China’s Nuclear Power Industry after Fukushima and China ... · 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016...
Transcript of China’s Nuclear Power Industry after Fukushima and China ... · 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016...
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1 March 1st, 2012
American Physics Society March Meeting 2012
China’s Nuclear Power Industry after Fukushima and
China's nuclear safety practices
Yun Zhou
The Belfer Center of Science and International Affairs Harvard University
Contact: [email protected]
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Talk outline
Section 1: China’s Nuclear Power Program and policy transformation
Section 2: China’s activities after Fukushima,
reasons and implications Section 3: China’s nuclear safety practices and
challenges
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China’s Current Nuclear Program
15 nuclear reactors in operation (12 GWe) Qinshan Phase I, II III (7 reactors - indigenous & Canada) Daya Bay (2 reactors - France) Ling Ao Phase 1 (2 reactors - France) Tianwan (2 reactors - Russia) Ling Ao Phase II (2 reactors - localized CPR-1000)
27 reactors under construction (29.5 GWe)
Nuclear power target: 60-70 GWe by 2020 March 1st, 2012 3
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Guangdong Prov.
Jiangsu Province
Zhejiang Prov.
CGNPC: 6 units
CNNC: 9 units
Daya Bay 1 & 2
Lingao 1-4
Tianwan 1 & 2
Qinshan I-1Qinshan II-1-4Qinshan III-1-2
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Guangdong
Jiangsu
Shandong
Liaoning
Fujian
1
1
1
Zhejiang
1
2
Fangjiashan – 1 & 2
1 Haiyang – 1 & 2
2 Yangjiang – 1, 2 & 32
4
3
Hongyanhe – 1, 2, 3 & 4
3
4
Ningde – 1, 2, 3 & 4
1
5
Taishan – 1 & 23
3 Fuqing – 1, 2 & 3
4
4 Changjiang – 1 & 2
Hainan
Sanmen – 1 & 2
2
CNNC:
CGNPC:
CPIC:
5
Fangchenggang – 1 & 2
Guanxi
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Policy Transformation
A nuclear weapon era (1955 ~ 1978) A military-oriented nuclear industry and
management system A Slow Transition (1978 ~2004) A policy transition from military uses only to
combining military and civilian uses A Booming future (2004 ~ present) Integrating nuclear power into the Chinese
electric power strategic plan
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What causes this policy transformation?
Huge electricity demand Coal cannot suffice to meet China’s growing
energy needs Transportation capacity Price Safety Emissions
China’s Energy Policy Self-sufficiency Energy diversity
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China’s nuclear expansion plan
The medium and long-term plan (2004) Officially 40 GW by 2020
The “Rapid growth” reality 80 GW by 2020 (March 2010) Possibly 70 GW (March, 2012)
Steady development with safety concerns
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Section 2: Reactions to Fukushima, Reasons, and Implications Response from the State Council on nuclear safety and
development in March (four guidelines) Premier’s speech on China’s continuing nuclear energy
development policy and call for international cooperation in May
Safety inspections on reactors in operation and under construction
Release of new safety standards/plans Renewed push on China’s atomic energy law Temporary adjustment of NPP development pace
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Reasons Behind China’s Reactions
China sees the shortcomings of Gen II designs from Fukushima accidents and China has 25+ Gen II reactors planned
China needs more time to see how the first AP1000 projects develop
China realizes it still has an incomplete regulatory system
China’s government is more risk-averse now considering public safety and opinions
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Current status of post-Fukushima activities
China officially completed safety inspections for commercial reactors under construction in August 2011
National Nuclear Safety Administration is still working on the nuclear safety plan and the first draft was not approved by the state council in Feb 2012.
National Development Reform Commission is working on setting a new goal for China’s Medium and Long-term Nuclear Power Development by 2020.
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Implications of post-Fukushima activities
All units under construction were not affected without any construction halt, which signals that those units under construction will very likely move forward without major delay.
Planned units have to face major design changes to comply with the stricter safety standards.
The Chinese nuclear industry already appears the urgency to develop domestic next generation technologies after Fukushima
The trend to shift from the old generation designs to newer next generation domestic designs might occur much quicker
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Post-Fukushima Consequences At least one year delay on its nuclear energy
growth Updated and upgraded regulatory system Atomic Energy Law to regulate all nuclear
activities Delay in-land projects due to safety and
environmental concerns
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Post-Fukushima Growth With 15 units in operation and 27 units under
construction, it is no doubt that China would achieve the 40 GWe capacity goal by 2020
16 more projects approved by NDRC before Fukushima are waiting for construction permit
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Post-Fukushima Growth Scenarios 1 year delay: 67 GWe by 2020
2 year delay: 60 GWe by 2020 3 year delay: 52 GWe by 2020
Key Uncertainties: 1) Start of new
approvals 2) Future of CPR-
1000 3) NPP siting
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
UxC Q2 Base Case 1 year delay 2 year delay 3 year delay
MWe net © UxC
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Section 3: Nuclear safety practices & challenges
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0
10
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30
40
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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Num
ber o
f eve
nts
Operating events occurring from 2002 to 2009 Level 1
Level 0
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China’s Nuclear Regulatory System
Organization Chart National Nuclear Safety Administration
Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center
Six Regional Offices
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China’s Nuclear Regulatory System National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA)
Ensure the supervision and management of radiation and nuclear safety
12 sub-divisions with 30-40 staff members Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center
NNSA’s technical support and assurance body Technical assessment and evaluation 200+ staff members
Regional Offices
NNSA’s supervising and enforcement body Daily supervision activities 6 offices with 331 staff members
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New nuclear project licensing process includes three stages and two major permits
Siting and feasibility study stage: Project Approval
needed from the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
Construction stage: Construction Permit (CP) and First Fuel Loading Permit (FFLP) issued by the NNSA
Commissioning stage: Operation Permit (OP) issued by the NNSA
Nuclear Plant Licensing Process
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Case 1:“Welding Defects” at primary loop connection pipes at Qinshan Phase II Unit 2 Deficiencies in quality assurance Inadequate nuclear safety culture at the utility company
and supplier Insufficient experiences of Regulator to make judgment
and resolution Regulator’s strict attitudes on regulation enforcement
Current Practices & Enforcement
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Case 2: “Control rod drop time” non-compliance at Daya Bay plant Design Defects from the vendor Regulator’s strict attitude to nuclear safety Insufficient R&D capabilities at NNSA to assess
licensee’s technical responses or solutions
Current Practices & Enforcement
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Overall, NNSA fulfills the functions of supervision and enforcement, but not legislation and safety R&D
NNSA treats safety as a top priority in practice No compromise on detected problems Safety culture code is on par with IAEA standards Good understanding of state-of-art nuclear safety
regulation development in other countries, e.g. IAEA, NRC, etc.
Ambitious program to improve NNSA technical competency
Current Practices & Enforcement
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Problems & Challenges Insufficient nuclear regulatory professionals and
expenditures NNSA’s number of permanent staff per GWe installed
capacity ratio is still significantly lower than the level in other major nuclear power countries
China’s current annual budget for NRSC is 10 million RMB, while NRC annual budget has been around 800 million USD on nuclear reactor safety for last several years.
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Cont’d Insufficient technical capability to maintain and
service operating reactors and R&D capability to identify potential technical issues and approve and assess new designs China still mostly relies on foreign venders to solve
major technical issues and fix major defects on nuclear equipments.
It doesn’t have technical capabilities to conduct reactor repair work under radioactive environment
China doesn’t have any technical capabilities to develop its own software and simulation systems March 1st, 2012 24
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Cont’d Incomplete integration into international safety
regime China has not issued a major law to govern the use of
nuclear energy and related activities (something akin to Japan’s Japanese Atomic Energy Basic Law).
Most current regulations and rules were issued at least a decade ago and need to be updated to meet new requirements
NNSA lacks independence and authority
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Cont’d Insufficient public participation
the Chinese public seems to accept and embrace nuclear technologies before Fukushima for several reasons.
In the past, the Chinese public has not been an integral part of nuclear energy decision-making. This situation is changing.
The Chinese government will have to improve public participation to make the decision making system more transparent and enforce the regulatory system more effectively.
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Cont’d Issues remain on safety culture and quality
assurance Plant staffs might not necessarily appreciate the
necessity of these regulations and laws. With more conventional construction companies
beginning to work in nuclear area, compliance with the special safety needs and safety cultures of nuclear power plant construction is likely to become more difficult.
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Conclusions
Overall, China’s nuclear safety regime is on par with global standards
Some past incidents have highlighted critical shortcomings (e.g. technical depth)
Government and Industry need to work together to ensure that a large nuclear power program can be built and operated safely
Current new construction delays may be significant, but this should result in improved safety standards with positive long-term outcomes in public opinion
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