China Nuclear Power Situation and Development
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China Nuclear Power Situation and Development
ZHANG Aling,WANG Yanjia,GU Alun
Tsinghua University
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The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear power, with clean, safe, high efficiency and economic characteristics, is one of the world's supporting energy as well as coal and oil. Other developed countries have already greatly exceeded China on nuclear power construction. It is an inevitable trend to develop clean and environmental nuclear power in China.
Establishing national nuclear power industry. General Secretary HU has made such 3 orientations as “national”, “high-tech” and “strategy” for China’s nuclear power industry.
Since 2004, China government has changed the police of nuclear development from “moderate” to “ active”
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The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy
32 个国家共有 438(439) 座核电站,核电比例 16%。 36 座在建
美国 103 ,核电比例 22% 法国 56 , 核电比例 79% 日本 51 , 核电比例 35% 俄罗斯 20 ,核电比例 20% 德国 10 , 核电比例 20%
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世界核电站分布图世界核电站分布图
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欧洲核电站分布图欧洲核电站分布图
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亚洲核电站分布图亚洲核电站分布图
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北美洲核电站分布图北美洲核电站分布图
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The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy
11 NPP in operation, total 8.6 GW installed capacity
52.3 billion kWh - 2.1% of total power generation
Accept 2 units of CANDU PHWR type, others PWR type
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Planning of Nuclear Power Development
The government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020 with a further 28 GWe nuclear being under construction then
Requiring an average of 2 GWe per year being added.
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Existing Nuclear Power Plants in China
Name Type Commenced
Capacity Vendor Owner Operation
MWe
Qinshan- I PWR 1985 300 CNNC CNNC 1994
Daya Bay PWR 1987 2x944 Framatome CNNC, 1993, 94
GUANDONG
Qinshan- II PWR 1996 2x600 CNNC CNNC 2002, 04
Lingao PWR 1997 2x990 Framatome CNNC, 2002, 03
GUANDONG
Qinshan- III CANDU 1998 2x728 AECL CNNC 2002, 03
Tianwan PWR 1999 2x1000 Russia CNNC 2007
Total (11) 8824
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Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China
Reactor Type Net capacity Vendor/Owert Start up
Lingao-II PWR 2*935 MWe 2010
Qinshan-IV PWR 610 MWe CNNC 2010
Total 3090 MWe
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Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China
The economics of NPP Investment cost Tariff to grid
Imported NPP 2030 US$/kW 55.8 fens/kWh
Indigenous NPP 1334 US$/kW 38.8 fens/kWh
Indigenous coal fired power plants 4000Yan/kW 31.4 fens/kWh
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广东大亚湾核电厂
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秦山 -I
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秦山 -II
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副总理曾培炎、加拿大总理克雷蒂安出席庆祝仪式
秦山 -III
2×70 万千瓦
28.8 亿美元
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Open Bidding for Third-generation Designs
In September 2004 the State Council approved the two units at Sanmen, followed by six units at Yangjiang (two to start with), these to be 1000 or 1500 MWe reactors
The Sanmen and Yanjiang plants were subject to an open bidding process for third-generation designs, with contracts being awarded in mid 2006
Westinghouse bid its AP 1000 (which now has US NRC final design approval), Areva NP (Framatome ANP) bid its EPR of 1600 MWe
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NPP Technologies
PWRs will be the mainstream but not sole reactor type
Nuclear fuel assemblies are fabricated and supplied indigenously
Domestic manufacturing of plant and equipment will be maximized, with self-reliance in design and project management
International cooperation is nevertheless encouraged
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New Nuclear Power Reactor Technology Development
In February 2006 the State Council announced that the large advanced PWR and the small high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) are two high priority projects for the next 15 years
In order to master international advanced technology on nuclear power and develop a Chinese third-generation large PWR“
CNNC has confirmed this, while pointing longer-term to fast neutron reactors
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National Laws
The Atomic Energy Act is a supreme legal document in nuclear field to adjust and promote the atomic energy development in China
The Atomic Energy Act being worked out The Environment Protection Act of the People’s
Republic of China was approved by the National People’s Congress (NPC)
The Radioactive Pollution Prevention Act is a basic law for the radioactive waste management
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Nuclear Safety and Wastes Management
To meet the needs of nuclear energy development, independent regulatory authorities and implementation bodies came into being in China’s radioactive waste management system in virtue of years of practices.
The State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), independent of the nuclear industry, carries out supervision and management on nuclear safety and radiation environment of civilian nuclear facilities: licensing management and routine monitoring
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Rules and Regulations by Governmental Departments
Detailed Implementation Rules have been promulgated in succession:
National Regulations on Supervision and Management of Safety of Civilian Nuclear Facilities
Provisions on Safety of Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
Provisions on Safety of NPP Radioactive Waste Management
Environmental Policy on Intermediate and Low-level Radioactive Wastes Disposal
Provisions on Radioactive Waste Management
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle
China has primarily established a nuclear fuel cycle system covering uranium exploration, mining and milling, conversion, isotope separation, nuclear fuel element manufacture and spent fuel reprocessing.
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Establishment of Nuclear Fuel Cycle System
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Uranium Resources
At present the uranium resources supply available domestically
With the prospective need to import much more uranium
CNNC is also keen to participate in exploration and mining abroad, and in 2006 bought into a small Australian uranium prospect
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Cardinal Principles of Waste Management
Aiming at safety and taking disposal as core; Ensuring exposure received by workers and
the public within the dose limits set by the state, and keeping at the ALARA level when taking into account the economic and social factors;
Protecting later generations, i.e. no extra burdens and responsibilities to be added to later generations, and the protection level of individuals of later generations will not lower than the current level;
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Cardinal Principles of Waste Management
Relevant radioactive waste treatment facilities should be designed, constructed and operated simultaneously with facilities or practices producing radioactive wastes
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Cardinal Principles of Waste Management
Taking into full consideration the inter-relations between various phases of waste management:
reduction in output categorized collection purification and concentration, volume reduction
and solidification careful encapsulation, safe transportation in-situ interim storage concentrated disposal, controlled discharge
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Cardinal Principles of Waste Management
The environmental impact assessment should be conducted prior to any waste management facility or practice.
The discharge amount should be applied for to environment protection agencies.
The amount and concentration of radioactive materials discharged to environment must lower than the discharge limits set by regulatory authorities.
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Treatment of L/ILW
L/ILW arising from NPPs will be cement-solidified in 200 L steel barrel or large concrete container
Development of a series of cement formulas, methods to examine the solidification performance, and some cementation apparatuses
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Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW
Near-surface disposal of I/LLSW including cement formula piles and hydraulic fracture disposal
Following the policy of regional disposal of I/LLSW, China has set up several state regional I/LLSW disposal sites where nuclear installations are comparatively concentrated
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Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW
The northwest I/LLSW repository put into operation with planed capacity of the first phase is 5,200,000 m3
The design disposal capacity of Guangdong Beilong repository, closing to the Daya Bay and Ling Ao NPPs in Shenzhen, is 80,000 m3
Repository in Zhejiang in planning
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Treatment and Disposal of HLW
Spent fuel storage
Reprocessing
Vitrification of HLLW
Deep geological disposal of HLW
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Spent Reprocessing
Initiate target: recovery of uranium and plutonium for resource conservation
Long target: Reprocessing + partitioning → transmutation: remov
e trans-uranium and separate strontium and cesium Improvement of resource utilization Minimizing the radioactive toxic Reducing the waste repository volume
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Spent Reprocessing
Scientific research and test verification carried out for a 50 tU spent fuel project
A commercial facility put into operation after 2020
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Deep Geological Disposal of HLW
Plan for deep geological disposal of HLW consists of four stages: technical preparedness; geological research; on-site test and construction
Great progress on sitting for repository and underground laboratory, and the feasibility study
Northwest region of China: primarily determined as one of the most likely candidate sites
Two wells as deep as 700 m and 500 m respectively drilled for carrying out multi-disciplinary research
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Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Drafting National standard Safety Requirements for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities
Carrying out relevant development work Assessment of radioactivity inventory Decontamination Cutting technology Remote operation Smelting Radioactive waste management Health protection and safety
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