CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure &...
-
Upload
logan-flynn -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
4
Transcript of CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure &...
![Page 1: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic
Chemistry
![Page 2: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 4: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 5: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 6: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 7: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 8: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chapters
1, Atomic structure2, Molecular structure & bonding3, Structures of simple solids6, Molecular symmetry7, Introduction to coordination
compounds20, d-Metal complexes: electronic
structure and spectra
![Page 9: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Chapter 1
Atomic Structure
![Page 10: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chapter 1: Atomic Structure
1.1 The nucleosynthesis of light elements
1.2 The nucleosynthesis of heavy elements
1.3 Spectroscopic information1.4 Some principles of quantum
mechanics1.5 Atomic orbitals1.6 Penetration and shielding1.7 The building-up principle1.8 The classification of the elements1.9 Atomic parameters
![Page 11: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chapter 1: Atomic Structure
1.1 The nucleosynthesis of light elements
1.2 The nucleosynthesis of heavy elements
1.3 Spectroscopic information1.4 Some principles of quantum
mechanics1.5 Atomic orbitals1.6 Penetration and shielding1.7 The building-up principle1.8 The classification of the elements1.9 Atomic parameters
![Page 12: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Section 1.0 ObjectivesKnow what a nucleon is.
Wikipedia
nucleon: a collective name for two particles: the neutron and the proton.
![Page 13: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Section 1.0 ObjectivesDescribe the origin of H and He in
terms of the big bang, electromagnetic force, and the strong force.
![Page 14: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
“Gödel, Escher, Bach” by D. HofstadterGödel’s Incompleteness Theorem (1st part)Any effectively generated theory capable of expressing elementary arithmetic cannot be both consistent and complete. In particular, for any consistent, effectively generated formal theory that proves certain basic arithmetic truths, there is an arithmetical statement that is true, but not provable in the theory.From
Wikipedia
![Page 15: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Section 1.0 ObjectiveWhat is the most abundant element in
the universe? What is the second most abundant element?
Estimated Current composition of the universe:89% H11% He
![Page 16: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Section 1.0 ObjectivesUse the nucleon number to describe isotopes and nuclides.
Wikipedia
nuclide: an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus:
number of protons, Z, number of neutrons, N, and nuclear energy state.
Isotopes: have same number of protons
nucleon number: sum of Z and NP-31, 12C
![Page 17: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Section 1.0 ObjectivesGiven a fundamental particle, state
what its properties are, and vice versa.
![Page 18: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Subatomic particles relevant to chemistrymass
particlesymbol mass/u*numbercharge/e†spinproton p 1.0073 1 +1 ½neutron n 1.0087 1 0 ½electron e– 0.0005486 0 –1 ½positron e+ 0.0005486 0 +1 ½α particleα nucleus of He-4 4 +2 0ß particleß e– ejected from nucleus 0 –1
½photon γ 0 0 0 1γ photon γ photon from nucleus 0 0
1neutrino ν very small 0 0 ½
*Masses are given in atomic mass units; mu = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg†The elementary charge, e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
![Page 19: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesUse “nuclear math” to complete a
nuclear reaction.
42
126C + γ 16
8O+ α ΔE = -7.2 MeV
Mass is conserved
Charge is conserved
![Page 20: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesGiven the conversion factor, convert
between eV and kJ/mol.
1 eV = 1.602 10-19 J, or 96.48 kJ/mol
42
126C + γ 16
8O+ α ΔE = -7.2 MeV
= -1.15 × 10–12 J
= -6.94 × 108 kJ/mol
( 6.022×1023
1mol )ΔE = -7.2 MeV( 1×10
6 eV1MeV )( 1×10
− 3 kJ1 J )( 1.602×10
−19 J1eV )
![Page 21: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesCalculate the nuclear binding energy
per nucleon of a nuclide.
Wikipedia
Nuclear binding energy: Energy required to split the nucleus of an atom into its component parts.
atom + binding energy nucleons + electrons
![Page 22: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nuclear binding energyCalculate nuclear binding energy using the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2.
atom + binding energy nucleons + electrons
matom + menergy = mnucleons + melectrons
menergy = mnucleons + melectrons – matom
E = mc2 = (mnucleons + melectrons – matom)c2
![Page 23: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nuclear binding energyCalculate nuclear binding energy using the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2.
E = mc2 = (mnucleons + melectrons – matom)c2
neutron 1.008665 u
proton 1.007277 uelectro
n 0.000548 u
u kg1.66054 × 10-27 kg/ u
c2.99793 × 108 m/s
J eV1.60218 × 10-19 J/eV
Constants
![Page 24: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ExampleCalculate the nuclear binding energy per nucleon in MeV for , which has a mass of 14.00307 u.
neutron
1.008665 u
proton1.007277 u
electron
0.000548 u
Constants
Mass of N-14 components:7 p7 n7 e-
7 × 1.007277 u7 × 1.008665 u7 × 0.000548 u
= 7.050939 u= 7.060655 u= 0.003836 u14.115430 u
Difference in Mass: 0.11236 u
![Page 25: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ExampleDifference in Mass: 0.11236 u
u kg1.66054 × 10-27 kg/u
c2.99793 × 108 m/s
J eV1.60218 × 10-19 J/eV
Constants
E = mc2
= 1.67688 × 10-11 J
E = 0.11236 u( 1.66054×10−27 kg
u )( 2.99793×108 m
s )2
E = 1.67688 × 10-11 J( 1 eV
1.60218×10−19 J )( 1 MeV
1×106 eV )
![Page 26: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ExampleDifference in Mass: 0.11236 uE = mc2
= 1.67688 × 10-11 J
E = 0.11236 u( 1.66054×10−27 kg
u )( 2.99793×108 m
s )2
E = 1.67688 × 10-11 J( 1 eV
1.60218×10−19 J )( 1 MeV
1×106 eV )= 104.663 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon = 104.663 MeV 14
Binding energy per nucleon = 7.1759 MeV
![Page 27: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 26
82
83
Atomic number
–Bin
din
g e
nerg
y p
er
nucl
eon/M
eV
Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon vs. Atomic Number
![Page 28: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Box 1.1 ObjectivesPredict whether a nuclide will undergo
fusion or fission.
Fusion: nuclei merge
Fission: nuclei split
![Page 29: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 26
82
83
Atomic number
–Bin
din
g e
nerg
y p
er
nucl
eon/M
eV
Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon vs. Atomic Number
fusion fissionnuclei merge nuclei split2 Ne1020 → Ca20
40 +energyU92
236 → Xe54140 + Sr38
93 +3 n01 + energy
![Page 30: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Box 1.1 ObjectivesGiven nuclear binding energies per nucleon, calculate the energy change for a fusion or fission reaction.
![Page 31: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Example ProblemCalculate the energy change for the
following reaction:
Binding energies per nucleon:U-236: 7.6 MeVXe-140: 8.4 MeVSr-93: 8.7 MeV
Answer: 191.5 MeV
23692U
10n+ 3 140
54Xe+ Sr9338
![Page 32: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Example ProblemCalculate the energy change for the
following reaction:Binding energies per nucleon:
7.6 MeV 8.4 MeV 8.7 MeV
23692U
10n+ 3 140
54Xe+ 9338Sr
(140 × –8.4 MeV) + (93 × –8.7 MeV) – (236 × –7.6
MeV) = –191.5 MeV
![Page 33: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesGiven a plot of nuclear binding energies, explain trends in elemental abundances in the sun.
![Page 34: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
0 20 40 60 80-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0 Series1
Abundance of the Elements:the Sun
Atomic number
Lo
g (a
tom
fra
cti
on
)
![Page 35: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 26
82
83
Atomic number
–Bin
din
g e
nerg
y p
er
nucl
eon/M
eV
Binding Energy per Nucleon vs. Atomic Number
![Page 36: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0 20 40 60 80-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Series1
Abundance of the Elements:the Earth's Crust
Atomic Number
Lo
g (
ato
m f
racti
on
)
![Page 37: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesKnow that carbon catalyzes conversion of H to He.
![Page 38: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Carbon-catalyzed synthesis of He from HProton capture
Positron decay
Proton capture
Proton capture
Positron decay
Proton capture
Sum:
126C
136C
42a
e+ n11p
+
137N g1
1p ++136C+13
7N147N++ g
147N
11p
158O+ g
158O
157N+ e+ n+
157N
11p
126C++42a
11p +4 2e+ 2n+ +3g
+
![Page 39: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Section 1.1 ObjectivesGiven the reaction,
explain how carbon dating works.
147N
10n+ 14
6C+ 11p
Source of neutrons: cosmic rays (mainly protons) hit O-16, producing neutrons, among other things.--From Wikipedia
![Page 40: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
147N
10n+ 14
6C+ 11p
CO214CO2
O2
t½ = 5730 y
Fraction of 14CO2 in atmosphere is constant
t½ = 5730 y
![Page 41: CHM 4444, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Chapters 1, Atomic structure 2, Molecular structure & bonding 3, Structures of simple solids 6, Molecular symmetry.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e565503460f94b4d94d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Chapter 1: Atomic Structure
1.1 The nucleosynthesis of light elements
1.2 The nucleosynthesis of heavy elements
1.3 Spectroscopic information1.4 Some principles of quantum
mechanics1.5 Atomic orbitals1.6 Penetration and shielding1.7 The building-up principle1.8 The classification of the elements1.9 Atomic parameters