China: 1949-1980s People’s Republic of China # 9.
-
Upload
ashley-banks -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of China: 1949-1980s People’s Republic of China # 9.
China: 1949-1980sPeople’s Republic of China
# 9
Mao and Communism VictoriousOctober 1949:
Mao and Peoples Liberation Army win
Jiang Jishi and Nationalists flee to Taiwan
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Jiang and Nationalists: Establish Republic of China Violently repress Taiwanese Govern as if they were CHINA Enact land reform (no longer tied to Gentry) Defended by US, 7th Fleet Engage in business revolution Brilliantly successful economy Nationalist Dictatorship Holds seat at UN as “CHINA”
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Jiang Kaishek (Jishi) dies in 1984 Jiang Ching Kuo (son takes over) Begins democratic reforms Dies 1988 Real Democratic Elections in 1988
Tensions between Taiwan and China have been very tense and continue to be tense at times.
Taiwan today is economically advanced, wealthy and democratic society Officially still a province of China, but functioning as a separate nation
People’s Republic: 1949 +Mao Establishes Single Party government Centralized under Chinese Communist Party Restores order Organizes production and food distribution Eliminates mass starvation within 3 years
Land Reform: land to the peasants
People’s Republic
Class Backgrounds Matter Core leaders come from Long March Survivors Party membership based on class background (Red Scarf Girl gives good examples) China gets off to a good start Korean War: Chinese “volunteers” first route then fight to a stalemate with UN/US
People’s Republic
Independent China, Great China Mao envisions China restored to Greatness Works with USSR at first Later asserts China’s independence from
USSR Pursues military strength to guarantee
independence
Mao: Cult of PersonalityCharismatic leadershipMao becomes the preeminent leaderMao can do no wrongMao is the father and hero
Mao has a radical vision of where China must goResents any delayDespises gradualismLongs to see China truly “Communist” immediately
China’s Communist Revolution: Fits and Starts
East Wind – West Wind
Red v Expert
Political Enthusiasm or Pragmatism
Endless campaigns… Political purges Reeducation and Struggle Meetings
East Wind – West WindPatternRevolutionary Campaigns ChaosChaos Economic disasterEconomic disaster PragmatismPragmatism Economic stability
Pragmatism frustrates Mao’s “Revolution” Mao reasserts leadership with new Campaign Political purge of pragmatists as “capitalists” or
“counterrevolutionaries” Start over ….
Great leap Forward
1950s1950-1953: Korean WarStabilize control in China
1956 Hundred Flowers Campaign “Let 100 flowers bloom, let 100 ideas contend” Attempt to push revolution forward Opened up for criticism of Party and Mao Shut down and critics purged/punished
1958:Great Leap ForwardCollectivize AgricultureTake away private plots
Leap past phases of industrial developmentJump straight into heavy industryModernize militaryBack yard steel millsCommunal kitchens
1958:Great Leap ForwardBack yard steel millsEvery village had one
Communal kitchens and daycareFree women’s labor for factories
Catastrophic crop failures food shortagesBack yard steel useless and can’t be delivered
1958+Great Leap Forward
Mao and “Reds” discredited
Pragmatist: Deng Xiaoping emerges
“It doesn’t matter what color the cat is, so long as it catches mice” or “black cat, white cat, just so it catches mice”
Order and economic stability restored 1960-62
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution1966-1976This is the background for
Red Scarf Girl
1966: Economy is stable Mao sees a lack of progress Mao has been pushed aside by pragmatists: wants
back in the limelight
Cultural RevolutionPlay: "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office“Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, sees it as an attack
on Mao’s dismissal of Peng Dehuai
Jiang Qing publishes an attack on the play in the Shanghai paper
Calls on people to defend Mao
Mao joins in and calls on students and young people to defend the revolution and criticize “reactionary” leaders in Schools and the Party
Jiang Qing: "Let the new socialistic performing arts
occupy every stage."
Cultural RevolutionOfficially:
Revolution had stalled
Old culture was the cause
Only youth untainted by pre-revolutionary culture can lead forward
China can and must move forward to new phases of the ongoing Revolution
Cultural RevolutionBehind the Scenes:Mao was weakened by Great LeapMao was agingMao wanted to reassert controlPower battle between Mao and Pragmatists: especially
Liu Shaoqi and Deng XiaopingMao mobilized the youth to help him with the internal
power struggle in the Party and government
Lui: Dies, Deng: Sentenced to farm labor
Cultural RevolutionEffects:School StoppedLocal Party decimatedEnormous sufferingStruggle meetingsFamilies destroyedChina’s “lost generation”
“Red Scarf Girl”Movie: “To Live” (last part)
Post Mao ReformMao Dies: 1976
Official mourning but little real public grief
Mao’s wife and three friends seize power to reinvigorate the Cultural Revolution
Post Mao ReformReformers out-manipulate radicals
and arrest “Gang of Four”
Gang of Four tried:
Vilified as the perpetrators of the Cultural Revolution
Jiang Qing, especially took advantage of Mao’s dotage
Cultural revolution was her fault
Mao’s memory remains infallible and untainted by Cultural Revolution
Post Mao ReformDeng Xiaoping reemerges:Becomes chairman of party, head of
the government and commander of the People’s Liberation Army
“To get rich is glorious.” Deng institutes agricultural reforms First, sales of garden vegetables OKed Over-quota farm produce approved for open market Ag sector got wealthy
Deng Xiaoping’s reformAfter Ag sector, business sector gets market reforms
Businesses can sell over-quota items on open market
Cooperatives can buy business from government
Foreign investment sought
Effectively, China becomes a thriving, market-capitalist economy, growing like mad
Tienanmen Square1989Deng retires in mid ’80s
Pressure for democratic participation builds
Some government leaders concede it might be desirable or at least acceptable
Demonstrations and a sit-in in Tienanmen: summer 1989
Tienanmen Square1989Government waivers for weeksDemonstrations continue strong
Government calls in troopsPeople of Beijing stop the troops
Classic picture of one man stopping a column of tanks
As world watches, Deng returns from retirement and calls in special forces: bloody massacre
(AP Photo/Jeff Widener)
Post TienanmenEconomic Reforms Continue
Chinese business prospers
Chinese democracy seems stillborn and few seem interested for now