Chinese Hegemony: The Tang & Song “Golden Age”. Re-cap: Important Dates.
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Transcript of Chinese Hegemony: The Tang & Song “Golden Age”. Re-cap: Important Dates.
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Chinese Hegemony: Chinese Hegemony: The Tang & Song “Golden Age”The Tang & Song “Golden Age”
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Re-cap: Important Dates
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I.I. Early DynastiesEarly DynastiesXia? (2200 B.C.E.)
1. Shang (1766-1122 B.C.E.)
2. Zhou (1122-221 B.C.E)
3. Qin (221 -206 B.C.E.)
-first Emperor, coins
4. Han (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.)
-Confucianism, scholar-gentry, paper & porcelain
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II.II. Post-Han ChinaPost-Han China
1. “Period of the Six Dynasties” (220-589 C.E.):
− bureaucracy collapsed− Buddhism gained strength,
replacing Confucianism for a time− nomads ruled much of Chinese
territory
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III.III. Sui Dynasty (589-Sui Dynasty (589-618CE)618CE)
– lowered taxes
– established granaries
– reconstruction of bureaucracy
– reconstruction of Confucian scholar-gentry
– extension of Grand Canal
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Sui Grand CanalSui Grand Canal
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IV.IV.Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty (618-918)(618-918)
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1. Capital city: Chang’an
2. Imperial power & “moral restraint”
3. Cosmopolitan attitude towards religions
“Three DoctrinesThree Doctrines”:
Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism
4. Tang armies extend West
– used Turkic nomads in military (Uighurs)
– Great Wall is repaired– loss to Arabs at Battle of Talas (751)
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A.A. Empress Wu (625-Empress Wu (625-705)705)
1. ruled for 50 years (only female empress)
– began as imperial concubine
2. Imperial civil exam systemImperial civil exam system
– blow to noble class– social mobility of scholar-gentry
3. Neo-Confucianism official philosophy
– increased literacy uniting China
4. BACKLASH AGAINST BUDDHISM
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Tang Government Tang Government OrganizationOrganization
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B.B. New Technologies:New Technologies:
1. re-established the safety of the Silk Road (tea from S.E. Asia)
2. Inventions:
– moveable typeset printing– porcelain– GUNPOWDERGUNPOWDER– mechanical clocks
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C.C. East Asian Cultural East Asian Cultural SphereSphere
1. Chinese cultural diffusion throughout East Asia
– “sinification”
2.Korea, Japan, & Vietnam assimilate Chinese culture
– Confucianism– Buddhism– writing system
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D. Tang Decline: Losing the D. Tang Decline: Losing the MandateMandate
1. Xuanzong
– Empress Wu’s grandson
– lack of morality?– executed
favorite consort during a rebellion
2. Causes for decline:
– land distribution breaks down
– poor attention to canal & irrigation systems
– NOMADIC INVASIONS
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Tang Xuanzong (“Tang Xuanzong (“The Profound The Profound Emperor”Emperor”) )
& & Consort YangConsort Yang
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V. Song Dynasty (960-V. Song Dynasty (960-1279)1279)
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A. BeginningsA. Beginnings
1.followed the chaos of the “Five Dynasty Period”
2.based on Neo-Neo-ConfucianismConfucianism
3.civil examination system
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B. GovernmentB. Government
1. “flying” paper money (increased commerce)
2. government schools
3. Imperial civil service exams
4. replaced corvée labour with paid labor from taxes
5. trained militia & supplied arms
6. paid Mongols in silk for protection
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C. Increasing C. Increasing populationpopulation
1.new developments in rice cultivation
-champachampa (wet rice) production from Vietnam
2.Population grew from 60 to 100 million
3.Rice also used to brew wine
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Champa “wet rice” production
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D. Role of womenD. Role of women1.new ideal of the "willow-waisted woman“
2.against widow remarriage
3.ability to inherit property & control of family/budgets
4.upper-class female foot-bindingfoot-binding
Size 5 ½ shoe on the right
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Foot-Binding in Tang & Song
China
• Broken toes by 3 years of age
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http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=122772
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E. CultureE. Culture1.Literature: popularization
of vernacular language
2.Poetry: used to spark political reform
3.Paintings: landscapes (harmony between humans and nature)
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“Poem of Farewell to Liu Man” by Yelu Chucai (1190-1244)
"Despotic officials and shyster underofficials, may they feel ashamed!"
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“Travelers Among Mountains & Streams” by
Fan Kuan (ca. 1000)
“A Chinese scholar in a meadow”
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“12 Views from a Thatched Hut” by Xia Gui, early 13th century
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“Spring Festival Along the River” by
Zhang Zeduan
(1085-1145)
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Henan jar, Song Dynasty
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Jun ware – Song Dynasty
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F. TechnologyF. Technology
1. irrigation & fertilizer
2. large ships called junksjunks
3. compass
4. waterwheels & canal locks
5. gunpowdergunpowder & “crouching tiger” catapults
6. printing & paper money
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Junks & the CompassJunks & the Compass
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/media/expl_01q.html
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Astronomical ClockAstronomical Clock
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Military TechnologyMilitary Technology
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First case of gun & grenade First case of gun & grenade (950 C.E.)(950 C.E.)
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G. Commercial GrowthG. Commercial Growth
1.production of silksilk & cash crops (teatea)
2.Commerce improved farming cause: Urbanization
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H. Split of North & H. Split of North & South SongSouth Song
1. Weak military dependent on bureaucrats
– Song invaded by northern nomads (Jurchin)
2. Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) allied w/ Mongols for protection…
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I. Collapse of Southern I. Collapse of Southern SongSong
1. Invasion by Mongols (1279)
– start of YuanYuan Dynasty (Mongol Dynasty)