CHOLERA

INDEX

1) Introduction2) Definition3) Signs and Symptoms4) Why do we still get Cholera cases5) Prevention6) Nursing Care7) Prevalance8) Conclusion9) Sources

INTRODUCTION

• Although most cholera infections are not detected, large cholera outbreaks, such as those seen in Haiti, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe in recent years, can occur.

• Cholera was one of three diseases requiring notification to the WHO in the 1969 and International Health Regulations (IHR), and today, after the 2005 revision of the IHR, cholera outbreaks still require notification.

• It remains incomplete because of inadequate laboratory and surveillance systems and economic, social and political disadvantage to case reporting. WHO estimates that the officially reported cases represent only 5–10% of the actual number occurring annually worldwide.

DEFINITION

• 1. An acute infectious disease of the small intestine, caused by the bacterium Vibriocholerae and characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes.

• 2. Any of various diseases of domesticated animals, such as chickens, turkeys, or hogs, marked by severe gastroenteritis.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Early symptoms include:

• Muscle cramps

• Profuse, watery diarrhoea

that is typically painless.

Stools are

described as having a

“rice-water” appearance.

• Vomiting

Later symptoms of cholera

• As dehydration progresses, further symptoms may develop as a result of fluid loss including:

• Cold or cool skin• Dry skin and mucous membranes (such as dry mouth)• Excessive thirst• Loss of skin elasticity• Muscle cramps and weakness• Reduced urine output• Sunken eyes• Weak pulse

• In some cases, dehydration resulting from cholera infection is so severe that a life-threatening situation may develop within hours.

• Change in level of consciousness or alertness.• Change in mental status, such as confusion,

delirium, lethargy, hallucinations and delusions• Fast heart rate (tachycardia)• Greatly reduced or no urine output• Rapid breathing rate (tachypnea)• Weak pulse

Why we still have Cholera Cases

• Cholera is extremely rare in countries that have modern water and sewage treatment facilities. In fact, only about five cases of cholera are reported in the US every year. Scattered outbreaks due to raw or undercooked shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico. However, cholera is a major cause of illness in the developing world, with approximately three to five million cases occurring worldwide each year. Most reported cases of cholera are in Africa.

PRIMARY PREVENTION

• Avoiding consumption of tap water, ice cubes, and fountain drinks

• Bathing and washing (yourself and your children) at least 100 feet away from drinking water sources

• Being aware of the risks of cholera and understanding how it is spread

• Drinking only boiled, bottled or purified water• Not eating raw or undercooked meats and seafood or

unpeeled fruits and vegetables• Using purified water to wash dishes, prepare food, and

brush your teeth• Washing your hands often with soap and water .

SECONDARY PREVENTION

• Education to persons

• Ensure water is clean as according to procedures

• Wash Hands

• It takes 14 days after getting better to get rid of the bacteria, so still have to stay away.

NURSING CARE

PREVELANCE

• According to the WHO report, an estimated 2.8 million (uncertainty range, 1.2 - 4.3 million) people contract cholera each year in endemic countries around the world, and some 91,000 (uncertainty range, 28,000 -142,000) people die from infection by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139. In nonendemic countries, the report estimates, another 87,000 cholera cases cause 2500 deaths annually.

CONCLUSION

RESOURCES

• http://www.localhealth.com/article/cholera-1• http://www.microbeworld.org/component/jlibrary/?view=article&i

d=1643• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cholera• http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/• http://www.infectionlandscapes.org/2011/09/cholera.html• http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/3/11-093427/en/• https://www.google.co.za/#q=sawbo+colera+prevention+download• http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/759705• http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-

practice/monograph/451/treatment/step-by-step.html• http://healthscholar.blogspot.com/2013/06/community-and-

nursing-care-of-patient.html