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    II. Ji!ngh hh"i: Rivers and Lakes

    T#ng-Shu$: Listening & Speaking

    1. Sh!ngsh: Provinces and Cities

    China consists of many provinces (which are called sh!ng), the administrative level of which is similar to

    the states (which is calledzh"u in Chinese) of the United States.

    sh!ng province

    zh"u prefecture (of [pre-modern] China); state(of U.S.)

    Here are two Chinese provinces that are familiar to many Americans: Schu#n sh!ng Sichuan Province (four rivers)

    Gu$ngd"ng sh!ng Guangdong Province

    http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/

    What do you know about Schu#n and Gu$ngd"ng?

    A: ________________________________________________

    (1)

    Gu$ngd"ng sh!ng zi nnf#ng Schu#n sh!ng y!zi nnf#ng.Guangdong Province in the south. So is Sichuan Province.

    (2)

    Gu$ngd"ngrn sh nnf#ngrn ma? Schu#nrn ne?

    Is a person from Guangdong from the south? How about a person from Sichuan?

    (3)

    S%n Zh"ngsh#n sh Gu$ngd"ng rn. Dng Xi$opng sh Schu#n rn.Sun Yat-sen was from the Guangdong Province. Deng Xiaoping was from the Sichuan Province.

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    Enlarge the image of the following map or go to the link. Can you locate these six cities on the map?

    https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0222/5a8e11115ca88/5a8e11153e9ee.jpg

    Did you find any other city on the map that you know or have heard of before?

    A: __________________________________________________________________

    2.F#ngyn: Dialect; regional languages

    Chinese language, both written and oral, is called . When we say, W)men xu Zh"ngwn we mean that we are studying Chinese, both the written and oral aspects of the

    language. As we know very well now, Chinese is not a phonetic language. Chinese people use characters

    rather than alphabet lettersto communicate in writing and to record their spoken words. The language

    spoken by the great majority of Chinese is also called by one of the following:

    Hny& Mandarin Chinese; language of the Hanpeople

    p&t"nghu common language; Mandarin

    While there is one written script that the majority of Chinese people use in writing, there are many regional

    spoken languages in addition to the common spoken language, Hny&.

    f#ngyn regional language; local language;dialect

    Some of the regional languages are used in a big region and others are used in some smaller areas. While the

    language difference in the United States is generally characterized as different accents, Chinese regional

    languages could be very different from each other and from the official language, Mandarin, and mutually

    illegible. Let us learn some terms related to the regional languages.In broad terms, Chinese regionallanguages may be broadly categorized as the language used in the southern half or northern half of the land:

    nnf#nghu southern speech; southern dialects

    b!if#nghu northern speech; northern dialects

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    In more details, Chinese regional languages may be categorized as the language used in a specific area, be

    it a province or a city (or a part of one or the other). Here are some of the most common ones:

    B!ij(nghu Beijing Speech

    Schu#nhu Sichuan dialect

    Tiw#nhu Taiwanese

    Gu$ngd"nghu Cantonese; Guangdong dialect

    Sh#nd"nghu Shandong dialect

    Shngh$ihu Shanghainese (language); Shanghaidialect

    Yo Mng sh Shngh$i rn. T#hushu"Shngh$i hu.Yao Ming is from Shanghai. He knows how to speak Shanghai dialect.

    Chng Lng sh Xi#ngg$ng rn. T#hushu"Gu$ngd"nghu.Cheng Long [Jackie Chan] is from Hong Kong. He knows how to speak Cantonese.

    Wn Zh#ng sh X('#n rn. T#hushu"X('#n hu.Wen Zhang is from Xian. He knows how to speak the Xian dialect.

    Shngh$i hu h Gu$ngd"nghu sh nnf#nghu. X('#n hu sh b!if#nghu.Both Shanghai dialect and Cantonese are southern dialects. The Xian dialect is a northern dialect.

    W)bzh(do t#men hubuhu shu"qt#de f#ngyn.(I dont know whether or not they know how to speak other dialects.)

    W)zh(do t#men dou hu shu"P&t"nghu.(I know that all of them are able to speak the standard langauge, Mandarin.)

    hu able

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    3.J*ngdi$n: Scenic spots

    Chinese has many interesting places. The most famous among them is probably this place:

    Chngchng The Great Wall

    http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/greatwall/Chinamap.GIF

    http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTR2Xfm9KhU4kDhd6GAJ9da82tftimHngZ6Mszpz8y18CLKr7p0

    http://i.huffpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/3692/slide_3692_52390_large.jpg

    A common Chinese saying goes something like this:

    [f'i: ]

    B shng Chngchng f'i h$ohn.

    (A man is not a true man without climbing up to the Great Wall.)

    Another place many people like to visit is this:

    Hungsh#n Yellow Mountains; Mount Huangshan

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangshan

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    Famous scenes of Hungsh#n include the following:

    yngks"ng rch% ynh$iGuest-greeting pines Sunrise Sea of clouds

    Here are some of the other interesting and beautiful spots:

    X(h Guln Chngji#ngWest Lake Guilin Changjiang (Yangtze River)

    M$Wn qgu Chngchng h Hung Sh#n. Ll d"u miqguo.Ma Wen has been to the Great Wall, and to Huangshan. Lele has been to neither place.

    Chngchng zi Zh"nggu de b!ib. Hung Sh#n zi d"ngnnb.The Great Wall is in the northern part of China. Huangshan is in its Southeastern part.

    Hung Sh#n de rch%h!n y)umng, k!sh M$Wn zh*x*hu#n nr de ynh$i.The Sunrise at Huangshan is very famous, but Ma Wen only likes the Sea of Clouds there.

    W)t(ng w)men l$osh(shu"Guln m!ijle. W)dole Zh"nggu ydng q.I heard from our teacher that Guilin is extremely beautiful. Ill certainly go there when I get to China.

    M$Wn t(ngshu"X(H y!h!n pioling. T#y!xi$ng q.Ma Wen heard that the West Lake is beautiful. He also wanted to go there.

    pioling beautiful

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    D-Xi!: Reading and Writing

    Note: ji$g&wn: Oracal-bone Script, 17th to 11th Centuries BCE

    j(nwn: Bronze-carving Script, 11th to 3rd Century BCE

    dzhun: Majuscule Seal script, 8th-3rd Century BCE

    xi$ozhun: Refined Seal Script, 3rd Century BCE to 1st Century CE

    1.

    Water bodies are important geographic landmarks of China. Here are some of the most common ones.

    1)ji#ng: river2) h: river3) h: lake4) h$i: sea

    The four characters of different types of water bodies above all belong to the phono-semantic group. The

    meaning component of these characters is () water, written on the left side. The right-side

    component g"ng, k!, h, and m!i respectively) approximates the characters pronunciation.

    The pair still have identical pronunciation in modern Mandarin. The following chart shows close

    relatedness in ancient pronunciation between , , and and their phonetic components , , :

    reconstruction k!+ ku+

    reconstruction kru+ ku+

    reconstruction g', k',

    reconstruction gar kharx

    reconstruction xm-g m-g

    reconstruction hm-gx m-gx

    Source of information: http://www.eastling.org/OC/oldage.aspx

    Putting the four words/characters together, we have:

    ji#ngh hh$i Rivers and lakes; all corners of thecountry

    Chinas two major rivers are:

    Chng Ji#ng Chang Jiang; Yangtze River

    Hung H Yellow River

    *More on the character later.

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    The blue lines of the following map highlight these two rivers: the to the north and the

    to the south.

    http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwy37dlRuRjGQobyAKhBgYG6JfROXAYXmZ_dgDALBkk5dhBpjkKw

    In addition to the terms and that divide China into North and South, another set of terms for the

    south-north partition uses Chng Ji#ng (Chang Jiang; the Long River; the Yangtze River)

    as the dividing line. Chng Ji#ng is the longest river in China. The areas to either side may

    include, unscientifically, different sizes. Refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangnanfor further details.

    https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0222/5a8e11115ca88/5a8e111a96f23.jpg

    Ji#ngnn south; south of Chang Jiang; thesouthern part of China

    Ji#ngb!i north; north of Chang Jiang; the northernpart of China

    Y)u h!ndu"rn x*hu#n zh zi Zh"nggu de Ji#ngnn.Many people like to live in the area south of Chang Jiang.

    There are also many h (lakes) in China. The two provinces surrounding Chinas biggest lake Dngtng (Dongting Lake; Lake Dongting) are known to many:

    Hnn H Hunan Province (to the south of theDongting Lake)

    Hb!i Hubei Province (to the north of the

    Dongting Lake)

    W)men zhr y)u li$ngge Hnn fngu$n.Here at our place, we have two Hunan restaurants.

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    It was believed that there were four seas surrounding China.

    shai The Four Seas

    However, the term does not have a completely clear identity. On the contemporary Chinese map,

    we can find to the eastern boarder of China and to the southern boarder of China. D"ngh$i East China Sea

    Nnh$i South China Sea

    If there were a and a located to the west and north of China, the picture would havebeen complete. However, we are not able to conveniently locate these two clear water bodies. Lets take a

    look at the following maps may and pay attention to the location of Bohai and the Qinghai.

    East Sea; South Sea, & Bohai Sea Qinghai Lake Qinghai Province

    D"ngh$i, Nnh$i, B H$i

    Q(ngh$i H

    Q(ngh$i Sh!ng

    http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/china/Water

    /Wtr-sea/china-Sea0.jpg

    http://img.lvyou114.com/MapPh

    oto/200610711299.jpghttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/

    Q(ngh$i Qinghai (name of a province);Qinghai (name of a lake)

    B H$i Bohai Sea

    Would Bh$i (Bohai Sea) that we see on the Chinese map and that has a similar pronunciation be

    the old ? And, would Q(ngh$i H (Qinghai Lake), a salt-water lake in Q(ngh$i

    province that is toward the west side (and possibly the ancient west border) of China, be the old ? In

    any case, with or without a satisfactory explanation, the word carries the meaning of the whole

    world or the whole country.

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    The etymological logic should be clear to understand the extended meaning for : s

    shai the whole world

    By extention, we have this expression:

    h!n shai being generous and loyal to ones friends;

    to have many friends

    This type of metaphoric extension of some common terms and their symbolic meanings are important for

    our understanding both the linguistic meaning and culture significance of the Chinese language. For

    example, the concept of universal brotherhood is expressed in the following expression:

    sh$i zh(ni ji'xi"ngd

    This expression is broadly known to Chinese. Translated into English, it means, Within the four seas allmen are brothers. If you are interested in Chinese literature, you may find it interesting to know that All

    Men Are Brothersis the English title used by Pearl Buck (1892-1973; the 1938 winner of the The Nobel

    Prize in Literature) for her translation of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Chinese novel

    Shu*h&zhun.

    h$ini within the (four) seas; throughout thecountry; the world

    h$iwi overseas; abroad

    Mountains and rivers are also quite often used as representatives of the land, the country, and sovereignty,

    the defense of which is the responsibility of political leaders. Some sample words and phrases here:

    sh#nh general topography; territory of a country

    hsh#n rivers and mountains; land; territory

    ji#ngsh#n rivers and mountains; land; state power

    ji#ngsh#nm!irn the throne and the beauty

    We have also learned that and are the names of two provinces that are located to the two

    different sides, east and west, of a mountain. Similarly, many other provinces and cities are named

    according to their relative location to a water body. Among them, besides and that we have just

    learned, are the following:

    Hnn Henan Province (to the south of theYellow River

    Hb!i Hebei Province (to the north of theYellow River)

    H$inn Hainan Province (to the south of theSouth China Sea)

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    And, of course, one of the most famous cities:

    Shngh$i Shanghai City (the place to go up to thesea)

    5) yng: oceanThis is a semantic-phonetic combination with (s#ndi$nshu*: three-dot water)representing its meaning category and (pronounced yng in modern Mandarin) representing its

    pronunciation.

    Here are the two biggest in the world:

    Tipng Yng Pacific Ocean

    Dx(Yng Atlantic Ocean

    is between the American and Asian Continents. It is interesting to note and is at the same

    time (1) on the east side of Yzh"u (Asia) and the west side of M!izh"u (the Americas), and (2)

    between the American and Asian Continents if we take the global perspective as we view the world on a

    globe.

    http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/oceans/

    atlanticocean.htm

    tipng peace and tranquility

    hpng peace

    Here are a couple if two-syllable words formed by using and/or :

    h$iyng ocean

    yngrn foreigner; non-Chinese; people from[the other side of] the ocean

    6)hn: The Han River, Han people; fellowis the name of a river, but is also the name of a dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) and an ethnic group.

    The great majority (> 95%) of Chinese are members of this ethnic group. is the language of

    this group and it is the common language of the majority of Chinese people. The character is a semantic-

    phonetic combination, with represents the meaning as related to water and (that might have

    approximated the -an sound). The character may originally refer to a river or a place near water.

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    Hnrn The Han ethnic group; a Han person

    Hny& Mandarin Chinese; language of the Hanpeople

    Hnz Chinese character

    hnzi man; fellow

    h$ohn good fellow; hero; brave man

    nnz*hn a real man

    mnwihn layman

    Hnz sh hnrn de wnz, y!sh ddu"sh Zh"nggurn yng de wnz.The Han characters are the written language of the Han people and it is also the written language used by

    the great majority of Chinese people.

    W)men xu shu"Hny&, y!xu xi!Hnz.We know how to speak Mandarin Chinese and also know how to write Chinese characters.

    Xi$ox(n! Hnz h hnzi de ysi h!n bt"ng.Watch out! The meanings of Hnz and hnzi are very different.

    [: to do something; : to accept; to take the responsibility]

    H$ohn zush h$ohn d#ng.A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.

    2.

    The phonetic components of the character are also commonly used

    independent characters by themselves. We have learned about the characters and . Now, let us learn

    more about the other the characters and , which are versatile semantic units in their own right.

    7) h: the Hu tribe; foreign; recklessThe character, meaning cow wattle according to Shu"wn ji!z, is a semanticc-

    phonetic combination that consists of the meaning component(flesh) and the phonetic component

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    (pronounced g&in modern Mandarin). The meaning is reasonably extended to beard. Later a component

    bi#o (long hair) is added to form the character and the characteris left for the meanings of theHu people, the non-Han nationalities living in the north and west of China in ancient times and foreign,

    and expended to the meaning of reckless. It is not difficult to find some arrogant racism here.

    hli behave recklessly; cause mischief

    hshu" talk nonsense

    hhu ravings

    hyn ravings; talk nonsense

    N*hshu"! T#mngmng sh g"ngren, n*z!nme shu"t#sh xiozh$ng

    You are talking nonsense! Clearly he is a worker, how come you are saying that he is the principal/president?

    N*bi hs(lunxi$ng le. Bhu y)u wnt de.Dont let your imagination gone wild. There wont be any problem.

    Zhige fngji#n ti lun le.This room is too messy.

    hs(lunxi$ng fantasize; think wild thoughts

    lun messy; disorderly; in a confused state ofmind

    8) m!i: every

    () () () ( )The graphs may be understood by some to be a woman with well-groomed hair, a symbol of beauty. The

    current meaning, each or every, is a later extension. Others have understood the character as ameaning-phonetic combination, the top component , which was changed to as shown in current

    k$ish%script, provides the original meaning component for the growing of grass, while component gave

    the sound approximation to the character. From that source, the current meaning has been extended. In

    either case, the logic of the meaning extension is not clear. The mnemonic, everyone has a mother, may

    be helpful for remembering the form-meaning connection of the characters.

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    m!irn everybody; each person

    m!iti#n everyday; every day

    m!ir daily

    m!ininyearly

    m!ig every

    W)b m!iti#n ch(z$ofn.I dont eat breakfast everyday.

    T#men s#ngern m!irn m!inin zi zh li$ngg x(ngq(.Each of the three of them lives in China for two weeks each year.

    T#men xuxio de m!ige ssh d"u y)u Zh"nggu li de xush'ng.Each of the dorms at their school has students coming from China.

    9) hung: yellow

    () () () ()

    The ancient scripts of and illustrate a person with some sort of ornament around the waist.

    This character may share the same origin of the character (hung), an ancient ceremonial jade pendant.

    The character has very broad usage. It is one of the five prime colors (

    hng hung ln bi h'i) and it is the color of the earth. also covers a wide range of color shades,

    from bright yellow to dark brown. In the contemporary Chinese language use, does not connote

    cowardliness but hungs (yellow color) alludes to obscene when used as modifiers forbooks, magazines, jokes, etc.

    (Hungh, Yellow River) is the name of the second longest river in China. The region surrounding

    the has been identified as the cradle of Chinese civilization. The Asian race is sometimes referred to

    as the yellow race (hungzh)ngrn). Additionally, one of the legendary rulers thatmany Chinese acknowledge as their ancestor is (hungd, the Yellow Emperor).

    Hung H Yellow River

    Hung H$i Yellow Sea

    Hung Sh#n Huangshan (Mountain)

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    hungt& loess

    hungdu soybean

    hungni ox; cattle; scalper of tickets

    hungs xi$oshu"pornographic fiction

    10)j(ng: capital (of a country); tower

    () () () ()The ancient graphs depict a tower, a tall building.

    B!ij(ng Beijing; the northern capital

    Nnj(ng Nanjing; the southern capital

    D"ngj(ng Tokyo; the eastern capital

    j(ngd% capital of a country; Kyoto

    11) chng: succeed; success; accomplished

    () The ancient graphs might be used to indicate getting something done by using a tool.

    chnggu) achievement; positive outcome

    chngrn adult

    chngninrn adult person

    chngji# get married; form a family

    chngmng become famous; make a name foroneself

    chngg"ng succeed; success

    y(chng ten percent

    T#chngmng le, k!sh hi mi chngji#.He is already famous but he is not yet married.

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    Zh sh t#n&l g"ngzu de chnggu).(This is the fruition of her hard work.)

    T#men xi$ng d d-y(mng k!sh miy)u chngg"ng.They wanted to win the first place but did not succeed.

    12) chng: city wall; cityThe character is a semantic-phonetic combination with (earth; land) representing its meaning

    category and (pronounced chng in modern Mandarin, identical to ) representing its pronunciation.

    Original, the word meant for the walls that protect the city and later developed to mean city as well.

    j(ngchng capital of a country

    B!ij(ng Chng The city of Beijing

    chngwi outside of a city; suburb

    chng zh"ngx( central area of a city

    Chngchng The Great Wall

    Chngchng was originally a group of fortifications built about 2500 years ago to defend

    China from the invading northern tribes. Following the orders of Qin Shi Huang Di (The First Emperor ofthe Qin Dynasty) and through years of hard labor, costing countless lives and materials, the older

    fortifications were connected and extended, and acquiring the name Wnl*

    Chngchng (The Long Wall of Ten ThousandLi [1 li (Chinese mile) = 0.5km = 0.3107mile]).

    Chngchng is the longest manmade structure of the world. Furthermore, with its 15-30 feetthickness and up to 25 feet height, it is gigantic enough to be seen flying within Earths Orbit. For more

    details, read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China,

    http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/greatwall/Allabout.htmland others.

    Wnl*Chngchng The Great Wall [literally: the ten-thousand liLong Wall]

    We have learned the character . So far, we have used the character mainly for the meaning all and itsassociated modern Mandarin pronunciation d"u. That is actually a borrowed usage of the earlier

    meaning of . That earlier meaning of is city and its modern Mandarin pronunciation is d%. In this

    lesson, we are learning the names of a few Chinas cities, or d%sh.

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    d%sh city; metropolis

    d%chng capital (of a nationearlier usage; of aprovincenewer usage)

    chngsh city; town

    gud%national capital

    J(ngd% Kyoto

    B!ij(ng sh Zh"nggu de gud%D"ngj(ng sh Rb!n de gud%.Beijign is the capital of China; Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

    B!ij(ng h D"ngj(ng d"u sh dd%sh.Both Beijing and Tokyo are big cities.

    Rb!n de J(ngd%sh y(g h!n m!i de d%sh.(Kyoto of Japan is a very beautiful city.)

    K!k!shu"dd%sh d"u b h$o, rn d"u ti du".Keke says that none of the big cities are good. All of them have too many people.

    Ll x*huan dd%sh. T#shu"dd%sh l*y)u h!ndu"y)uysi de dfang.Lele likes big cities. She says that in a big cities one may find many interesting places.

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    3. []The functions of

    We have learned that reduplicated measure words [MM], such as and , carry the meaning

    of every. The word we are learning in this lesson, most commonly, is used as a modifier/adjective and

    given the meaning in English as each. Therefore, we may say that the grammatical function of [+

    measure word] ([ M]) is similar to that of [MM]. However, we should also note the difference between thetwo. Each has its primary role.

    [MM] emphasizes consistency.

    W)ti#nti#n h'k#f'i.I drink coffee everyday.

    W)men ti#nti#n xu Hnz.

    We learn characters everyday.

    Zhixi'l*zi, gg h$och(.Every one of these plums is tasty.

    T#men rnrn y)u sh%b#o.Every one of them has a bookbag.

    [ M] emphasizes even distribution or unit value.

    W)m!iti#n h'li$ngb'i k#f'i.I drink two cups of coffee each day.

    W)men m!iti#n xu li-q(g Hnz.We learn six or seven characters each day.

    Zhxi'l*zi, m!i g w&mo qin.These plums are fifty cents each.

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    T#men m!irn y)u yg sh%b#o.Each of them has one bookbag.

    Role switch:

    When we make one to play the role of the other, we need to give the actor a propthe word .

    When [ M] is used to play the role of [MM] to emphasize consistency, is added:

    W)m!iti#n d"u h'k#f'i.I drink coffee everyday day.

    W)men m!iti#n d"u xu Hnz.We learn characters everyday.

    Zhixi'l*zi, m!ig d"u h$och(.Every one of the plums is tasty.

    When [MM] is used to play the role of [ M] to emphasize distribution amount, is added:

    W)ti#nti#n d"u h'li$ngb'i k#f'i.I drink two cups of coffee each day.

    W)men ti#nti#n d"u xu li-q(g Hnz.We learn six or seven characters each day.

    Note: When negated, , the meanings of [ MM] and [ M] become the sameas no consistency

    or even distribution is involved

    T#b ti#nti#n ch(shu*gu).She does not eat fruit everyday.

    T#b m!iti#n ch(shu*gu).She does not eat fruit everyday.

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    4. []The functions of[further details]:

    We have learned the word and its most common functions for the meaing of all or both. We willdiscuss in some details about these and other functions of the word.

    1. Emphasizing shared qualities

    (translated as both or all) emphasizes shared characteristics among two or more parties. We have

    learned about the general function of and we are exploring some more details.

    W)men sh xush'ng.We are students.

    W)men d"u sh xush'ng.We are both/all students.

    Both/All of us are students.

    2. Emphasizing the shared quality of subjects

    Most commonly, is used to emphasize shared characteristics among the subjects.

    Shngh$irn h Gu$ngd"ngrn d"u sh nnf#ngrn.

    People from Shanghai and people from Guangdong are both southerners.

    B!ij(ng h D"ngj(ng d"u sh j(ngchng.Both Beijing and Tokyo are national capitals.)

    3. Emphasizing the shared quality of objects/topics

    may also be used with objects. One way to use to emphasize shared characteristics among the objects,

    is to move the objects to the beginning position of the sentence, before the subject and the verb, while the

    word is positioned after the subject. The objects of the verb become the topic of the statement. The endresult is a topical sentence, which is more common in Chinese than in English.

    B!ij(ng h Nnj(ng t#d"u q gu.He has been to both Shanghai and Beijing.

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    B!ij(ng h Nnj(ng t#men d"u q gu.They have been to both Shanghai and Beijing.

    Yes, the word here is to emphasize the shared qualities of the objects. If this nature of commonality is tobe emphasized in the subjects as well as the objects, additional elements should be added. For example:

    B!ij(ng h Nnj(ng t#men dji#d"u q gu.All of them have been to both Shanghai and Beijing.

    4. To indicate plurality of the subject and/or the object/topic.

    As we know, Chinese nouns are, as a rule, not marked by numbers and they appear to be the same in

    singular and plural. Because of this, the word helps to indicate the plural status of the nouns.

    T#g'ge d"u h!n hu chngg'.His brothers all sing very well.

    5. Using with an interrogative word to emphasize the idea of all or none

    Zi Zh"nggu, n$r d"u y)u h!ndu"rn.In China, there are lots of people everywhere.

    F$gu de shnme df#ng t#d"u miqgu.He has not been to any place in France.

    Note 1: In this [interrogative word + ] structure, the word may be replaced by to carry the samemeaning.

    Note 2: Negative form of :

    We have learned that is a form of emphasis. Therefore, the positive is both or all, the

    negetive is not all. Again, nagative expression comes before the item it negates. The [+

    negative... ] may be conveniently translated as neither or none. However, when is not

    negated, that is when it not preceeded by a negative form, the subjects or topics are in the same

    situationpositive or negative.

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    Fn-ji$n duzho: Character Simplification

    Notes on Character Simplification:

    1. (fho dit) method of simplification was adopted in the simplification process ofthe following characters. It was to replace certain complex components of a traditional character with a

    simpler existing character or component, or with a particularly created symbol.

    A number of different complex components have been simplified to in the simplified character (such

    as to, to, and to, etc.as well as the one we have in this section:

    is simplified to

    2. (yng yt*z) method is adopted in the simplification process of the followingcharacter. This method is basically to use a variant way of writing a character in fewer strokes. The stroke

    reduction may have happened by connecting adjacent strokes or eliminating some (sometimes, the variant

    form does not involve stroke reduction). This change is slight and casual and sometimes not considered as

    part of the simplification process. As a result, in some character font system, the traditional characterversion is represented by the variant character used in the simplified character version (mistakenly,

    ignorantly, or politically). Furthermore, as we have learned before, the difference between the forms in the

    traditional and simplified character system may be the result of a standardization process (took place in

    Taiwan, started in the 1970s) in the traditional character system. While the character used in the simplified

    character system remain to be the same, commonly used version, the character used in the traditional

    character system has been changed. For more details, see http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/and

    www.edu.tw/files/site_content/M0001/biau/f12.html.

    has a variantin the simplified character system

    has a variant in the simplified character system

    has a variant in the simplified character system

    3. Stroke order variants

    Different stroke orders are followed in the traditional and simplified character systems when writing thefollowing characters. This is mostly the consequence of the same standardization process discussed above

    (#2).

    These two characters have identical appearance in the traditional and simplified character systems. However,

    the last strokes have reversed orders. While the last three strokes are dot, dot and horizontal in the

    traditional character system, the last strokes in the simplified character systems go in the sequence as dot,

    horizontal and dot. This difference is illustrated in the following B*hu jigu:

    Character Strokes and Structures section.

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    Linx: Exercises

    1.B*hu jigu: Character Strokes and StructuresTraditional Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure of characters

    ji#ng: river h: river h: lake h$i: sea

    : South of Yangtze : Hebei Province : big lakes : Shanghai

    yng: ocean hn: Han river/people h: foreign; reckless m!i: every

    : ocean : Han people : talk nonsense : each day

    hung: yellow j(ng: capital chng: complete chng: city; city wall:Yellow River : Beijing : succeed; success : city

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    Linx: Exercises

    1.B*hu jigu: Character Strokes and StructuresSimplified Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure of characters

    ji#ng: river h: river h: lake h$i: sea

    : South of Yan tze : Hebei Province : bi lakes : Shan hai

    yng: ocean hn: Han river/people h: foreign; reckless

    m!i: every

    : ocean : Han people : talk nonsense : each day

    hung:: yellow j(ng: capital chng: complete chng: city; city wallYellow River : Beijing : succeed; success : city

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    2.C y duyng: Matching words with meaning

    (1) Write the Chinese equivalent of the following in characters

    Yangtze River: __________________ Yellow River _______________

    South of Chang Jiang: __________________ North of Chang Jiang _______________

    the throne & the beauty: ________________ rivers & mountains; state power _____________

    big lake; Great Lakes: ________________ West Lake: _____________

    East Sea: ________________ South Sea _____________

    Shanghai: ________________ overseas: _____________

    ocean: ________________ foreigner: _____________

    Atlantic Ocean: ________________ Pacific Ocean: _____________

    Chinese characters: ________________ fellow; man_____________

    good fellow; hero: ________________ talk nonsense:_____________

    each person: ________________ everyday: _____________

    Beijing: ________________ Tokyo: _____________

    success; succeed: ________________ positive outcome: _____________

    city; town ________________ city; metropolis _____________

    national capital: ________________ regional language: _____________

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    3.P(nt Yux: Jigsaw Puzzle Game

    Zh"nggu Sh!ngfn: Chinas ProvincesTry your hand on this game to get familiar with Chinas provinces:

    http://www.4399.com/flash/34729_3.htm?1024

    4.Dmng Linx: Geo-Term Exercise

    Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_(China)

    Write the name of these numbered provinces (sh!ng) on the map in Chinese characters:

    # 12 # 7 # 8 # 11 __________ __________ __________ __________

    #10 #17 # 18 #9 __________ __________ __________ __________

    #4 #20 __________ __________

    Try the following ones also (which you may know only one of the characters), if you wish:

    #14 #19 #1 #23 ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

    #6 #21 ____________ ____________

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    5.Yngc Linx: Word Use ExerciseWrite sentences using particular expressions

    (1) Use [ M ] to express unit value

    This school has three semesters each year.

    _____________________________________________________________________

    Plums are twenty-cents each and apples (pnggu)) are ninety-cents each.

    _____________________________________________________________________

    (2) Use [ M] to express consistency or recurrence

    She goes to Japan every year.

    _____________________________________________________________________

    Does every Chinese speak Mandarin?

    _____________________________________________________________________

    (3) Use [] to translate the following statements:

    Not all my classmates are Americans.

    _____________________________________________________________________

    Both Yangtzi River and Yellow River are Chinas big rivers.

    _____________________________________________________________________

    Chinese like to go to both the Great Wall and the West Lake.

    ,

    _____________________________________________________________________

    Today, she doesnt doesnt feel like going anywhere.

    _____________________________________________________________________