Chlorine Document
Transcript of Chlorine Document
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
1/19
Safety Guidelines for Chlorine Applicationsat Water Treatment Plants
October 2011
Emerency !esponse Centre Phone " #$1 %&''( 2)*$ 1+0
,-P- Pollution Control .oard/ P. " #$1 %&''( 2)*))2+2)**1$1
E'/ Sector/ Parya3aran Parisar/ 4A " #$1 %&''( 2)*5 &)2
Arera Colony/ .hopal 6 )*2 01* E-mail " ercmppcb7nic-in
8ndia Web " 333-ercmp-nic-in
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 1 -
http://www.ercmp.nic.in/http://www.ercmp.nic.in/ -
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
2/19
INDEX
1. Introduction 03
2. Application of Disinfectant at Water Works 03
3. Characteristics of Chlorine 03
4. Eposure !outes 04
". Eposure #i$its 04
%. &ar$ful Effects of Chlorine 04
'. Causes of Concern for Chlorine Application 0"
(. !e)uire$ent of *afet+ *+ste$s at Water ,reat$ent -lant 0%
. *tora/e and &andlin/ of Chlorine C+linders 0
10. Chlorine Detection and Deconta$ination *+ste$ 0
10.1 Detection *+ste$ 0
10.2 Neutraliation -it 10
10.3 *cruer *+ste$ 12
11. *pill #eaka/e &andlin/ 13
12. -ersonal -rotectie ethods 14
13. 5irst Aid 1%
14. Appendices 14
i. Areiations used 1'
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 2 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
3/19
1- 8ntroduction "
Chlorine is one of the most common chemicals used in diverse industrial fields
including pharmaceuticals, pulp paper industries, automo!ile components
manufacture, agrochemicals and in manufacturing products of domestic andother use li"e cleaning !leaching agent, P#C etc$ Chlorine is %idel& used in
treatment of %ater as disinfectant and protection against %ater!orne micro!es$
Chlorine is ha'ardous and ma& pose potential ris" and a severe emergenc& ma&
suddenl& and une(pectedl& occur at chlorine storage and handling site$ )uch
eventualities should !e anticipated and proper s&stem must !e installed to tac"le
them effectivel&$
2- Application of 9isinfectants at Water Wor:s "
* %ide range of disinfectants are availa!le such as chlorination, o'oni'ation and
+# disinfection and all %ater %or"s use them for the suppl& of safe pota!le%ater$ espite !eing to(ic, the chlorine is the most preferred disinfectant on
account of lo%er cost and eas& availa!ilit&$
5- Characteristics of Chlorine "
Chlorine gas is 2$. times heavier than air and is greenish &ello% in colour %ith
disagreea!le, sharp, pungent and penetrating odor$ t is non flamma!le !ut strong
o(idi'er and highl& corrosive, ver& to(ic to a0uatic organisms and !irds$ t can
e(ists as a gas or as a li0uid$ he li0uid chlorine is am!er coloured and a!out
1$ times heavier than %ater$ t vapori'es at standard temperature and pressure
%ith 1 litre li0uid &ielding a!out 3 litres of gas$
Conversion 4 1 ppm 5 2$.6 mg/m7
)olu!ilit& in %ater 4 3$89
:ree'ing Point 4 -13
o
: #apor densit& 4 2$. g/litre
#apor pressure 4 $. !ar at 23 oC
)p$ ;ravit& 4 1$8 g/ml at 3oC
Critical emp$ 4 1oC
Critical pressure 4 8
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
4/19
)- E;posure !outes "
he chlorine enters the !od& through )"in, E&es and nhalation$
'- E;posure
=. hours e(posure>
?)@-REL 3$ PPM =1$ mg/m7>
=1 minutes e(posure>
*- =armful Effects of Chlorine"
Chlorine in high concentration acts as an asph&(iant !& causing cramps in the
muscles of the lar&n( =cho"ing>, s%elling of the mucous mem!ranes, nausea,
vomiting and an(iet&$ *cute respirator& distress including cough, hemopt&sis,chest pain, d&spnea, and later tracheo!ronchitis, pulmonar& edema, and
pneumonia ma& supervene =see ta!le !elo%>$
To;ic Effects of Chlorine
Chlorine Concentration Effects
3$37 - 3$1 ppm Range of odour threshold
1 - 7 ppm Ma& cause mild irritation to e&es, nose, throat
7 - ppm )tinging or !urning in e&es, nose, throat$ Ma& cause
headache, %atering e&es, snee'ing, coughing, !reathing
difficult&, !lood& nose and !lood-tinged sputum$
- 1 ppm )evere irritation of e&es, nose, throat and respirator&
tract
13 ppm mmediatel& angerous to Life @ealth =L@>73 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
5/19
Chlorine is corrosive to the e&es, s"in, and respirator& tract$ E&e contact can
cause permanent damage$ nhalation of the gas can cause pulmonar& edema, a
medical emergenc& that can !e dela&ed for several hours$ his can cause death$
Rapid evaporation of the li0uid ma& cause frost!ite$ Repeated e(posure ma&
permanentl& damage the lungs or cause chronic !ronchitis$ Chlorine ma& affect
the teeth resulting in erosion, and cause s"in rash$ * single high e(posure ma&cause similar health effects$
&- Causes of concern for Chlorine Applications"
he use of chlorine for the disinfection of pota!le %ater supplies has !een of
great significance from a pu!lic health perspective !ut its application raises
serious concerns %hich need prime attention from safet& point of vie%$ he
causes of concern are as follo%s
1$ Chlorine is a highl& to(ic su!stance that is transported !& truc"s/road
transport and can pose severe ha'ard in case of accident$
2$ Chlorine is highl& to(ic, corrosive and penetrating at am!ient temperature
%hich poses potential health ris" to staff at %ater treatment plant and
general pu!lic around, if released !& accident$
7$ )tringent provisions for containment and neutrali'ation needs to !e
maintained at chlorine storage and handling site at %ater %or"s$
Chlorination Mechanism Chlorine tonners C&linders
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
6/19
+- !e>uirement of Safety Systems at Water Treatment Plant "
*ll such installations must have %ritten safe %or" procedures, !ut not limited to,
for the follo%ing
C&linder changeLea" detection control
+se of repair "it and container repair
Chec"ing protocol
Respiration protocol
)elf !reathing apparatus protocol
isposal of damaged containers
Routine maintenance of e0uipment
*ll the %ater treatment plants that have chlorination s&stem and use chlorine for
disinfection should have follo%ing safet& arrangements in place to meet theemergenc& situation
1$ ?n-site Emergenc& Plan
2$ Breathing apparatus
7$ Emergenc& "it
$ Lea" detectors
$ eutrali'ation tan"
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
7/19
$- Storae ? =andlin of Chlorine Cylinders "
he chlorine has a great potential for creating ha'ard hence there is need to
o!serve certain precautions for the storage, use and handling of chlorine
c&linders at site$ )ome of the measures, that need to !e o!served in this regard,are given as follo%s
o not store the c&linders in e(its or egress routes$
C&linder storage area should !e %ell ventilated$
C&linders should not !e stored in damp areas, near salt or corrosive
chemicals, fumes, heat or %here e(posed to the %eather$
C&linders should !e stored in an upright position$
*l%a&s use proper trunnians to place a c&linder on ground$
C&linders shall !e secured %ith a chain or appropriate !elt a!ove the
midpoint, !ut !elo% the shoulder$
he& must !e stored in such a %a& that c&linders are used in the order in
%hich the& are received$
*void storing c&linder longer than one &ear %ithout use$
C&linders shall !e "ept at least 23 ft$ a%a& from all flamma!le, com!usti!le
or incompati!le su!stances$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 8 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
8/19
)torage areas that have a noncom!usti!le %all at least ft$ in height and
%ith a fire resistance rating of at least 73 minutes ma& !e used to segregategases of different ha'ard classes in close pro(imit& to each other$
C&linders should not !e dragged, rolled or ph&sicall& carried$ * lifter, hand
truc", monorail etc$ should !e used to carr& or transport the c&linder in thepremises$
Magnets should not !e used for lifting c&linders$
he c&linders should not !e painted !& users$
Close valves on gas c&linders %hen the s&stem is not in use$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - . -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
9/19
o not open the c&linder if the valve is corroded$
Chec" e0uipment and lines fre0uentl& o%ing to the corrosive nature of
chlorine$
ever attempt to modif&, alter or repair containers valves$ hese tas"s
should !e carried out !& the suppliers$
Remove regulator after use and flush %ith dr& air or nitrogen$
?nl& the %renches and tools provided !& the c&linder supplier should !e
used to handle the valve$ Pliers or other tools should never !e used instead$
ever attempt to appl& P:E tape or other sealing material to tight the seal$
he tightening should !e achieved metal to metal else the valve or regulatorshould !e replaced$
ever use oil or grease on the regulator of a c&linder valve$
*n operator must !e given proper training to handle the c&linder$
*l%a&s follo% the chlorine suppliersD recommendations to dispose off
lea"ing or damaged c&linders$
10- Chlorine 9etection and 9econtamination System "
10-1 Detection System
Chlorine detection and neutrali'ation facilit& is essentiall& re0uired at %ater
treatment plants %here chlorine c&linders or tonners are used for disinfection
purpose$ his s&stem activates the emergenc& services and decontaminates thespilled material to tac"le the chemical emergenc& situation$
he chlorine detection e0uipment should !e installed at strategic locations in the
plant area, including at chlorine inection area, c&linders storage area, c&linder
off-load site etc, so that it can sense the odor even at 3$1 ppm = 3$2.6 mg/m 7> and
activate the siren to alert the people in and around$ he chlorine detections&stems should function in on-line as %ell as off-line mode, i$e$ in the event of
lea"age %hen the chlorination is in progress, i$e$ tonners in use, and also %hen
the chlorination process is off or tonners are "ept off line$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 6 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
10/19
n addition to gas detection e0uipment, ammonia torch test should !e performed
periodicall& at strategic locations in the plant area to chec" the chlorine lea"age$
)ilver nitrate test can also !e tried to chec" the presence of chlorine, !ut the
former should !e preferred$ @and& electronic detectors can also !e used to chec"
the lea"age of chlorine$
*mmonia torch test Electronic detectors
Ammonia torch Test " * glass rod having cotton %rapper on one end, dipped in
li0uor ammonia, gives %hite smo"e of ammonium chloride %hen comes incontact %ith chlorine$
Sil@er nitrate Test " Ahen a glass rod, dipped in silver nitrate solution, comes in
contact %ith chlorine, a %hite precipitate is formed at its tip$
10.2 Neutralization Pit
he chlorine storage and handling area in a %ater treatment/purification plant
must have chlorine neutrali'ation facilit&, vi'$ neutrali'ation pit as %ell as
scru!!er s&stem$ he neutrali'ation pit should !e constructed close tochlorination site and chlorine storage area$ here should !e sufficient slope
!et%een platform and neutrali'ation pit so that the lea"ed or defected chlorine
c&linder/tonner can !e rolled do%n easil& and s%iftl& into the neutrali'ation pit$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 13 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
11/19
he surface area and the volume of pit should !e planned in such a manner that
chlorine container is immersed completel& in the al"ali solution$
he caustic solution, sodium h&dro(ide, is preferred for the neutrali'ation
purpose o%ing to its faster and !etter a!sorption efficienc& as against lime %hichcause pro!lem of sludge formation and cho"ing of treatment s&stem pipelines$ *
read& prepared caustic solution should !e used in the pit instead of pouring
sodium h&dro(ide pallets in the pit %ater as the a!sorption efficienc& in the later
case %ould !e less$ deall& the 0uantit& of a?@ needed for the neutrali'ing one
tonner, i$e$ 633 "g, %ould !e 13
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
12/19
10.3 Scrubber Unit
n addition to chlorine neutrali'ation pit, all the %ater treatment plants should
have an effective automated chlorine scru!!er s&stem %hich can activateautomaticall& immediatel& on sensing the chlorine presence in the am!ient
environment to a!sor! the lea"ed gas and neutrali'e it in the scru!!er$
he Chlorine ;as Lea"age etection, *!sorption and eutrali'ation )&stem
reduces the ris" of chlorine gas spreading into the atmosphere$ t automaticall&
controls and a!sor!s heav& lea"s from 133 "g or from 633 "g ton containers to
a!sor! in caustic solution, thus forming h&po chlorite that can !e reused as acleaning agent$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 12 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
13/19
he scru!!er/neutrali'ation s&stem consists of a !lo%er, a!sorption to%er
pac"ed %ith rasching rings, an al"ali =a?@> tan", al"ali circulation pump,
piping valves and light %eight :RP and P#C duct$ he chlorine gas is suc"ed !&
!lo%er and is delivered to the a!sorption to%er %here it is a!sor!ed !& a!sor!ent
and the air is vented at the top of the to%er$ *s the e(tracted air, contaminated
%ith chlorine gas, is !lo%n up through the column the caustic soda reacts %ith itto form sodium chloride and sodium h&pochlorite$ *s this a!sorption is
accompanied !& a chemical reaction, there is negligi!le chlorine in the air vent$
t should !e ensured that a sufficient 0uantit& of a!sor!ent is continuousl&
circulated in the a!sorption to%er from the a!sor!ent tan" till the tonner gets
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 17 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
14/19
emptied$ he spent a!sor!ent, after completion of neutrali'ation of all chlorine,
%ill contain onl& sodium chloride or sodium h&pochlorite %hich are innocuous$
11- Spill lea:ae handlin "
n the event of spillage or lea"age of chlorine follo%ing measures ma& !eo!served for speed& control and minimi'ing the e(tend of damage
Contact Emergenc& Response Centre on phone no$ 38-2,
2
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
15/19
12- Personal Protecti@e ,easures "
here is al%a&s chance of lea"age or spillage of chlorine gas at %ater treatment
facilit& and there is li"elihood of e(cessive gas levels in case the lea"ed gas is
not controlled and this can adversel& affect the plant staff and people in thevicinit& area$ t is, therefore, strongl& recommended to have respirator&
protection in the form of full-face gas mas"s %ith proper canisters or supplied
air respirators =)*R> at site %hich can !e used !& the staff in times of
emergenc&$
he s"in effects of chlorine can generall& !e controlled !& good personal
h&giene practices$ f ver& high gas concentrations or li0uid chlorine is present,
full protective clothing, gloves, and e&e protection should !e used$ he
follo%ing are recommended in this regard
But&l ru!!er, eoprene, eflonI, )arane( I, Barricade I, CP:7 I,
Responder I, #iton I, rellchem @P) I, &chem 13333 I =Resistance to
!rea"through longer than . hour> are among the recommended protective
materials$
itrile ru!!er, @ I =Resistance to !rea"through longer than hours> is also
recommended$
t is not recommended to use ver& thin natural ru!!er, neoprene, nitrile and
P#C gloves of 3$7 mm or less$
Polð&lene and pol&vin&l chloride are also not recommended$
+se supplied air respirator =)*R> or chemical cartridge respirator %ith
cartridge to protect against Cl2up to ppm$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 1 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
16/19
Personal Protecti@e adets
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 1< -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
17/19
+se )*R operated in a continuous flo% mode %ith cartridge / full face piece
chemical cartridge respirator %ith cartridge / gas mas" %ith canister / full face
piece self-contained !reathing apparatus =)CB*> or full face piece )*R toprotect against chlorine up to 13 ppm$
15- 4irst Aid "
n the event of an e(posure to chlorine, the follo%ing first aid measures can !e
adopted to minimi'e the damage to !od& s&stems
he aids that should !e made availa!le at chlorine storage and handling site for
immediate assistance include Compressed o(&gen, forced-o(&gen mas", soap,
%ater, normal saline, A, RingerDs lactate, isoproterenol inhaler, sodium
!icar!onate etc$
A is 9 de(trose in %ater %hich consists of 28. mmol/L de(trose$ RingerDs
lactate is !asicall& cr&stalloids %hich include saline and de(trose$
n case of s"in e(posure, remove the contaminated clothes immediatel&, rinse
s"in %ith plent& of %ater for at least 1 minutes and %ash the s"in %ith soap
and %ater$
n case of e(posure to e&es, rinse the e&es %ith plent& of lu"e%arm %ater for at
least 1 minutes$ Contact doctors for medical aid$
o not allo% the victim to drin" alcohol or smo"e$
;ive plent& of mil" to the victim, if he can drin"$
n case of inhalation tr& to get fresh air or artificial respiration$ Chec"
respirator& rate and note an& trauma$ n case if no pulse is detected, provide
cardiopulmonar& resuscitation =CPR>$ f not !reathing, provide artificial
respiration$ f !reathing is la!ored, administer o(&gen or respirator& support$
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 18 -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
18/19
Areiations 6sed
CPR - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
ERC - Emergency Response Centre
FRP - Fiber Reinforced Plastic
ICSC - International Chemical Safety Card
IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life Health
!SDS - !aterial Safety Data Sheet
mg"m# - !illigram per cubic meter
!mol"L - !illimole per liter
$I%SH - $ational Institute of %ccupational Safety Health
PP! - Parts Per !illion
PEL - Permissible E&posure Limit
P'FE - Polytetrafluoroethylene
REL - Recommended E&posure Limit
S(R - Supplied (ir Respirator
SC)( - Self Contained )reathing (pparatus
'L* - 'hreshold Limit *alue
ERC/MPPCB/BPL - 1. -
-
8/11/2019 Chlorine Document
19/19
'+( - 'ime +eightage (,erage
P*C - Poly,inyl Chloride