himalayas • Steep mountain passes and year round ice Steep mountain passes and year round ice

fieldsfields• Landlocked countries—no access to the seaLandlocked countries—no access to the sea

Plus side…made it hard to conquer and Plus side…made it hard to conquer and settle colonies heresettle colonies here

Generally remained independent Generally remained independent throughout the period of European throughout the period of European imperialismimperialism

PoliticsPolitics

Historically split into small religious Historically split into small religious kingdomskingdoms

Hindu kings (Nepal) & Buddhist priests Hindu kings (Nepal) & Buddhist priests (Bhutan)(Bhutan)

Today=both are constitutional Today=both are constitutional monarchiesmonarchies• Bhutan has a king as a supreme ruler Bhutan has a king as a supreme ruler

(hereditary)(hereditary)• Nepal has a king with shared power by an Nepal has a king with shared power by an

elected parliamentelected parliament

EconomicsEconomics

Poor countries primarily based upon agriculturePoor countries primarily based upon agriculture• Poor soil, erosion and unfertile land for agriculture Poor soil, erosion and unfertile land for agriculture

howeverhowever

• Created terrace farming to try to help their situationCreated terrace farming to try to help their situation Products: rice, cotton, potatoes and wheatProducts: rice, cotton, potatoes and wheat Livestock: cattle, sheep, yaksLivestock: cattle, sheep, yaks Timber also an industry in both countriesTimber also an industry in both countries

• Deforestation (70% of Bhutan still retains forest lands)Deforestation (70% of Bhutan still retains forest lands)

Manufacturing is beginning –wool and food Manufacturing is beginning –wool and food processing productionprocessing production

Primary trading partner =IndiaPrimary trading partner =India

Yak….Yak….

TourismTourism

Fascination with the Himalayas and Fascination with the Himalayas and Mt. EverestMt. Everest

Hotels, restaurants, guided tours Hotels, restaurants, guided tours (Sherpa) etc…(Sherpa) etc…

Rise in economy, but also increase in Rise in economy, but also increase in pollution and destruction of wildlifepollution and destruction of wildlife

Sherpa GuideSherpa Guide

Culture of Nepal and BhutanCulture of Nepal and Bhutan

Nepal=several different ethnic Nepal=several different ethnic groupsgroups• Ex: Indo-Nepalese Hindus, Tibetans & Ex: Indo-Nepalese Hindus, Tibetans &

Sherpa'sSherpa's Bhutan=main ethnic group=Bhote Bhutan=main ethnic group=Bhote

(also originally from Tibet) (also originally from Tibet)

ReligionReligion

Hindu and BuddhismHindu and Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama born on border Siddhartha Gautama born on border

of Nepal and Indiaof Nepal and India Mandalas=geometric designs related Mandalas=geometric designs related

to Buddhist religion (symbolism of to Buddhist religion (symbolism of universe and order)universe and order)

Monasteries –ex of Buddhist Monasteries –ex of Buddhist architecture architecture

MandalasMandalas

Taktshang Monastery Taktshang Monastery

Drametse Lakhang Drametse Lakhang

CultureCulture

Folk art and festivalsFolk art and festivals Archery competitionsArchery competitions

Chp 25 Section 4: Sri Lanka & the Chp 25 Section 4: Sri Lanka & the MaldivesMaldives

History of Sri LankaHistory of Sri Lanka

The Sinhalese—migrants from the The Sinhalese—migrants from the northern plains of India crossing a strait to northern plains of India crossing a strait to the Islands of Sri Lanka around 500 BCthe Islands of Sri Lanka around 500 BC

Early civilization adopted Buddhism and Early civilization adopted Buddhism and developed irrigation systemsdeveloped irrigation systems

The Tamils—migrated to Sri Lanka around The Tamils—migrated to Sri Lanka around 300 BC and were Hindu300 BC and were Hindu

Sri Lanka was subjected to European Sri Lanka was subjected to European imperialismimperialism

Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Under British Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Under British RuleRule

G. Britain controlled Sri Lanka from G. Britain controlled Sri Lanka from the 1700’s to 1948the 1700’s to 1948

Sri Lanka gained its independence in Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1972 and became a republic1972 and became a republic


Which groups do you think would Which groups do you think would have conflict with each other in Sri have conflict with each other in Sri Lanka and why?Lanka and why?

Civil War Breaks Out on Sri LankaCivil War Breaks Out on Sri Lanka

The Tamils (minority) felt discriminated The Tamils (minority) felt discriminated againstagainst

Tamil Tigers (rebel group) called for an Tamil Tigers (rebel group) called for an independent state Tamil Eelam (Precious independent state Tamil Eelam (Precious Land of the Tamils)Land of the Tamils)

Civil War in 1980s—LTTE =a terrorist Civil War in 1980s—LTTE =a terrorist organization (invented the suicide belt organization (invented the suicide belt according to FBI sourcesaccording to FBI sources

May 2009 Sri Lanka declares the 26 year May 2009 Sri Lanka declares the 26 year conflict over when LTTE leader was killed conflict over when LTTE leader was killed

LTTE often used women as fightersLTTE often used women as fighters

The History of the MaldivesThe History of the Maldives

Settled by Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Settled by Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Lanka around 500 BCLanka around 500 BC

Arab traders discover islands by 1100 ADArab traders discover islands by 1100 AD Arab sultans govern the Maldives and Arab sultans govern the Maldives and

spread Islamspread Islam The Maldives becomes a republic in 1968The Maldives becomes a republic in 1968 One of the world’s smallest independent One of the world’s smallest independent

countries—only 300,000 people and 115 countries—only 300,000 people and 115 square milessquare miles

Life in Sri LankaLife in Sri Lanka Most people live simplyMost people live simply Small villages and family groupsSmall villages and family groups Colombo (Capital city) is busy and urbanColombo (Capital city) is busy and urban Multi-ethnic: Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, Multi-ethnic: Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims,

ChristiansChristians Buddhist and Hindu temples, Muslim mosques Buddhist and Hindu temples, Muslim mosques

and Christian churches mark the landscapeand Christian churches mark the landscape Art and literature and festivals influenced by Art and literature and festivals influenced by

religionreligion• Kandyan dancingKandyan dancing• Annual Perahera festivalAnnual Perahera festival

Life in the MaldivesLife in the Maldives

Small villages and family groupsSmall villages and family groups Multi-ethnic: Buddhists, Hindus, Multi-ethnic: Buddhists, Hindus,

Muslims, ChristiansMuslims, Christians Official language: DivehiOfficial language: Divehi Muslim influence is strong—no other Muslim influence is strong—no other

religions allowedreligions allowed Bodu Beru (big drum music)—has Bodu Beru (big drum music)—has

strong African influences strong African influences


Look at the chart on pg 586…who Look at the chart on pg 586…who are the top three producers of the are the top three producers of the world’s tea?world’s tea?

Economies of Sri Lanka and the Economies of Sri Lanka and the MaldivesMaldives

Small resources—yet, strong Small resources—yet, strong economieseconomies

Agriculturally based: rice production, Agriculturally based: rice production, tea, rubber etctea, rubber etc

Timber (deforestation), and fishing Timber (deforestation), and fishing are also part of their economies are also part of their economies

Gem mining is an industry in Sri Gem mining is an industry in Sri Lanka as wellLanka as well

TourismTourism

Problems …Problems …

Civil WarCivil War Disruption to infrastructure Disruption to infrastructure Melting of ice caps causes a rise in Melting of ice caps causes a rise in

sea levels…could completely sea levels…could completely disappear (the Maldives)disappear (the Maldives)

Chp 26 Section 1: Population Chp 26 Section 1: Population ExplosionExplosion

Population of India over 1 billionPopulation of India over 1 billion Lack of basis resources: food, Lack of basis resources: food,

shelter, water, clothing…shelter, water, clothing… Land mass 1/3 of the US…with Land mass 1/3 of the US…with

massive populationmassive population South Asia as a whole is 22% of the South Asia as a whole is 22% of the

world’s population living on 3% of the world’s population living on 3% of the world’s land areaworld’s land area


Complete the skillbuilder questions Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 594on pg 594

Results of PopulationResults of Population

PovertyPoverty Poor educationPoor education Poor sanitationPoor sanitation Poor health education (The Ganges Poor health education (The Ganges

River…)River…) Not enough $$$$$$$Not enough $$$$$$$


Read pg 594…what will the gov’t in Read pg 594…what will the gov’t in India have to do to keep up?India have to do to keep up?

To keep up the gov’t in India will To keep up the gov’t in India will have to provide the following each have to provide the following each year: build 127,000 new village year: build 127,000 new village schools, hire 400,000 teachers, schools, hire 400,000 teachers, construct 2.5 mill. New homes, construct 2.5 mill. New homes, create 4 million new jobs, produce an create 4 million new jobs, produce an additional 6 million tons of foodadditional 6 million tons of food

Managing Population GrowthManaging Population Growth

Education to break the cycle of Education to break the cycle of povertypoverty

Encouraging later marriage (not 15) Encouraging later marriage (not 15) and smaller family sizesand smaller family sizes

Infant mortality rate high = 75 Infant mortality rate high = 75 deaths per 1,000deaths per 1,000

Chp 26 Section 2: Living with Chp 26 Section 2: Living with Extreme WeatherExtreme Weather

MonsoonsMonsoons Summer monsoons= June through Summer monsoons= June through

Sept. vast rains and produce floodingSept. vast rains and produce flooding Winter monsoons=Little moisture Winter monsoons=Little moisture

produce droughtproduce drought


Complete the skillbuilder questions Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 597on pg 597

CyclonesCyclones

Cyclones come with monsoon winds Cyclones come with monsoon winds creating more destructioncreating more destruction

1970 cyclones killed 300,000 people1970 cyclones killed 300,000 people Economic impact—already not Economic impact—already not

enough food and this devastation enough food and this devastation creates more povertycreates more poverty

International aid creates International aid creates overwhelming debtoverwhelming debt

Create a mental map…Create a mental map…

Place in your portfolio…Place in your portfolio…

Chp 25: Human Geography of South Asia. 4 sub regions of South Asia India India Pakistan & Bangladesh...

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