CHINA

Political Development:

China’s Political Development

Ancient China Shang Dynasty (1523- 1028 BC)

- Aristocracy

Zhou Dynasty (1027- 250 BCE)- Early Feudal System- Taoism and Confucianism

China’s Political Development

Qin Dynasty (221- 207 BCE)- Adopted Legalism- Highly Centralized Government

Han Dynasty (202 BCE- 221 CE) - Legalism to Confucianism

- Introduced Civil Service Examination- Warlords control China - no centralized gov’t

China’s Political Development

Tang Dynasty (618- 907 CE)- Rebuilt Bureaucracy

- Examination System- Confucian Education- Limited Social Mobility

- Weak EmperorsSong Dynasty

- Large centralized Bureaucracy (Neo- Confu)

China’s Political Development

Yuan Dynasty (1279- 1368 CE)

- Kublai Kahn Conquered China- Open to economic Trade

The Silk Road

China’s Political Development

Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644 CE)- Tried to erase all Mongol sign- Reinstated Civil Service- Collapse due to Imperial Extravagance

Qing Dynasty

OPIUM WAR

Opium War

Trade frictions grew with the European powers, especially Britain.

the Chinese had little need for anything more than silver from the West, selling porcelain, silk, and tea in return.

Eventually the British began illegally importing Indian opium into China.

The Qing government moved to halt the illegal trade by burning confiscated opium.

Qing Dynasty

Treaty of Nanjing-First of the unequal treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers.

- China paid the British an indemnity.

- China agreed to establish a fair and reasonable tariffs.

Qing Dynasty

Taiping Rebellion

~Peasants were upset that foreigners were treated differently (they were given special privileges)

~Resented Chinese Christians

From Shang Dynasty

Qing,

IMPERIALISTIC…

to

The Turning Point

By the End of 19th Century

Serious Changes must be made.

1911 - Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-Sen) leads his Kuomintang (Guomintang) or ___________ Party and overthrows the Qing Dynasty.

Develops ____________________________:1. ______________- overthrow weak government and unite

all Chinese under a strong centralized government.2. _______________- Use constitutional government: equality for all and elected officials.3. _______________- Give fair and equal ownership of land so all Chinese live well.

Nationalist

Three Principles of the People

Nationalism

Democracy

Livelihood

1916 - Nationalist Party has trouble controlling warlords and loses power.

An Unlikely Alliance

In a hope for common action the Nationalists (Kuomintang) turn to the Communists

Mao Zedong…

1921 - Communist Party formed - Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) leads Communist party which is influenced by __________ and ______________. Their goal was to take over the government and create a centralized government to regulate the agricultural output, education, and society. Mao believed the peasants were most important and sought to distribute land equally to all.

Karl MarxVladimir Lenin

The 1st Great Leap ForwardExpand the success of the 5 year plansCommunes-collective farms15,000 acres and 25,000 peopleCommunal living

Giant step backward

Poor planning and inefficient industry

Ended in 1961 after crop failure caused famine that killed 20 million people

The 2nd Great Leap Forward

Says failures from ’55 because he wasn’t bold enough…

Collectives build public works projects

Mao’s attempt to catch up with the rest of the world

1949 - With the wide and mass support of the peasants and workers, Mao Zedong defeats Jiang Jieshi and creates ___________________ ________. The Nationalists flee mainland China to Taiwan, creating Two Chinas.

Communists create a one-party state led by Mao Zedong - Begin Reforms:1. All resources are directed toward political, social, and economic growth2. Improved medical supplies and hospitals3. Schools built4. Regulation of all media (press, writing, speech, etc.)

the Peoples Republicof China

The Cultural Revolution(mid 1966)

Eradicate the remains of so-called bourgeois ideas and Customs.

Increase his power over the government by discrediting or removing party leaders who had challenged his authority or disagreed with his Policy

“Learn Revolution by Making Revolution”

Mao felt new policies weakened Communist goal of social equality

Millions of high school and college students left classrooms and formed militia units called the Red Guards

Wanted to revive the revolution in 1966

The Red Guards

•the Red Guards traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao. •Many were violent and oppressive to those who went against the teachings of Mao or criticized him. •The role of Red Guard was mainly to attack the "Four Olds" of society, old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs of China at the time.

The Cultural RevolutionNew Hero:

peasants who worked with their hands

Intellectual activity and art: useless and dangerous

Schools and colleges: shut down

Resistance to the regime:

Purification in hard labor camps

Execution

Imprisonment

Four Modernizations

AgricultureMilitary

Technology

Equipments