China Ripe for China Ripe for Revolution, 1900Revolution, 1900

• Foreigners Foreigners controlled trade, controlled trade, economic resourceseconomic resources

• Modernization and Modernization and nationalism held nationalism held country’s keys for country’s keys for survivalsurvival

End of the Qing DynastyEnd of the Qing Dynasty• 1911 – nationalist 1911 – nationalist

group Republic group Republic Alliance – overthrows Alliance – overthrows weak Qing Dynastyweak Qing Dynasty

• R.A. later known as R.A. later known as the Kuomintangthe Kuomintang• Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-

sen) becomes leader & sen) becomes leader & Pres. of the Republic of Pres. of the Republic of China China

Sun Yat-Sen = Pres. of Sun Yat-Sen = Pres. of Republic of China Republic of China

• Sun hoped to establish modern gov’t Sun hoped to establish modern gov’t based on “The Principles of the People”based on “The Principles of the People”1) nationalism (end to foreign control)1) nationalism (end to foreign control)2) people’s rights (democracy)2) people’s rights (democracy)3) people’s livelihood (economic security 3) people’s livelihood (economic security for all Chinese)for all Chinese)

China 1920China 1920’’s s • Sun lacked military Sun lacked military

support and support and authority to secure authority to secure national unitynational unity

• Next president, Yuan Next president, Yuan Shikai, betrayed Shikai, betrayed democratic ideals of democratic ideals of revolutionrevolution• two revolts, civil war, two revolts, civil war,

warlordswarlords

Yuan Shi-kaiYuan Shi-kai

China in 1924China in 1924China in 1924China in 1924

May 4May 4thth Movement Movement• China declared war against Germany in 1917 in China declared war against Germany in 1917 in

WWIWWI• Disappointed with Versailles Treaty – did not Disappointed with Versailles Treaty – did not

receive land receive land • May Fourth Movement – demonstrations by angry May Fourth Movement – demonstrations by angry

students in 1919 in students in 1919 in Beijing = Chinese Beijing = Chinese people’s commitment people’s commitment to the goal of to the goal of establishing a strong, establishing a strong, modern nationmodern nation

• Many turned to Many turned to Lenin’s Soviet Lenin’s Soviet communismcommunism

Rise of Communist Rise of Communist Party in ChinaParty in China

• 1921 – group met in 1921 – group met in Shanghai to organize Shanghai to organize the Chinese Communist the Chinese Communist PartyParty

• Mao Zedong (assistant Mao Zedong (assistant librarian at Beijing librarian at Beijing University)University)

• Mao had begun to Mao had begun to develop own brand of develop own brand of communismcommunism• Could bring revolution to Could bring revolution to

rural country where rural country where peasants would be true peasants would be true revolutionariesrevolutionaries

Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) As a Young As a Young

RevolutionaryRevolutionary

Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) Mao Zedong (Tse-tung) As a Young As a Young

RevolutionaryRevolutionary

Kuomintang Kuomintang NationalistsNationalists• Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) – leads Kuomintang Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) – leads Kuomintang

in 1928 (Pres. of R. of Ch.)in 1928 (Pres. of R. of Ch.)• promised democracy & political rights to all Chinesepromised democracy & political rights to all Chinese• his gov’t, however, became corrupt & less democratichis gov’t, however, became corrupt & less democratic• followers were beginning to support Communist Party – followers were beginning to support Communist Party –

Mao was giving land to local farmersMao was giving land to local farmers

(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang

Kai-shek)

Nationalists v. Nationalists v. CommunistsCommunists• Nationalists moved into ShanghaiNationalists moved into Shanghai

• Killed Communist leaders & membersKilled Communist leaders & members

• Civil warCivil war• Mao referred to taking revolution to Mao referred to taking revolution to

countryside as “swimming in the peasant sea” countryside as “swimming in the peasant sea” • Recruited peasants to join his Red ArmyRecruited peasants to join his Red Army• Trained in guerrilla warfareTrained in guerrilla warfare

The Long MarchThe Long March• 1933 – Jiang gathered army of 700,000 men1933 – Jiang gathered army of 700,000 men• Surrounded Communists’ stronghold, Surrounded Communists’ stronghold,

Communists faced defeatCommunists faced defeat

• 100,000 Communist forces fled in 6,000 100,000 Communist forces fled in 6,000 mile long journey called the Long Marchmile long journey called the Long March• Thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, Thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure,

battle woundsbattle wounds• Settled in caves Settled in caves

in northwestern Chinain northwestern China

Japan’s Invasion of Japan’s Invasion of China, 1937China, 1937• Japan took advantage of Japan took advantage of

China’s weakening situation & China’s weakening situation & invaded Manchuria in 1931invaded Manchuria in 1931

• Japan forced an uneasy truce Japan forced an uneasy truce between Jiang & Mao who between Jiang & Mao who unified unified to fight Japanto fight Japan• National Assembly agreed to National Assembly agreed to

promote Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 promote Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 Principles of the PeoplePrinciples of the People

• About 10-22 million Chinese About 10-22 million Chinese civilians died civilians died

Japanese Aggression, Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 19451931 - 1945

Japanese Aggression, Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 19451931 - 1945

WWII in ChinaWWII in China• Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

mobilized peasants mobilized peasants in northwestern for in northwestern for guerrilla war against guerrilla war against the Japanese the Japanese • Efforts to promote Efforts to promote

literacy and improve literacy and improve food production – food production – Communists won Communists won peasant loyaltypeasant loyalty

• Nationalist forces under Nationalist forces under Jiang Jieshi dominated Jiang Jieshi dominated southwestern southwestern • Gathered army of 2.5 Gathered army of 2.5

millionmillion• The U.S. sent The U.S. sent

Nationalists 1.5 billion in Nationalists 1.5 billion in aid aid • However, instead of However, instead of

going to army, they going to army, they ended up in hands of ended up in hands of corrupt officerscorrupt officers

• Nationalist army saved Nationalist army saved strength for fight strength for fight against Mao’s Red Armyagainst Mao’s Red ArmyAfter Japan surrendered, After Japan surrendered,

Nationalists and Nationalists and Communists resumed Communists resumed

fightingfighting

Post WWII: Civil War Post WWII: Civil War ResumesResumes• 1946-19491946-1949

• Nationalists had advantage at firstNationalists had advantage at first• Larger army, money from U.S., BUT did Larger army, money from U.S., BUT did

not win popular supportnot win popular support• Nationalists soldiers deserted to Nationalists soldiers deserted to

CommunismCommunism

• Mao’s troops were enthusiastic about Mao’s troops were enthusiastic about promise to return land to peasantspromise to return land to peasants• Remnants of Jiang’s army fled south to Remnants of Jiang’s army fled south to

TaiwanTaiwan

• Oct. 1949 – Mao gained control – Oct. 1949 – Mao gained control – People’s Republic of China – fueled People’s Republic of China – fueled U.S. anti-Communist feelingsU.S. anti-Communist feelings• Chinese & Soviets signed treaty of Chinese & Soviets signed treaty of

friendship in 1950friendship in 1950

China’s China’s “Split“Split””• China had split into two nations – China had split into two nations –

• Nationalist China on island of TaiwanNationalist China on island of Taiwan• People’s Republic of China on mainlandPeople’s Republic of China on mainland

• Superpowers reaction – U.S. helped Jieshi’s Superpowers reaction – U.S. helped Jieshi’s (Chiang Kai-shek’s) gov’t of Republic of China(Chiang Kai-shek’s) gov’t of Republic of China

• Soviets gave financial, military, Soviets gave financial, military, and technical aid to Communist and technical aid to Communist ChinaChina

Reasons for the Reasons for the CommunistCommunist’’s’ s’

SuccessSuccess

Reasons for the Reasons for the CommunistCommunist’’s’ s’

SuccessSuccess► Mao won support of peasants – land Mao won support of peasants – land

► Mao won support of womenMao won support of women

► Mao’s army used guerilla war tacticsMao’s army used guerilla war tactics

► Many saw the Nationalist government Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt as corrupt

► Many felt that the Nationalists allowed Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China. foreigners to dominate China.

China Expands Under China Expands Under CommunismCommunism

• Chinese expanded into Chinese expanded into Tibet, India, MongoliaTibet, India, Mongolia

• Chinese promised Chinese promised autonomy to Tibetans, who autonomy to Tibetans, who followed religious leader, followed religious leader, Dalai LamaDalai Lama

• When control tightened, When control tightened, Dalai Lama fled to India, Dalai Lama fled to India, along with other refugeesalong with other refugees

• Resentment between the Resentment between the two grewtwo grew

Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama Lama

in Beijing, 1954in Beijing, 1954

Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama Lama

in Beijing, 1954in Beijing, 1954

Communists Transform Communists Transform ChinaChina

• Aimed to restore China as powerful Aimed to restore China as powerful nationnation

• New “mandate of heaven” New “mandate of heaven” • Communists set up two parallel Communists set up two parallel

organizations: the Communist Party and organizations: the Communist Party and the national government, both headed by the national government, both headed by MaoMao

Chairman Mao’s Chairman Mao’s SocialismSocialism• Reshape economy based on MarxismReshape economy based on Marxism

1)1)Gave land to peasantsGave land to peasants• Most people lived in rural areas & did not own Most people lived in rural areas & did not own

landland• Seized land from landowners & divided it upSeized land from landowners & divided it up• Killed those who resistedKilled those who resisted2) Gov’t ownership of companies2) Gov’t ownership of companies3) Five-year-plan 3) Five-year-plan • Set high production goals for Set high production goals for

industryindustry• Increase output Increase output

of coal, steel, of coal, steel, electricity, electricity, cementcement

The “Great Leap The “Great Leap Forward”Forward”

• Created large collective Created large collective farms known as farms known as communescommunes• Peasants worked land Peasants worked land

together, ate in communal together, ate in communal dining rooms, slept in dining rooms, slept in dormitories, raised children dormitories, raised children in communal nurseriesin communal nurseries

• Peasants had no Peasants had no incentive to work hard incentive to work hard when only state profited when only state profited from laborfrom labor

• = Giant Step Backward – = Giant Step Backward – poor planning, inefficientpoor planning, inefficient

Mao’s Little Red Book, Mao’s Little Red Book, 19651965

New Policies & the Red New Policies & the Red GuardGuard• China facing both external and China facing both external and

internal problemsinternal problems• Mao reduced his role in gov’tMao reduced his role in gov’t

• Leaders moved away from Mao’s strict Leaders moved away from Mao’s strict socialist ideassocialist ideas

• Farm families could live in own Farm families could live in own homes, sell crops from small private homes, sell crops from small private plots, factory workers competed for plots, factory workers competed for increased wages, promotionsincreased wages, promotions

• Mao thought China was becoming Mao thought China was becoming weak – wanted to revive revolutionweak – wanted to revive revolution

• 1966 - Mao urged youth to “learn 1966 - Mao urged youth to “learn revolution by making revolution” – revolution by making revolution” – students formed militia known as students formed militia known as Red GuardsRed Guards

The world belongs to you.It belongs to us as well, but ultimately it’s yours.You young people are … just like the morning sun.You embody the hope of the future.— Mao Zedong

Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution• Le d by Red GuardsLe d by Red Guards• Goal = establish society of Goal = establish society of

peasants and workers who peasants and workers who were all equalwere all equal

• Life of “the mind” was uselessLife of “the mind” was useless• Red Guards shut down colleges and Red Guards shut down colleges and

schools, imprisoned/executed schools, imprisoned/executed thousandsthousands

• Chaos threatened farm Chaos threatened farm production and closed production and closed factories – civil war factories – civil war

• Mao admitted Cultural Mao admitted Cultural Revolution had to stopRevolution had to stop

• Army ordered to put down red Army ordered to put down red GuardsGuards

• Zhou Enlai - Communist party Zhou Enlai - Communist party founder and premier since founder and premier since 1949, began to restore order1949, began to restore order

Mao’s LegacyMao’s Legacy• Lack of modern technology damaged Lack of modern technology damaged

Chinese efforts to increase Chinese efforts to increase agricultural and industrial output agricultural and industrial output

• Mao’s policies stifled economic growthMao’s policies stifled economic growth• Mao eliminated incentives for higher Mao eliminated incentives for higher

production, tried to replace family life production, tried to replace family life with life in the communeswith life in the communes

• Facing economic disaster, some Facing economic disaster, some Chinese communists talked of Chinese communists talked of modernizing economymodernizing economy

• Mao began the Cultural revolution to Mao began the Cultural revolution to cleanse China of antirevolutionary cleanse China of antirevolutionary forces – turned many people against forces – turned many people against radical communismradical communism

• China entered moderate period under China entered moderate period under Zhou Enlai – tried to restrain radicals Zhou Enlai – tried to restrain radicals

China & the WestChina & the West• China had played almost no role China had played almost no role

in world affairsin world affairs• China had split with Soviets over China had split with Soviets over

leadership of world communismleadership of world communism• China displayed hostility China displayed hostility

towards U.S. because of U.S. towards U.S. because of U.S. support to Taiwansupport to Taiwan

• China opened its doorsChina opened its doors• China’s isolation worried ZhouChina’s isolation worried Zhou• 1971 – Zhou startled world by 1971 – Zhou startled world by

inviting U.S. table-tennis team to inviting U.S. table-tennis team to tour Chinatour China

• U.S. reversed its policy & endorsed U.S. reversed its policy & endorsed UN membership for People’s UN membership for People’s Republic of China – new era in Republic of China – new era in Chinese-American relationsChinese-American relations

• Pres. Nixon met with Mao & Pres. Nixon met with Mao & Zhou – established diplomatic Zhou – established diplomatic relations 1979 relations 1979

Economic Reform in Economic Reform in ChinaChina• Both Mao & Zhou died in 1976 – Both Mao & Zhou died in 1976 –

moderates took control of moderates took control of Communist PartyCommunist Party

• Jailed radicals who led Cultural Jailed radicals who led Cultural revolutionrevolution

• 1980 – Deng Xiaoping emerged 1980 – Deng Xiaoping emerged as powerful leader in China – last as powerful leader in China – last of the “old revolutionaries”of the “old revolutionaries”

• Deng boldly supported moderate Deng boldly supported moderate economic policies – willing to use economic policies – willing to use capitalist ideas to help China’s capitalist ideas to help China’s economy – embraced set of goals economy – embraced set of goals known as known as the the Four Four ModernizationsModernizations• Called for progress in Called for progress in

agriculture, industry, agriculture, industry, defense, sciencedefense, science, , technology technology

Economic Reform in Economic Reform in ChinaChina• Deng eliminated communes, Deng eliminated communes,

leased land to individual leased land to individual farmersfarmers

• Farmers paid rent by delivering Farmers paid rent by delivering fixed quota of food to gov’t fixed quota of food to gov’t (could grow own crops and sell (could grow own crops and sell them for profit)them for profit)• Food production increased Food production increased

by 50%by 50%• Deng permitted private Deng permitted private

businesses to operate businesses to operate • More freedom to set More freedom to set

production goals – production goals – welcomed foreign tech and welcomed foreign tech and investmentinvestment

• As incomes increased, people As incomes increased, people began to buy productsbegan to buy products

• Chinese youths became Chinese youths became westernwestern

• Foreign tourists symbolized Foreign tourists symbolized China’s new policy of opennessChina’s new policy of openness

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square• Unexpected problems due to Unexpected problems due to

Deng’s reformsDeng’s reforms• as living standards as living standards

improved, gap between rich improved, gap between rich and poor widenedand poor widened

• people believed that party people believed that party officials profited from their officials profited from their positionspositions

• new policies admitted not new policies admitted not only Western investments only Western investments and tourists but also and tourists but also Western political ideasWestern political ideas

• More Chinese student More Chinese student studied abroad, learned studied abroad, learned about he Westabout he West

• As Chinese learned more As Chinese learned more about democracy, began to about democracy, began to question China’s lack of question China’s lack of freedomfreedom

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square MassacreMassacre• Students demand democracyStudents demand democracy• Sparked popular uprising in 1989Sparked popular uprising in 1989

• More than 100,000 students occupied More than 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square (huge public place in Tiananmen Square (huge public place in Beijing) as protest for democracy Beijing) as protest for democracy

• Hunger strike = called for Deng to resignHunger strike = called for Deng to resign

• Deng orders crackdownDeng orders crackdown• Deng declared martial law – troops Deng declared martial law – troops

surrounded Beijing surrounded Beijing • Heavily armed soldiers & tanks stormed Heavily armed soldiers & tanks stormed

the square in June 1989the square in June 1989• Killed, wounded, arrested thousandsKilled, wounded, arrested thousands• State used media to announce that State used media to announce that

reports of a massacre were untrue – reports of a massacre were untrue – claimed group of criminals had plotted claimed group of criminals had plotted against gov’t against gov’t

• However TV news had already broadcast However TV news had already broadcast the truth to the worldthe truth to the world

China Enters the New China Enters the New MillenniumMillennium• Deng now firmly in control of China – Deng now firmly in control of China –

continued his program of economic continued his program of economic reformreform

• Communist Party General Secretary Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin assumed presidency in Jiang Zemin assumed presidency in 19971997• Would he be able to hold power? What kind Would he be able to hold power? What kind

of leader will he be? of leader will he be? • Challenged by military officials and Challenged by military officials and

rivalsrivals• China’s poor human rights record, its China’s poor human rights record, its

occupation of Tibet, & relations with occupation of Tibet, & relations with U.S. questionedU.S. questioned

• U.S. pressured China to release U.S. pressured China to release political prisoners, ensure basic rights political prisoners, ensure basic rights for political opponentsfor political opponents• China remained hostile & repressed China remained hostile & repressed

prodemocracy movementprodemocracy movement• Desire for freedom still ran through Desire for freedom still ran through

Chinese society – if remained Chinese society – if remained economically open but politically economically open but politically closed, tensions would surely surfaceclosed, tensions would surely surface

China Enters the New China Enters the New MillenniumMillennium

• Admitted to some mistakes but refused to Admitted to some mistakes but refused to promise change promise change • Pres. Jiang Zemin announced retirement in Pres. Jiang Zemin announced retirement in

20022002• Successor is Hu Jintao as Pres. & General Sec. of Successor is Hu Jintao as Pres. & General Sec. of

Communist Party in 2003Communist Party in 2003• Jiang remained leader of militaryJiang remained leader of military• Both supported China’s move to market Both supported China’s move to market

economyeconomy• Transfer of Hong KongTransfer of Hong Kong

• Thriving business center – July 1, 1997, GB Thriving business center – July 1, 1997, GB handed it over to China after 155 years – China handed it over to China after 155 years – China promised to respect Hong Kong’s economic promised to respect Hong Kong’s economic system & political liberties for 50 yearssystem & political liberties for 50 years

• Many of HK’s citizens worried about Chinese rule Many of HK’s citizens worried about Chinese rule and feared loss of freedomsand feared loss of freedoms

• Others saw the transfer as a way to reconnect Others saw the transfer as a way to reconnect with their Chinese heritage – the control of with their Chinese heritage – the control of mainland China over HK tightenedmainland China over HK tightened

China Beyond 2000China Beyond 2000• Creation of democracy can be slow, fitful, Creation of democracy can be slow, fitful,

incomplete successincomplete success• Liberal reforms may not lead immediately to Liberal reforms may not lead immediately to

political reformspolitical reforms• Economics & politicsEconomics & politics

• Dramatic reduction in povertyDramatic reduction in poverty• Adopted gradual approach to selling off state Adopted gradual approach to selling off state

industries & privatizing the economyindustries & privatizing the economy• By 2007, the country had world’s 4th largest By 2007, the country had world’s 4th largest

economy after U.S., Japan, Germanyeconomy after U.S., Japan, Germany• Cheap consumer goods from China are filling shops Cheap consumer goods from China are filling shops

and dept. storesand dept. stores• China’s economic strength has come at a costChina’s economic strength has come at a cost

• Wealth gap between urban and rural areas has Wealth gap between urban and rural areas has widened, w/inequality leading to social unrestwidened, w/inequality leading to social unrest

• Rapid industrialization = pollution, environmental Rapid industrialization = pollution, environmental problemsproblems

SourcesSources• By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY