China: Political and Economic Change

Charles YinPeriod 2

Imperial China Dynastic Cycles explained the

patterns of Political and Economic changes until the 19th Century A dynasty would seize power, grow

stronger, and decline During its decline, other families would

challenge the dynasties and one would emerge victorious

Confucianism Mandate of Heaven

Chinese DynastiesDynasty 朝代 Rulers Years in

PowerLength

Xia 夏 姒 2070–1600 BC 470

Shang 商 子 1600–1046 BC 571

Western Zhou 西周 姬 1029–771 BC 275

Eastern Zhou 東周 姬 770–256 BC 514Qin 秦 嬴 221–206 BC 15

Western Han 西漢 劉 202 BC–9 AD, 23-25 AD

215

Eastern Han 東漢 劉 25–220 195Three Kingdoms 三國 曹 , 劉 ,

孫 220–265 45

Western Jin 西晉 司馬 265–317 52Eastern Jin 東晉 司馬 317–420 103

Chinese Dynasties (cont.)Dynasty 朝代 Rulers Years in

PowerLength

Southern and Northern Dynasties

南北朝 Various 420–589 169

Sui 隋 楊 581–618 37Tang 唐 李 618–907 289Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

五代十國 Various 907–960 53

Northern Song 北宋 趙 960–1127 167Southern Song南宋 趙 1127–1279 152Liao 遼 耶律 916–1125 209Jin 金 完顏 1115–1234 119Yuan 元 孛兒只斤 1271–1368 97Ming 明 朱 1368–1644 276Qing 清 愛新覺羅 1644–1911 268

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Territories of China

Qing Dynasty (清朝 ) [1644–1911] Founded by the Manchurians, not the

Han Chinese Qing court carried out a series of

policies to revive the social economy and alleviate the class contradiction imperial rulers

continued to strengthen the centralized system

court resumed the 'Sheng' administrativesystem

Fall of the Qing all kinds of social contradictions

increasingly surfaced Measures to bolster their power

Westernization Movement Reform Movement of 1898 Taiping Rebellion

Political Struggles Opium War Boxer Rebellion

Trouble at Home Opium War [1839-1842]Treaty of Nanking concluded at the end of the war in 1842, ceded Hongkong to Great Britain, and opened several ports to British trade

Boxer Rebellion [1900]British, Japanese Russian, Italian German, French, U.S., and Austrian troops defeated the Boxers and demanded further concessions from the Qing government.

Saving the Qing Taiping Rebellion [1850 - 1864] Self-Strengthening Movement (洋務運動 ) [1861- 1895] Hundred Days' Reform (戊戌變法 )

[1898]

Revolution of 1911 (辛亥革命 ) Grew extremely weak after losing

Hong Kong, Taiwan, parts of Manchuria, and Korea

Sun Yat-sen led the amalgam of groups that together formed the Tongmenghui (同盟會 ). Overthrew Qing’s rule transform authoritarian imperial rule

into a republican government

Republic Of China [1912] Sun Yat-sen was declared President forced to turn power over to Yuan

Shikai as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate

Yuan's death in 1916 left apower vacuum in China country was ruled by shiftingcoalitions of competing provincialmilitary leaders (warlordism)

May Fourth Movement (五四運動 )[1919] Gave German rights over Shandong

to Japan 5,000 students from Peking

University hit the streets to demonstrate against the Versailles Treaty

seen as a catalyst for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party Marxism was seen as a workable

revolutionary ideology for a predominantly agrarian society

New Political Community No more dynasties and imperialists Two New parties:

Nationalist Party [Kuomintang] (國民黨 ) Chiang Kai-Shek

Chinese Communist Party (共產黨 ) Mao Ze-Dong

Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang 1920s - alliance between CCP and Kuomindang ends as tensions increase.1926 - Northern Expedition: Chiang Kai-Shek brought most of south and central China under Kuomintang rule1927 - Chiang turned on the CCP and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China1934 - CCP forces embarked on the Long March and established a guerrilla base in Shaanxi Province.

Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang1937 - Sino-Japanese War: KMT and the CPC united to fight against the Japanese, which became part of World War II1945 - CPC grew in force from 40,000 to more than a million1949 - CPC had established control over most of the country

End of Chinese Civil War [1949] Communists won the Civil War because

they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-shek

KMT had failed, not because of external enemies but because of weaknesses from within.

Nationalists retreated to Taiwan, along with Chiang and most of the KMT leadership

To this day, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed

Mao Zedong (毛澤東 ) [1949 – 1976]

People’s Republic Of China (中華人民共和國 ) On October 1st 1949, Mao Zedong (毛澤東 )

proclaimed the People's Republic of China total overhaul of the land ownership

system, and extensive land reforms Drug trafficking in the country as well as

foreign investment were largely wiped out buildings of historical and cultural

significance as well as countless artifacts were destroyed

With Soviet assistance (Com-intern) , the Chinese developed heavy industry.

Five-year Plans of China(中國五年計劃 )First Plan (1953 - 1957)Second Plan (1958 - 1961): Great Leap Forward (大躍進 ) Transform China into a communist society via

rapid industrialization and collectivization Restrictions on rural people were enforced

through public struggle sessions, and social pressure

ended in catastrophe, resulting in 45 million deaths

Seen as a economic regression

Cultural Revolution [1966-1976](文化大革命 ) enforce communism in the country by removing

capitalist revisionists" be removed through violent class

struggle Students responded to

Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups

In 1967, the country was near anarchy

Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country

Deng Xiao-Ping (鄧小平 ) [1978-1989]

Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放 ) [1978 -1993] wanted to make important changes

so that China could compete West The goal was to modernize China so

that it could compete in consumer goods and industrial production

Even though Deng wanted to put in place Western policies he was still a communist and made sure that the political system remained communist

Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放 ) [1978 -1993] Household-responsibility system (家庭聯產承包責任制 ) [1981]

peasants were given drastically reduced quotas What food they grew beyond the quota was

sold in the free market at unregulated prices. Deng Xiaoping Theory (鄧小平理論 ) [1980s]

don’t worry whether a policy was capitalist or socialist as long as it improved the economy.

Special economic zone (經濟特區 ) Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou, and Zhuhai

Four ModificationsAgriculture: increase the yields of farmers move away from traditional farming methods China became the largest agricultural

producer Industry: capital construction and improving industries drawn to steel, iron, coal and oil production Industrial Responsibility System

Four ModificationsScience and Technology lacking even the basic technology that was

standard in all other developed countries increase the number of scientists,

development centers used for experiments Military China had the largest army in the world

however it seriously lacked in military technology

Scientific research on improving and develop new weapons

Political Changes China was going through a time of

relative freedom Democracy Wall in 1978 Election reforms have led to

contested democratic elections at the local level

Tiananmen Square[April 15 1989 – June 4 1989] students and others spoke out against

corruption and in favor of greater political reform

government initially attempted to appease the protesters through concessions

student-led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country.

PLA used live fire to clear their path of protesters and up to several thousand peoplewere killed.

Jiang Zemin (江澤民 )[1989 - 2002]

The Three Represents (三個代表 ) "Represents advanced social

productive forces" = Economic production

"Represents the progressive course of China's advanced culture" = Cultural development

"Represents the fundamental interests of the majority" = Political consensus

Other ReformsJiang launched a major crackdown on

corruption, organized crime, and smuggling, called "Strike Hard.”

In 1997 and 1998, large-scale privatization occurred.

Between 2001 and 2004, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased by 48 percent

China formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.

Hu Jintao (胡錦濤 )[2002-2012]

Golden Shield Project (金盾工程 )

“打開窗戶，新鮮空气和蒼蠅就會一起進來。”If you open the window for fresh air, you have to expect some flies to blow in.Hu gave the security services more

authority to crack down on perceived threats to the Communist Party’s grip on power.Mainland dissidents and journalists were

detainedControls were tightened on the Internet

and the media.New limits were imposed on speech and

other civil liberties.

Socialist Harmonious Society(和諧社會 ) fix the widening social

inequality/wealth gap correct the injustices of Chinese

society combat widespread corruption Hu-Wen Administration began to

reverse some of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms.

Eight Honors and Eight Shames(八榮八恥 ) Love the country; do it no harm. Serve the people; never betray them. Follow science; discard ignorance. Be diligent; not indolent. Be united, help each other; make no gains at

others' expense. Be honest and trustworthy; do not sacrifice ethics

for profit. Be disciplined and law-abiding; not chaotic and

lawless. Live plainly, work hard; do not wallow in luxuries

and pleasures.

Xi Jinping (習近平 )[2012- ]

New Leader Assumed office of General Secretary on

November 15, 2012 elected President of the People's Republic

of China on March 14, 2013, in a confirmation vote by the 12th National People's Congress.

intends to reduce corruption, allow more private competitors into sectors, and rebalance the economy from its focus on public investment.

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