Recent cholera / AWD outbreaks in Eastern and Southern Africa and impact of cholera / AWD
Cholera and Osmosis
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Transcript of Cholera and Osmosis
Cholera and
Osmosis
Poverty: % under £1 per day
http://www.kenyanview.com/IMG_0865_Nairobi_skyline.jpg
http://www.planetware.com/i/photo/amboseli-national-reserve-formerly-amboseli-national-park-ken132.jpg
Kenya
http://picasaweb.google.com/dmeyer1usa/AfricaTrip2007/photo#5132143011588101730
Mathare Valley outside Nairobi
http://abandoned-orphaned.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2007/08/01/matharesewagerut.jpg
Raw sewage flows through the streets.
Imagine you are a doctor in a clinic here. One day a sick young woman enters the clinic……
22 year old female Sudden onset of severe, watery diarrhea Nausea, vomiting Physical exam: dry mouth, low blood
pressure
What are the possible causes? How could you confirm your diagnosis?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Vibrio_cholerae_01.jpg/800px-Vibrio_cholerae_01.jpg
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/a/a8/V_cholerae.jpg
Under the microscope….
Cholera
http://www.msf.org/source/countries/africa/angola/2006/cholera_tent.jpgWhat is the biggest problem with cholera?
Antiviral medication Antibacterial medication (antibiotics) Salt Aspirin Sugar Water Pepsi
http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Digestive_System.jpg
http://visiblehuman.epfl.ch/
Skin
Intestine
Body
Skin
Intestine
Body
Salt
Salt
Salt
Cholera bacteria produce a toxin which makes the epithelial cells secrete salt into the intestine.
Skin
The Body Our Model
SystemBoiling Tube
Dialysis Tube
Intestine
Two Dialysis Tubes per Group
Boiling Tube
= water
= sucrose
Sucrose
Solution
Water
Water
Water
Water
OsmosisOsmosis
OsmosisOsmosis
Net Flow of Water
Sucrose
Solution
Net Flow of Water Net Flow of Water
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
Salt
SaltNet Flow of Water Net Flow of Water
You have to know something about absorption in the epithelial cells of the intestine.
Glucose and sodium are transported together from the intestine, across the cell and into the blood.
Sodium ions glucose
Epithelial cell
blood
intestine
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Energy from ATP
Sodium ions
glucose
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
SaltSugar
Net Flow of WaterNet Flow of Water
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)
There are still 1.8 million deaths a year from diarrhea – but there would be millions more without ORT
” “”The discovery that sodium transport and glucose transport are coupled in the small intestine so that glucose accelerates absorption of solute and water (is) potentially the most important medical advance this century”
The Lancet, British Scientific Journal - 5th August, 1978
Sushruta, an ancient Indian medical scholar and the father of Ayurveda (1500 B.C.) had prescribed that cholera victims are to be:
"given to drink a profuse quantity of tepid water in which rock salt and molasses have been dissolved; or clarified water combined with rice gruel."
Sushruta Samhita III, verse II