Childrens Understanding Death

7/29/2019 Childrens Understanding Death

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childrens understanding o death

I w w q ,w x w w , w w , w . T x , . W ,, , , , - . T k x ; w , , , w - . T w , wk, .

V w A P D E C P MG U. S U S. Aw, S, Q U, C. S z . S

j Child Development, Developmental Psychology, Law

and Human Behavior, International Journal o Behavioral Development.

P L. H V S. T P E HU. H Sx Ox - U L, F U A, L S E, Ox U. H Fw B A Nw A S L.A w ,, , H w , , w - , f- . H Te Work o the Imagination (2000).

M S F E U Q M. H Ox U (P) MG U (P). H P E MG U C P MC H D P. H , , j

wk , , j,, . H k alking about Feelings and Valueswith Children (2006) How to Have a Dialogue o Mutual Respect with Youreenager(2007).


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rom biological to religious

conceptions

V w

McGill University

P L. H

Harvard University

M S

Universit du Qubec Montral

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cambridge university pressC, Nw Yk, M, M, C w,

S, S P, D, k, Mx C

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32 A A, Nw Yk, ny 10013-2473, usa

www..

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A catalog record or this publication is available rom the British Library.

Library o Congress Cataloging in Publication data

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[ ] V w, P L. H, M S.

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I x.

isbn 978-0-521-19459-4 (k)

1. C . 2. C C- . I. w,

V, 1974 II. H, P L. III. S, M. IV. .

b723.d3c57 2011155.93708322 2011000386

isbn 978-0-521-19459-4 Hk

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List o Figures and able page

List o Contributors

Preace and Acknowledgments x

1 D, A, L D: Lw M 1

Rita Astuti

2 D S, M, B 19Paul L. Harris

3 A P L: M F L (?) 41

Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi

4 D L C 61Margaret M. Mahon

5 k C D E S 98Victoria alwar

6 R B 116Miriam McCormick

7 T F: C W JH I R! 133

Michael Schleier

8 Hw Lw C I U D 156Ray Madof

Index 187

C


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igures

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rita astuti

L S E

benamin beit-hallahmi

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paul l. harris

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ray madoB C Lw S

margaret m. mahon

G M U

miriam mccormic

U R

michael schleier

U Q M

victoria talarMG U

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hildrens understanding o death: romiological to eligious onceptions

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m q v r r r r, bc

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lr b k.

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pr ) c b r. H k r prc

angatse rvl r ppr ppl rm, r c rm r r mr cll r rl c:

I lk, r xmpl, ml, m r , r m I O, pr ll pprc m ll lk m . . . H

1

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Rita Astuti

1 Flrk cc cl vll B r Mcr r Iv rk rplcl rrc c 1987. vll , pr, pp-l b 1,000 ppl. I l ml Mrv, m

r, c vrml c, mrk, pl, p c, rpr. lvl vll p vr mll-cl cv l r Mrv mrk. Fr r, lk r ppl lv c rl , B vllr cll mlv Vz(c. , 1995).


15/202

Rita Astuti2

cm, lk rm, rm, lk r m pprc , r, brb . . . lk lk : v

I lk . r rl r r [ pr], r ll k bc r r , bc r lv. mr, lk, r xmpl, r mr r r lr bl, : Mr,m r rvl ml m angatse rvl ml Im cr. ? H . ll r , l v r. c ppl [v r ppl r ].

r ppl cm bck l, k olo vokatsy(lrll, ppl rmr rm r), Brk crl r

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p b olo vokatsy angatse: Olo vokatsy v angatse, r

r [lv] ppl ; v angatse, b r ll

r r, v angatse. I r r, angatse l

b .

Brk xcpl. N r lc, b r rl, bl

rcl Brk vr lm mk p l rpr-

pp fr c ppl

r lf b. Impr b kl l, I k

m cm k ll , r m xpl ll m:

H I cm k ? I cm k b lk : rll ll, ppl c r r mr, r r r, r b b r m ll r b angatse . . . r xmpl, r r l r ppl r, lk rl, l : pp angatse, cm r, . Y r ,

r ll j lr. j k , k r m r ll. Fr xmpl, : r biby[ml] vr r! r angatse vr


16/202

Death, Ancestors, and the Living Dead 3

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l b . l I r Brk

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cc . I prclr, I ll xplr r clr

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They Dont Know a Thing and ts

ette That ayVz l r rll bm b c I p mc m

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v clr lr. Fr xmpl, clr rbl l bjc r , r r r

m, l x r r , plm p ll


17/202

Rita Astuti4

cpp, lf l r rm bl. Clr

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bl r c mlv prrm r

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l r j r r rl (c. ,

1994, 1995).

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r l, r xmpl, b c xc ppl

angatse, l p crr r r r

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v crl vr mc r m (cl prv b xrml

rrc), c p lr rp ll clcr bl,


18/202


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r xpr m: m r, r xmpl, b rm

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xpl.

ie hen ou o to a unea . . .

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19/202

Rita Astuti6

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2 Bc I vr m, crp ll l rr m.


20/202


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prmbl lr m cqc .

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r r. O pprc r r r m, ppl r

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blk r l vr r b, l r c rm vbl lk rl bl. W r pr p, vrl

m lk c l, mmr, l.

c l m r ppl cr r.


21/202

Rita Astuti8

clr r r . rl lk c r r

; b lk rr. B m r rc p r

c. rl, ll r , l p

c r mr; b, r r, l, lm c mr c. l m :

, r mr, . Y ll vr cll r m !

m r, clr r r

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cmr bc r mr l l m

cm bck.

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, rl, k, b k ll. v ,

clr r qbl m r m cl m

r rc r c c rr

vr cll r r m. Prp r r l

c rcl lr, mblc c pr, c

l k, r bl r m. Ev , l m cmrb c clr k, b k ll. Fr xmpl,

k fr rl, ll b r m r c

b cll piso, piso, piso! piso b rm r c.

b, mr m Ka-piso, cmpl ll,

b rpiso. I rc p, l -

r pl b rrz prb vr

cll mr m, r l m b v

cmm clrl r . c b k prb r lrll vrx mr

r b mr m m r

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22/202


ll cqc. r I cl r, cmb zl

v , r m, b pbl cm: b k

l , b r .

A Right Then, ets ae an eing

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l cr l r j.

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rc pr cr ppr rm

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. r, clr k xc r

prclr rl r k plc, b m


23/202

Rita Astuti10

v m r cl, rlv

m rcl, rm m v b rr r

r ll r r vr ck r . r rrv

r ll rm r cr l, b m-r m r ppl c mk m lv

cr m b ppr rm.

O plbl cc clr cm k mc ,

crb b Brk, pck p b pc rm

vrr l cvr. l crl c,

ll I prc lr b xc

prpr cr l lr cc .

oud eo hiden sae Knowingaout the Anestos

I bk rl, r (1982) r rr crp-

clr r rc rl cr. I

rmc p rm (1971) cr rc r

cl r rm lr mpl rqr ll r-

m cmmc bc pp b

brlll vk mmc cr ll prcp

mmbr cmm c clr r p. Frm

vr clr, pcll rl, lr r r ,

plc, r prb bc cr v m

m ; m c clr lr b r pr-

, lr b cr. Clr l r ppl r

ck bc v pl cr, r r rc

l bc v pl m. r rm c

cr rvl mlv, k r r cmpl b m.B r pr lk cr, r m,

b r rl, clr cm r rl

rlm vbl l b prlll vbl, mrl

rl (, 1982, p. 35). ccl: N cl cl cp

crc cv rl c pr r vr-pr pr-

cp cl l, m l , cc r lr, p

(1982, p. 38).

B cr, Mrr M (1932) ml c M cl-r r p ll r mm rm mm

r pr lr: Wr l ll rb

mr c prrl rc, clr ll rb


24/202


m rrr p (1932, p. 185). M xpl r bc

mm clr k M l cr

vlpm clr pcl jm vrm l

l bck rc rr cl rl pc r lv (1932, p. 188). , M rpr l r pbr

M lr p mc c crcrc

l l.

p r ppr cmpbl, b M

cc ppl c Vz. clr, r

m Vz clr cl vr cp c xc

cr. Nl, k lr cm r

r v cv prc r c clr crc r crl kl, cvr ,

r M crpr, Vz clr p prr xplr-

rl rl.

ut ts ead

rpr b Hrr ( Cpr 2 bk, l & Hrr,

2008), rl , c clr r

r k j c prpr c r c c fr

, rvl r mm l Vz clr

v c l vr pc pr. ,

r v-r-l r lkl prc c c

c fr ( r lkl rb c

bl cv, ml, prcpl prpr), v-r-

l r cmprm r jm ll c c

pr . I r r, r mc r

cqc lv rm r cr, rr, rv. Sc blcl crl lkl

b r Vz clr vr rc xprc b m

ml .

c rlr, clr v cl cr m

brv ll crp, v c cmp-

, r cm c c ll pr r rpr. Gr

mprc xprc, rbl r rc

ml r rr mr mm cc. brvr mr, rb, Wr bl, Vz cl-

r rm ml m m ck. Gr lll

br mll br lck b vll r


25/202

Rita Astuti12

c b r clr, r, c r,

m r k; mll bc crb r

, v r pcr rmv r r, r m r

r; lzr r mb lp k. I ll c, ml r ,

r rm vl b prv b c mv j

lk br-pr Fr Wrl clr. Urprl,

mvm l r l. I mmrbl c, r-r-

l b r rmr, l cp br

cr prl bc br lr . H r-

mr m r lp, p c, rr

m vr ll r, p vr br. W b clm , ll l br , I k m

, rpl: I c . H r ,

r pl.

rm pll, crl, rc, clr r l k

k cl vv lk ml. W rl

br bck vll, mll rp b r r , -

r mm b rll kll b r (c. ,

2000). b pc r l, pk , blck

rl, rc m p, pll ck, r l,

c ; , r r m-

cl plcl cvr. Er r r m,

m b r cr l pr rmc mm

rl rpp p, rvl r, l, r vl r.

r rm l ll-b r l rl

l rr.

Cr clr r pr vr r lr kll ccr.

r prl mv b p m m r m, b r l clrl c b prc . W

lr bll kll prv m r rl ll-rpc

lr, clr rr r r lr

ccr. p rc rp rm c r,

rk l xpl xcrm, mrvl m

r c mc, r l .

I m c vr cl cr , p-

cll ml, prv clr r mrl blm crc cr r blcl c

cqc : c b brk bl

mc vr cmp, c c ll


26/202


c mk l pbl.3 M rr c

mrc r r bl clr crc

v m c rm vbl fr .

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ppl lk cr, r m , rr b r -

r, cl j mpl lr c: ppl c

r, , v r. I, clr -

rc blcl cqc cl cl ml-

cv, ml, prcpl cpc rm

vbl m cr. Y r clr cm

rpr vr br lr mc rvv. I r r, bl r r prpr-

cr r kl r rc

blcl cqc . , l m ll b c

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k m r bv j b pvl brb-

rm l cvr b rm pr, b l b

cvl qvl rk b br, rl,

bll rk .

Hvr, clr crc r kl cr

v l lr . ll , clr r cm-

pl pbl xc fr , b b r

r vr r rm j mmr vr

r pr lr.

They ee Dead ut They ae out o the ound

xpl b Hrr (Cpr 2), mr clr ( v) l ( v-

) l prcp r l pl

r (prm m k blcl pm), l

r l r l mb r (prm m k

r crl xc). B l clr r

v rrv mpl: Wr b c

3 Gv r prr pprc ml, prp rpr , kb c br , m clr (68 prc) v v vkm cr c ppl c , r m, l-, ck r c ck k, r j mpl ppl.


27/202

Rita Astuti14

r b bl cv/ml c, r

mr lkl j c c r pl

r r mb r.

clr lk l clr f r jm,vr, rvl l jm rr vbl

c bl c r cl r c-

, r clr r. I r r, crl prm m

clr, b l, mr lkl rb prll rk b

c. r l qlv rc l

clr pr r jm bl c l b v-

bl fr . Wvr l m c jm, pl

xpl m b rrc rvvl c angatse. Frxmpl, -r-r-l m r q r

c mc b ll b , b

m b ll . Ev mr xplcl,

-r-l m r q r r rk

b r rr b (.., crp) r

rk, b rr pr r r r rk.

, c l, c jm r bl prpr r

m lrl, plcl , bc r r-

r rb pcl b b mmrl pr.

B cr, r vc clr j c

m m vbl bl c m r l-

rl . O cr, c l rcl clr l pc

r r rrr mmrl pr r pcl b

, l, vc r rl rm l.

Nl, vrl rml cvr I clr vll

r mll rp v m r blv v pr-

rvvl fr rb plpbl vbl b crv , lk l crp, k, lk b l.

Clr rb pcl b lkl r

vr pplr r ml b olo vokatsy,

ppl , fr v b br, cm bck l.

r b olo vokatsycrb pp r

ppl: r br l r ; fr ppl

v lf cmr, rl rmv p r

c, xpl rp c pr, olo vokatsy p lk . Sc ppl r pcll rjc b r ml r

cc mrbl l , rm r rc

l r, r r vll l lfvr rc


28/202


r p. I , r l rczbl bc mll b

r rp cl.

Prcbl, r r l vr bc r, c cl-

r rc cll, mx r xcm l r rl m cr. I l b

Vz l r qll c bolo vokatsy, ml

r r xc r b v mlv

m r , r b rr r ppl r-

xprc c ll- cr ppl. Er , bv

l olo vokatsy, r vbl, mrl b r not m

mmrl pr , angatse, c rm , lk

, ck r, k prc rm.M , b cr, c rm lv r

m clr. , vr I k m xpl r

angatse rr , I r rcv rm k r r lvl

crp ppl r r r rc r l

r, l p rm vll r, k, r ,

ll olo vokatsy. Clr crcrz

pp r cr p m rc-

. ml, clr r cl rc xc r

r rcp, prbbl bc, , m-

lv r r prmr m vrc cmr. Nl,

r k b m prb q, m clr p

v m rczbl crp olo vokatsy. Fr xmpl, I k

-r-l rl r ppl r r

pk r bl, rpl N, r, bc

r r r pl p. I k r r ppl

r m, r xmpl rm, rc, r m. S rpl

N, , b ll r r lk r lf-vr rc bolo vokatsy.

rc, v-r-l Brk ll r

rc b angatse olo vokatsy. I xcp-

l, v bl xpl r pr .

p- cvr I m cmprr

r b b-- rv b

rlz angatse, lk olo vokatsy, r vbl. , r

-r-l l m c angatse bc r (c olo vokatsypcll r rc ), x-

r v-r-l l m c angatse bc

r lk r mv b b r vbl .


29/202

Rita Astuti16

rr rl , c br r

clr r mr lkl l rb pcl prpr

c mb c. bc, prm

k crll, clr br m m k, r,v olo vokatsyrr m mmrl angatse c

r, rbl, mc r l

mv ( v-r-l ). Hvr, m

clr br m, r kl b cr, l

cpbl, vr r rm l.

onusion Dont Know, e ee een Dead

W cr Vz clr cm k m prpr-

pr rvv fr , cql, ppl

rm cvl vlv lv r c, rck b

c Vz l ll rr rm c r clr

pp fr . rl, clr k r , lrl -

r p cr theirr frl. Wr rl

crcv prc clr k v ll rvv

fr , r lr rc ppl c cm

bck l, b ll. B r l rlz m c

ppl cp rm r b r , b c-

r xc mb b prl pr.

Hv cm r r, I ccl b k crcl

lk mp m l, ml Vz l

r rl m l r bl b clr

lck r vlrbl cl c r clr

b cr. W cr m l l cr-

b kl cl rr r clr. I cr rplcl lrk, cmpll rc r cr-

c, bc r rk m b mk pclr.

Crc, vr, c b b rc mp, I

rc rlz I b cmb rl rpc m-

mpl xprml l c rv.

Fr xmpl, l prcp rvl

, p cx, c mm p r, v c-

rr rpr pp ppl fr blv ll rvv and angatse rvv ( & Hrr,

2008; Hrr, Cpr 2). Mrvr, l j m-

c l rvv vr mbr c


30/202


m rm vbl fr (r rm ll v ml

prpr r prb l ). I r r, r rmrk-

bl ll rm b xcl rvvl angatse l,

c bl rvvl pprpr b rppl cmp vr prl crc rpr

pp fr .

Y v r m r b mc rc

mp. Fr bcm ppr cr rml

cvr r prk b rv m l

l vr v rpr frl. r, m lr

clrl p l m k b cr b, r

cmmc, , . W pr b m rllq, rl lr, v vc mlv,

m p, rc b , cm p

r r (r, prp, rm brr r b

I pprc r rlr). Y r xcp. M

ppl r rcl k xc cr j,

xcl angatse c lv, r rm r cr

vcl r r rv, . Sm r r, v kp-

cl vc, r r rl prc cr cc

rl v p b r: I k, I v vr b .

I r m c kl cl cvl b

mpr clr, v l r mv . br

m m l p b pvl rl rl r

cr r kp lv clr l m: mc r-

c p r v bc p rr

cr p ppl, clr cl, rm cm r

cll lk r , rk, lr m. W

pp, c prrm crrc c, crrc l, crrc r r

r m. c r prcp br m vr r-

prl rpr r vr m rr

m rcr rl. rmrkbl cv-

m, b Blc (2005) cll rc. ppl r

, r lkl p pcl r b r cr

b cr b, r cmmc, ,

. I, r vr , vr l m ,r l mlv .

B , l r cr, plc r r,

v r rrc. l prv cr xcbl clr


31/202

Rita Astuti18

rc b ll mpr m xc vbl

prl r plc v pr

rr l.4 , l rl r , clr ll

vll crc r l b llmv m b r mc mr .

Anowedgents

rrc c ppr b ppr b Ecmc

Scl rc Ccl, U (rc Fllp 000271254,

20025). I k vllr B, l clr, r

ll m lr r m. k S Epr j m prc Mrc Blc r c

cm.

Reeenes

, . (1994). Ivbl bjc: Frr rl m Vz rMcr. Res. Anthropology and Aesthetics, 25, 11122.

(1995). People of the sea: Identity and descent among the Vezo of Madagascar.

Cmbr, El: Cmbr Uvr Pr.(2000). L rmbl-l x pl? Pr l rr mm / ml Mcr. errain,34, 89105.

, . & Hrr, P.L. (2008). Ur mrl l c-r rrl Mcr. Cognitive Science,32, 713740.

Blc, M. (2005). Essays on cultural transmission. L Scl EcmcMrp Scl rpl,75, Oxr: Br.

, .M. (1982). Kwaio religion: Te living and the dead in a Solomon islandsociety. N Yrk, NY: Clmb Uvr Pr.

p, I. (1971). cr lr rc.Africa, 41, 129142.

M, M. (1932). v prmv clr, pcl rrc mm. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,

32, 173190.

4 I k Pl L. Hrr r p m.


32/202

19

d gm v ddd d dvg

d. O d, d v b vd

bg m v d vb

y. Adg v, b d bk g,

d gv dvm mv d bjv dd-

g. m bv gy dd ,

yk gz. M y, d v b vd

g d g v d.

Idd, m vg v ggd yg d -

y dd m d. O

d gy dd d d

m b mmy. I

, m m d dv-

g d b zd xvy bg

m. I mb v d m.

I g gm mk m b

ddg d d b d. W dd,v, x

bg d d g

x md y dvd d. I db

d g x d d dd

g.

I d by dg m dg. I k -

d d dd d d d d y g

d, d y dy k bdy d md by d d b d

m d.

2

S, Mdg, d Byd

Paul L. Harris


33/202

Paul L. Harris20

wo Conceptions of Death

vm yg v bd d g bg-

d: vy vg bg m vy d; vby dd, m bk ; d

mv m v . V

d d gvy md b

g d y (Ky,2001; S & B, 1992). d

dvg kdg b g bdy y ky

q bg ddg. Sg d

g d k b dd

g g b gzg vby, vby, d m m d (Sg, Jk, &

y, 1999). Mv, d gv x b

yd by v g, g d vby,

vby, d vy d (Sg & y, 2003).

T dg d d k k

. Ty gdy d v bv yk

ddg m. I , dg

Sg . (1999) d ddg -

my dd g d z bdy dd

y v m

v g, bg, mby, d .

by d dvg

d, mm gg ky

kg dm. Svy d b

mm mg d N Am d W E. Mv,

b g d v dd

(Gy & , 1999). By m, m dv-m, d d m dg

bg d m m mmy b.

Idd, d v b vd g d b

d, gv

bvd g (B, S, , g, & Yg, 1996; Wm &

W, 1987).

Chilrens cceptance of Conflictin estion

W m g dg md, vd v-

d v-y-d S d ( & Gmz, 2005). T


34/202

Death in Spain, Madagascar, and Beyond 21

d dg b m

Mdd. I my S, dv b d

gzd by b . T, d vg x

g . A m m, d gg g d.

d gv . E y dbd d

gd, d dd d gdd

dd d. b my,

dd m y. T d y dd v

b bvd gdd d d xd

g d d d v gd

d gd dd. By , ydd v b bvd gdd d

kdgd g d d d, b

ddd gd Gd. T dd

d d x kg b d: md

x, g y d, d g x, g

by . T x -

x d m d d d bg

m d d d mm

. T ky q d d y

v y x -

vy d dy d , ddg x

d.

b , d kd y

v d g gd-

d. Sm q vvd x m

bdy , xm: y k y k? O q

vvd x m m , xm: yk yg? W d d mg b g

m v y dd -

d g d bdy .

d dyd vy ym . F, g

g dy y m d d

d, dy dby g mg yg d

d d. T, b m d gd-

y d bg d dg v d q. W d bd

mvy, y gy dy by

y g d. Sd, d v y x. I


35/202

Paul L. Harris22

x d y, b yg d d d

ky y g d, b x

y, y . Fy, v

g d y y d j d, d dyd q-d . Ty m ky dy d -

g bdy y, , d dy

d g d m g d

g.

A b, d kd y mm

g bdy ( g) d vd jy jdgm.

Smy, y kd mm g md (

g) d jy jdgm. T q j dd -dd : Wy bdy/md

kg (d k ym). d yy jd m

md bdy g d bg m,

xm: I , bdy y ; I dd, -

g k; B dd d bdy dg

y k . By , y yy jd m

md bdy d g m, by -

g Gd, v, vv m

, xm: I v vyg k v dd.

Gd d gv y ; T k kg; T

d k kg.

W dd mb, d jdgm b md

d bdy d bq j d b d

d : bg y md md

bdy g kd d jd m bg m; -

g y md md bdy kd d

jd m g m; d, y, d m d j dd g,

y d j .

Fg 2.1 g yg d d d dyg

ddg y x d

y kg b bdy md.

I Fg 2.1 d . F,

g g vd. A md yg d, d d

m ky d g d ky d bg- . Sd, d g m q

x y d y. Fy, m q

md bdy.


36/202


T mg b d g y: T bg

d dd mg yg d y

y k b bdy x d y. By -

, g d dd mg d d

y y k b md x y.

I xm Fg 2.1 -m b

d g-m b m m

. I m dvm, bg md by g md m

yg d d d bb

.

I , v, m dvm g

k . T mgd y - y. N

d gv y mk m d jy m

d g v:

bdy x , d md x . T, y gv d,

d k y () y dd bg

; () y dd g ;

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Doctor-Body Doctor-Mind Priest-Body Priest-Mind

Religious

Inconsistent

Biological

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Doctor-Body Doctor-Mind Priest-Body Priest-Mind

Religious

Inconsistent

Biological

fiure 2.1. g yg ( ) d d ( ) ddyg y bg, y g, , Sy ( v ) d y (Bdy

v Md).


37/202

Paul L. Harris24

() dd b b d xm,

dd bg dg bdy x

d y b dd g dg md

x y.

Fg 2.2 bkd. I vd

mb d y d bg d

g. v, b mb d y

d g g. Id, mb d

d b y . I d, q

g d m b d d d

bg . By m, gm

dbd dd d d, b

m , y d d.

Ag d gd Mdd vd db

m d dy d b xg

d, d b bjd d v md vdy d. F, g g dd y . S, d b gd

d d d b d y mg v dd -

y g , , mvd d . O v,

x b m,

dy g g dvm. T d -

d d mmy

b Gd, v, d mm dd. vby,

d mmy - mmy, xm jdgm mg b d.

W md, A d (2008) dd -

d x Mdd dy mg Vz Mdg.

0

20

40

60

80

Younger Older

Biological

Both

Religious

fiure 2.2. g yg d d d dyg bg, g , b.


38/202


A dbd 1 by R A, Vz mm g-

Mdg m ,

v. T dd v

dm dmdg d, dk, d -k mb; dd by y v, y mk , v m m

bg d, v d. T Vz k

g g d d

k mm mb, b d k

m y m vg. T, g Vz d bb

d v, y d bv . Mv,

k , y m d d

. T d, gy, d bd.

T v d Vz m

d Mdd, b b md. F xm,

d y, y dbd m d m

k d k vd j d

v . I y, mb y dbd m

dd m dd by gdd, dm

m b d v md mb. T,

Mdd, dd gy

d md y d

mm d d mb y.

I bjv - dy, g g

xdd. A g d gg m g

v y (m g = v y, g m) md

g d gg m vy- y (m g =

y-v y). I Mdd dy, -

d y y. Ad, y d qm d Mdd b b dd.

I ky , md by Vz d d d d

d b md Mdd. T, v dy

y m d d. Nv, dy,

v y x. Ty m ky

m d d x y

x mb y. I dd, y m ky m

bdy d d md m .R Mdd d d ky yg

d m v b bdy d m

d d d. A m g g d


39/202

Paul L. Harris26

Mdg, b m mbd. Ad ky

d m m d d, b g g

qy ky m bdy d d. Mv,

y vd g g m

m m . M

y, d d d qy ky m

-bd m (g, g, g gy)

d, b d m ky d m gv

d m (kg, mmbg, d mg -

d) d. I m, dy d b

bdy d m

m vd mg d, d y m-

q bvy d y

bdy .

O q g y Vz -

k b . A y d b kd b -

d v v j dbd, y kdb d my b gy -

d Eg bdy, md, d . A mg b xd, gv

, d y d

mb y m ky m y d

d. I dd, v, y dd mg

, mg bdy m ky

md, d md m ky

. A Fg 2.3 , d mg y bv mg d.

I mmy, dg Mdg md d xdd

d b d Mdd. F, Vz

0

25

50

75

100

Children Adults

Body

Mind

Spirit

fiure 2.3. g Vz d d d mg bdy, md, d.


40/202


v y x m m y S d.

I b g, y b d d md

vkd d d d k m m v

d. By , y ggd d d d d m v

d. Sd, b g g dy

dg b md d bdy m g bdy

g d, md . T d m Mdg

d dd d . F,

m bv mg d d, d m bv

m kg d mmbg -

k g d g dy dd bdy g.Sd, g by S d,

x qg vd Vz y d Vz

y ky d g

md bdy.

Svyg dg d, d vy -

d mkd d g g d g.

I b S d Mdg, djd y x.

A, b g, g g -

y m md bdy . Fm,

d mg d Mdg b

d bg d. B

ddg y x.

m dg d. F, d d d

k vy v x d d. Ty

m q dy ddg x. I -

b k, , y v xg b. Sd,

g b v g k bdy d md dy. W d d m

m? I d by g d m y by x

g b b ? Avy, d

y gv m y yg d v

b y xd y g g?

Coeistence

A dbd, djd m b y

g d ddg y x. O b x-

g d


41/202

Paul L. Harris28

y m b xd by v. Ty

y v j d g gd. Ty

mz x d

y d y x mb y.O v, y g b. Id,

y yg g xd m. T

dbg vdy . F, Mdd d -

d m ky yg d dy b g

d bg . Y d my kg d

d v, d mg b xd d

g. S, -gm b. g

g qy mvd d, b d d my b g v x. T d g

g bvd S. Adgy, d m Mdg -

y m g d y. I Mdg, d

d v y x. v,

gv gdg q v d m-

y g d b Vz m d ,

ky bvd jdgm m y x

, y mg d, md by d

d kdg x. Id, m m ky

, d y d , g

b jdgm b mv b.

Gv , b xd? A b x-

vydy kg my md vdg gd

. O v, d zd d y b

vy d gm d b

d. O d, g m dy--dy

xg : d, dmd k, v-g my. T dd g vg g b-

mmd d g g. Fm md v,

d gdd bg m b mk

v dd v. T vg

dd , mmb d . O d,

g-m d y dy--dy gy. T dd

d, b b ,

gd, d by. Fm v, dd mbg : m b dy,

d , m vg, d m

vg my vy b d. g d


42/202


y dg d vd. Nv, y

m b dd dvd

dvd gy, b dg

k.Gv dy vkd d g-

m x, ky d m g y

yg . F xm, x d

y, k dyg d

vg. T md m d. W g m

d d, vg d by d

b bd, md, dd . Fm v,

d y dd g ,d g yg. By , x

mb y, d mk, my dg

dd d, d vydy m .

Fm v, mk b

m y v bd d .

T, g m , xm, dd

g b m b b gdd dy,

ky y d. I

. T mvd d

gdd d m g. T Gd,

v, mg my b b .

T bd dg gdg

x-dv m d m. T m

m my b vd d d d, d d-

v v bg b

d. d, xm, ddy AIS. g

d Gm (2008) v vd d d d S A vy k AIS y vg -

m: y md, v bb mxg

bd d, d k bg b by mv .

A d, b md vk

v ddg y x. A d xm-

, d y kg b y. My d

x g m .

A m m, y z m m dy. Tyvk m m dv (Ev, 2008). k g,

dg d d k b x-

d, , d g


43/202

Paul L. Harris30

y gv mm x d

mm x bd dv .

dg x, y vk b md x-

, b b x d x g, bv d mby xd.

Dualis

Tg v, b Mdd d Mdg,

m ky m y md

bdy. W d d m m? T

b y. F, d mg m y v yg d. Ty mg d v. O

v, d x yg d d d v b

y b mmy b . A d

by v , x

y mz gy dm-

, mg d m d

. O v, d d bm gy

vd dvm d m dd d

b mmy gdg , b d

b b m kg yg d. Td, b

d vb v y dd b b-

d d dd by v . I

, d d b vd y dd, b

d bm gy d d

dvm.

W y b d m Mdd d

Mdg? T d m Mdg vd v vd d b md d bdy dvm. R

g b d d d dd b md d bdy,

d m vd mg d d, -

y m v yy kg, mm-

bg, d mg d. Idd, md d, d

m d mv byd m dm d d

b bdy, md, d . T dvm g my -

v d y m . v d d md by d y, -

vy, v b d d y -

y d dm md by d y.


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Bm (2004) d x

y y d dm. v g gm.

F, v b y k d y b y k y-

g b g b mmy, d dy d md : m, y bd d

bg. I ddg bv m bd,

vk v y . F xm, y m -

y bj g g my x m

d bj vb m vy.

By , ddg bv bg, vk

yg . F xm, y m bj

mv k m d d g.Ty dy mvg bj md -

mvm gdd by yg d d.

Gd d xy ym, Bm d v

bb d d dm.

v, bm gm.

Sy kg, d m bv md -

dd bdy d my v vv bdy. T,

d dgd by m b b m

. Admdy, my b d x bv

m bj d y m bv bg. Y

dg d . T bm

d md-dy m. Uk d,

m dd bdy d, m y,

b. , b , m

. v, m my x bv -

m y bj dg d m bv

m bg, dg m bg. Ag m -mby bv b y bj, my d

by y, d m y x

m dv b m dd

b b y qv y x

dv bv m m bj. I ,

d dd by b b m b m-

. T m vk x

y m bj d d d x y m bg y mb d

d m. Smy,

bb vk ( d v y) d


45/202

Paul L. Harris32

v d, g bj d

(-d v ygy) d d k by g-

dd g d bb d m

. Ty my vk x ym g-dd m d x m

m m bj, b d mmm

dm.

O mg k dd Bm g y. Bb

qd md , m bj d

bg. T md d d-

m, b y d mk b. S b b

y b vg d md - d bg d. T bm d vg-

. I m md mk dm

b y y mb dm,

I d g m g mm, xd . I

m g, my md d

dm b d d d mm, d

m x. Wy xy? I mg k x

gd: d y v ym m

bj (v y) kg b bdy, y y

v ym bg (v ygy) kg

b md. , y d d . v, gd

x dddy mb. I dg b d-

m bdy. Admdy, m bdy m

bj d mm xm, d

bdy vk v y x dm. v, m

mvm m bdy yg

m g d x, y v y d bb dy g bv m m-

bj. I , kg v yg

mg x m k m bd d m

dy d my d dd y .

Bm d gm y d dm

x dd . g By

(2001), : Idd, b d m -

, v b bd m bd gd, mm y (. 149). T , v, v

d v dmbdd -

md by z. F, ,


46/202


d d d m y bdy

md d. Nv, y d

v, d S dd bdy

y md m . Smy, d mb v Mdg, d d d dd m

bdy y md

. Sd, d b mmy ,

v y d mg my dmbdd

. Fmy mmb x d gz . T

g v g. T v . Mk md dy

v Captain Stormfelds Visit to Heaven

m v v mk v bdy j - djm bd (, 2004). Td, y y-

y x v y md

b d m bdy, b m g

dy yzd d dbd (Bv, 2010). F xm,

Sd mg, gdy dd b d, d

my v m bdy, b -

by v . I m, v d

mg x dm m y b k

k mm . W y v

d v k mg , dd y

, bd m . I ky ,

y m d mbdd y d

my y bm g.

Bm d gm d y dd gg

d kg b y y dd y my

m md m b mgy

q bdy. I , v, y vb vd yg d v gd d b g m-

mm. F xm, J (1990; Sdy 1) kd

yg d k b m b : g

b d by d. A g q,

g g b v d v y. Fv-y-d -

qy md g d bv d m

g q d (.g., v g y

md; mmb bg g; k g). Oy v-y-dymy md g d q bv d m

d g (.g., v g

bd; mmb bg d; k d). I m dy,


47/202

Paul L. Harris34

Gd, Gm, d Sz (1999) kd d b

b b m d . T dg d

d by J (1990). Kdg d

d d ymy zd d d g m g d mm.

A b x g g v-y-d

b d kg, b b mm -

md d d m b d y

k b - gv b, y dd

g m. O gm, v-y-d d d b

y vd m md b

. y, d b m m d Bm d y d v md

y d m bdy. xm by, v,

q, d (2005) gv v- d v-y-d

vvd mg b md

bdy. m mgd. F, xd, d

dd b g q md md

b . Nv, v-y-d dd m y

v-y-d. F xm, y b -d v-y-d

y d dy q b md

-q v-y-d b d . I m,

g d d b g kd m-

m xd by m, K, d b Gmm m

bg kgy md bdy m, , g

yg d v dy gg m. F

m, dj md d bdy d dd.

N md gm g Bm d-

v, b, y , y y d g yg d d. T m d y b

m yg d k md

dd bdy d . Ivg v bd d

b y. F, y v kd d v m-

b b b. Sd, y v kd

vy yg d my v vd y g -

m g dd bdy

d.Bm (2004) yg d v vy md

b m . F xm, v- d x-y-d d

ymy z b y m m


48/202


(.g., kg gbbg mg), vy (.g., gg

bkg), dd (.g., g d g)

(J & Wm, 1982). T md

b v mg d yg d dm m d b vy y v.

I , d mg b -

m d. M y, yg d

mg m m vy v g b vy

m m . v, y m dg

d ddg b v m md d

g . Yg d , , my

b md by b m vy. R, y v b.

W d gg m v y g kd

b dd yy gv kg d

mmbg y gd, v g, b dd

(J & Wm, 1882; Sd 1 d 2). Idd, dy gg

kdg, j v -y-d d m v-

y-d q ym mg b dd g-

v kg d mmbg (J & Wm, 1882;

Sdy 3). T m . F, y

yg d m bg -dgd d. Ty m

b dd g-d kg v y

z vvm g d g

m kg d bkg. Sd,

d d g b v

b b d d d

d. M y, d (md) dm d m

k m v b d, d m bv g d g b, gv d

dd m b g, kg d mmbg

, gv dd b . I , v, yg

d d dd d d k vy m

b d. Ty y d k-

g d mmbg mb b b g .

I , y db b d b

b b d b b d. Ty gz b dd gv k kg d mmbg,

b y m gv d. By

m, d y d b b md d


49/202

Paul L. Harris36

b, m bg md

by Bm, my gd vdd y k b

b .

I mmy, Bm gm d g b, y b m

d, b d bk y -

y d dm. Nv, v m vd v

b d by Bg d g. Ug

y b d m, y qd kdg

d my d b v d

d d (Bg & Bjkd, 2004). A

d, b g g yy jdgd v bg bdy m b , xm, d

d d d. By , d d y

m m xm, v m

g g m d d. I - dy

dd S d dg

b , vy m mgd, v d

dg md y m

d dg (Bg, dz B,

& Bjkd, 2005).

Bg . (2005) d m g

m: y y d dm m d

by Bm (2004) d mg m g v

m d b y v -

. O d, d gg bg kdg gd-

y dm d m v . O

d, x g g v

d m m . T, Bg v d y g

d d xg d .

k g, v d d by Bg d g

vv. T yg d d kdg d

gd m x y g. S mg m

q d dm d, m y, m-

yg vv d. v, mj

v. Bg d Bjkd (2004) Am d yd y d y xy g m (.g., v, Gd, ),

b S d (Bg ., 2005) d vm

d vg by y dd


50/202


d x y md m.

By m, d vm d m kg

b d, v dg kdg y. I d,

m d kdg dy y d m b d. Ev y kdg-

, y my b d by d m b d. Idd,

b m y y d, -

d S N Am b xd d d b

d, d d mg d b y

d, y y yg . mg

m b?

F, g kdg d S d N Am my dd -d dd q dd

ky m mg d my gd

bd g b d , my mmb,

m k mmd mmy. W y b d

g b d y bg y m-

. F xm, y y b d dd gd-

m dd d mmb m g d

m. M ky, d b vd k b d m

m dd. Idd, b g

m m m

bvm d g dbd 4 by Mg M.

N v d gy k

. Id, d b vd mmb q

y v, d

dd bm. I d b g -

d d, b d, v d m

my bg , dd d mv, b,, dy y g d

m g, d, d g

d d d m .

T y mk d. F, m yg d

b y d d y yg-

dd bg vg.

d, xm, q d by Bg d -

g b dd m: v Mm? T qvkd y dd y dg d j mg

kdg. T mjy my d d v

mjy d md m d byd d.


51/202

Paul L. Harris38

By , d d d k ky y m

d dy, m-g g.

T d d d xd k

b dd b ky dy d .d, xm, yg d gg Vz mmy.

Ag y my b dg b m d , y

gv m b m. Idd, dbd by R

A 1, d bv dg yg d

b d . A m m, Vz d

bv bg d mv. Ty ky

b , bd, x kd d x

. T, yg Vz d ky dd y d m bv v mvm, bg,

d ; b y ky v y g

byd mb y d mmy, my

. x, Vz d gd v d v

y g vd b d bd d d

(A & , 2008). A d dbd , y

kd mx q b x v bdy

d m q d d. T dg -

. T y d kg by g g. T

, v, g g. T yg d d ym-

y y kd b m bdy . T

v-y-d, d, md m d

d, d y md m j m

bdy .

I mmy, d d d m ky x m

d bdy . T d dy

, yg, m bv mg d d, dg g. By , vy yg d

y d d d. T my b

mg yg d E d N Am, b

d mg yg Vz d. By m, y

bb gv d, b d x ,

d , b mmy.

Conclusion

By gg byd d dvg g bg y

b d b , v j


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ddg d ddg d, v

ddg gv dvm. I d

.

N S Mdg vd mgg g d d dg b-

g . Id, x. M

gv dvm d

dm xm dm y, v d b

by , y d b -

y. R d ddg d , v,

dm m vb. T d md b k y.

T . Agd , m md dy b . B my b bb d dy .

kg b d y dd d

d - , d d mg d

d. Nv, d d kg mg

yg Vz d, gby b y dd m

. F b b dvm yg d

g ky dd b qy d-

kg d b.

cnowleents

I k J Bg, Bm, J, d M S

vy d , y g -

b k b y y d dm d b

.

eferences

A, R. & , .. (2008). Uddg my d Mdg. Cognitive Science,32, 713740.

Bg, J.M. & Bjkd, .F. (2004). T mg g b dvm gy. Developmental Psychology, 40,217233.

Bg, J.M., dz B, ., & Bjkd, .F. (2005). T dvm b gy d y d d. British Journalo Developmental Psychology, 23, 587607.

Bm, . (2004). Descartes baby. N Yk, NY: B Bk.Bv, F. (2010). T mbk: Immy d y

y. Harvard Teological Review, 103, 387406.By, . (2001). Religion explained. N Yk, NY: B Bk.


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Paul L. Harris40

B, S.B., S, M.W., , ., g, Q., & Yg, . (1996). T dvm d mg d U.S. d 317 y g: Fmby zzy ? Omega,33, 6783.

v, K., q, E.S., & , .. (2005). I y md, ykdg: d dvg my dy.Cognitive Development,20, 321340.

Ev, E.M. (2008). g d vy bgy: A dvmy. I S. Vd (Ed.), International handbook o research on concep-tual change (. 263294). N Yk, NY: Rdg.

Gd, G.M., Gm, S.A., & Sz, J. (1999). d ddg b. Fm y m bg y. Cognitive Development, 14,147174.

Gy, A.M. & , M. (1999). Am g b

d: Rg m d .American Sociological Review,64, 813835., .. & Gmz, M. (2005). d g -

my: T d.Journal o Cognition and Culture,5, 143164.J, .N. (1990). I y d my b, d I b? d d-

dg b d dy. Child Development, 61, 962972.J, .N. & Wm, .M. (1982). d dvg

md d b. Child Development,53, 223234.Ky, B.. (2001). d d: A

v. Omega, 43, 6391.

g, .. & Gm, S.A. (2008). Bm, bgy, b: T-x d xy mk dvm. Cognitive Science,32, 607642.

S, M.W. & B, S.B. (1992). T q m ddg m d. Death Studies, 16, 211229.

Sg, V., Jk, R., & y, S. (1999). g y: d bg ddg d d. I M. Sg &. (Ed.), Childrens understanding o biology, health, and ethics(. 7196). mbdg: mbdg Uvy .

Sg, V. & y, M. (2003). g b d d y dd.

Cognitive Psychology, 46, 130., M. (2004). Te best short stories o Mark wain. N Yk, NY: T Md

by.Wm, .G. & W, . (1987). Sd d U.S. d kg b

d: A qv dy d - m. Death Studies, 11,99121.


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41

c c

b b b cpc cc g

pc, , cg p k

g. b p cg

pc. S, pcg c ,

, c , g c

cg, . c, g

p pcc b pc ,

cg , b cx

.

c b p b pp:

; pc

c; g Icc; bc c

g cx; bgc bpg

bgc; .

Traditional Death Awareness versus Modernity

c b cb ccz b

c cg p . b

cg b b . O

cc : O b

p pc g b b: f, b

; x, b cg

pc (, 1981, p. 595). P(1997) , . . . , xp (

g pb ) c b

p g c b

3

b cg P Lg:

g Fc L (?)

Benjamin Beit-allahmi


55/202

Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi42

c, (p. 188) g c xpcc g p

c c b c.

c pc bg c

pc. G (1965) : pc cp c bc gg,

gg pc b cp c

g. . . . g c ; b

cp (p.51). ccg G, c b

, f pc b,

g c, b g . , c

pcc c bg pp cp

z g, c q c bc . g cc p-

g p b, c

g. c p b k -

g b k pb, b c.

Iz, bz, c , cz-

c z cf c

(F, 1980). b, Jc (1963),

c f gg p, b c

, E Wg (1948), f z c

cc Te Loved One, c f

f 1965.

g c cg

pc g, , p

b, cp cg f ,

b p . W c b

c pc g bg g

, c b k b , pz f p. k b

c g ,

c b cc kg x

b c .

b c g c -

g xc. g

. W pcg bg p

g, c c px. I c S g c-

c , cc . C

p g, , pg cp, g .


56/202

Ambivalent eaching and Painul Learning 43

pc c ,

c b c ccc.

c .

I c, c pcg pbc c (, xp, Cp 1 b

R ). , g z Y, c, p

c, k p reahu ( ),

c p p (H, 1995). g

S F N G, pcc c c-

bzg b , pc b,

c . b c c

kuru prion (Gk, 1973). x xp, b c, b c

, kp g.

g , c c

g b b, c.

W b pz c b c-

c k .

xc c xpc f c-

cc g. zg cg

c k b

g :

pb meaning cg . . . b ccb ccg cp cc . . . c, cb pb is becoming disentangled rom pb g cc cc, pc c c, c g pp. (P & Lz, 1967, p. 137)

W bg g g. H

g ,

c cc g b g g

g. N cg. cc bc

p c cg bc g

c ( ). N kg b ,

b g, b .

cz b g, b b g b . g b cg

cc b x pc, c

b ccp z. O , bc


57/202


p x pc, ,

cc b c g cz-

b c. xpc

pc g. g cg c pp

g b ; g b p-

, p b c . c, c

c c, , g x b-

c p g, bc x

b b c c, p-

c b c g c. I cg

b g . k c g c

b p c, -

c g c b c. c b b, b c b

, c cc b.

cg c b , c

, cg c c g c

ccc. g g bc

c c,

F W g

. c

c b g g

bf bc .

CI W Fc k p 224

k b xpcc. C b g, I b -

, U S, bc pf-,

b f. W k k b f, c

k c -. F pc , .

c g, b xp

cc bc. I Sz, xpcc b 31.99

, k 224, kg b . x

p c .

The ish to rotet versus the Duty to duate

c k b g ?

b g ,

b x?


58/202


I -f c, b g g

cz, c b g ; b

pc c b , b b g p. E

c pc g, g, c bgc. I -

c , c g b

bgc cg .

, bc , z f, b,

. W xpc -- c

kg, cg b c

(Kb & C, 1977; K, 2001). p

, b k cq c k-g, g b cb, cg b

. k b bc, x,

c, .

c x pc, b

k p c . Lg b

c b cp g b x. I b c,

bp c, -

c f g , b x c.

P c c c , c

x, x cp pc cg.

C b c ck kg

x .

c cc, g p-

c x , b k c g

G E. , cg c p

k .

, xpg g bc c .

G E p kg cc bg

gppg p b g

x pc ,

ck c , g, x. -

cc g p p c

g xc,

g.Pc S G, S,

Kp H,

, c pc g -. pc


59/202


b. kg c

b bc

g kg .

c g g g g , S p bg xp g. O b

, p ,

ck, , g.

S g p b g g . W

c , b pc b

bg cp p. Y S g

b x. S c g x

pc, g c b f pp . kg g

pp g pc. g Kp

cp cc c.

z b, c f .

c c pp . F, c c

p, f . H

k c p pc

k c. c S.

kg pg b R gb, k

pc g bg pcc -

fc cc.

b , f S

b c p. p Kg S,

S g , pc

c. c , S,

p b c. W c

g g kg g kpc Kp, b , cg

bckg c p

g. : pb g c

, c c

(c. -H, 1976). g

kp c g -

g, c g kp p.

S c b g p g g c ? c,

b g S c . W

g kg c


60/202


g -? pb c c

. g ,

z . N pc, b

g pc pc .F c, p pc

c , c b c

p p p cc. xp ad usum

Delphini ( Dauphin) Gk R c-

c L XIV xpg pp p,

x, b b pp, Dauphin. W

Pc S x, b gg, , p, .

S cb p- c cgzg g b p p

xc. c pb b, -

g, . S pc c,

b S pp cg

c g . p p b

c pc , b

c g c. O

p c,

bc c pc b. b

g -

b f bg pbb 2,000 g, b

xp g p p. I cp g

pc cc, c . p

pc, c g, c b pg ,

c bc c.

c ( S )

c , b gc, , pgc, . H b

b cg k b xp b

. c Pc g

p . S

b , k g, b c bc

c f (c. -H, 2010).

Mature nderstandin versus nnoene

, k b c b b, ,

b. Gg p gg


61/202


kg c kp c b p p,

x ; c c

b cc-gc c.

p x , g - pc b c c c .

g pp gpg bgc -

g g (Sf, 1964). ,

b Kb C (1977) kg ccp b

g (p. 232). W xpc c

pg (N, 1994), b

xpc k bgc

pc.Sc b c

q , cg f, , c-

, c cc b g

( & , 1995; & , 2005; Obc, G, Gb

& , 1986; Sg & L 2003; Sg, Jk & C, 1999;

Spc & , 1984; Spc & , 1992). c

p p ,

b p f (Sk, 1987).

xp p, pc xpc c ,

gg , , c b g, g

c p . c

b c -g qc (C-R

& L, 1988; J, G, J, C & Nck, 1987),

xpc p cb cg

ccpz (Sk, 1981, 1987).

I b g pc c c g p

xp , c c b Ic. k, I b p-

g pp W c bgg

(-H, 1992, 1993; z & -H, 2002).

c p c (Sk,1987, p. 19)

p x b cc .

Rc I c p b c

U S g pc cp,

b cb ccp c. N gfc -c g c c, b,

g (Sc & Sk, 1989; Sk, 1989). I I

c g b


62/202


p g, c c, g

f, c ccp cp c c-

(Sk, 1987). c xp g

xp c c c . c- c-k gb, c cc

cb b g c. bc

g xp g g

c k . I b c

I c cz, Wz bckg.

cW, Yg, (1983) p c N

I c ccp xpc.

W W (1987) cb S U.S. c pc . H, S c-

pc pcc b, U.S. c

pc c , pb cg g

c xp U S.

Spp xp p c-c k

c cc c g, c p

c g c. I c ,

c fg c c.

Basi esearh versus the rie ontet

W cg b bgc p?

p b c

pcp, g pp bf. H, c b g

g b g, cg,

c c, b pp b

g gg c . W pc c, c kg bgc c

b p ppc gc c (c. H,

, S & Wck, 2008).

xpc c c xp-

c ck c cb S . C

bg b

c , b kg cp b

k b.Sk (1987) g

g pq p g, b c,

c. S b xp


63/202


c cp ccpz p

cpg. W cg cc f b,

g , c . Ug c

p b. I , cc, b, c b . Rzg -

c bg bg , c

pp c p. Wk I p

c pp cp,

gg c b p g

g (Sk, 1987). Sg G (2007) pp

p cg c b g bgc

b c g .I cx, c c b

b -c c c. C-C

Oc (1997) p c c p

ccp . Sc k

k c p c c.

Bioloial Death versus the Byassin o Bioloy

c b pz g p

g:

, g cp cp, b ppc p c pp c- gg g c , -bg. p c, p f , g p , cg pc, cg , c b b , p p b, cc (k, 1925, pp. 4950).

F (1915) p g p b c

bgg g c (c. -H,

1996; F, 1927). I W J (1902/1961)

Rg, c, g c, means

g (p. 406). pc b p, c g, f,

g c (-H, 1989; -H &

g, 1997).


64/202


Rg, b P, pp . g g g q g . . . C p g, , pc

bc pg. . . . W bc c, g bg. (, 1992, p. 29)

Fz cb g, b

p (Fz, 19336, p. ) c, g

, c . Fz (19336)

cc b g gg . . . [b ] b

I c p g, b c, g pkg, I -g bck cz c; , g bb. (p. 4)

H c -c cz c b

b gb g bb.

c p pcgc c c-

, p c

(-H & g, 1997). p-

c. Rg , c b

, c cg , xp

c c.

W cpc cq c

, c p.

p p g c . O

c c g g .

Rg c b b c, k

b b, g. c -c -cq. cc c k

c c. pp

cp g q , b c p

f c c g.

g cpx pcc

pc c b xp -

c. I W , c Egp, p

c g pp g b .

W g k, g ccg

c , b


65/202


xc . g

pg, p xc c

pc b. g g cc

, p ( ), b, b, bc. -

g p pc ( pc b)

c p xc, b p g

pcfc c.

W g c b

(cC, 1940, p. 188), b xp b c

. Rg xp , b q pc cc

g g p. H b k xp g b c

p (ck, 1980). H b -

c b g p b p

pg. p xpg

p , bc b p c-

g b . .. W

(1896/1993) gg b -

g ppg cg bgc c.

C g g b c ?

S c g c c , b

p c. Rg

cc c . c c

b . cc c c

cc , Ec, cg ,

xc : O p p, k -

/ b : , ! (, 1610)

g b b ; J 7, 1933, J Gg Fz (19336), b, xp

xpc g cc b:

. . . p b g b p cc p x g p- k; b cc, c , pp c, , k b pp, pbb g pc

c cqc b g cg . . . . b cc g g, k p bc g b . (pp. )


66/202


Rg g c pc p

. c g

c b b k g cc?

pp bc . Rg cc bpg g pp b cg

p b cc p,

c .

O g bgc kg g

bgc p, ccg c b c

q. bgc ccp ,

f b, c c g g

g c , c- c bc (c. K, 1991). I c

ccpz c b c c

(Sk, 1987).

pp b bg g pc

c p? g cg c-

b, f, ,

c bc c b ?

pp c ( ) c

c () ccp , bc k p

cc p b?

b (1980) gg g b b

c b cq cc ccp,

bc g c c cg c

pcfc ccp f b. q

c cp g b g.

K (2001) pcc pz cp c

pp c c ccp b., L, Spc, g, Yg (1996) g pcg

C c c c ccp

b c, c c p

c xp . xp

xp C . W f c z-

cz c c bgc -

g. F Kz (1985) cp c cg

g . c c, k cg bgc ccpz bg J, C, ,

z. p c g

c c z W (bgc) ccp


67/202


c g cz c c gp

(c. W, G, & , 1979).

fg, c gg pp b bgc -

g ccp , cg b ppc c ccp cx p. c

b bgc b pc

b pc g b cg x-

c . Rc c-c c c

bgc g ccp cx

p c ( & H, 2008; H,

Cp 2; H & Gz, 2005; H & Kg, 2006; K, 2001;

Rc & H, 2006). , g pp bg-c . W b cxz cg, pcfc

cx, pcfc c pp cx.

I c, bgc, pgc b cx

b c

b c f (H, Cp 2). k

b H cg c p b c-

cx-p c g .

k q , g , g , c

p . pb pc

bc c (-H & g, 1997).

niversality versus Death o el

W c g pg c ( g) c

, , c

f, b, . g

p p . ccp c c g g: W I

c, I pk c, I c, I g c: b

I bc , I p c g (1 C. 13:11).

k , b E S. Vc

: C b c g c g

c g, p c g. C kg-

b . c g

k b ccp ? xc c b p (c. -

H, 2010). S g ccpc gp b

cg :


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O ccc ccp , c cgz b ck . cc-

, b p b c cp b ccpzg f . ( & F, 1972, p. 106)

gp b cg ccpc g

p b c c

( & Spc, 1993; K, 2001).

Y gp k b

p b. H k c

b b p. W pp z , b p, gg c bc

f ? C pp g, kg

?

Sg F (1915) c pcgc c-

b

b , .

Wg (1921/1974) b

. g (p. 6,431), b F (1915) cb

bc cg : I pb g ;

p c pc c

p pc (p. 289). f ppc p

ccb. ,

p (kg) cb pc xc. , cc, x . c b c

cp x b c p- . (C, 1996, p. 63)

W , c b k c. kg

cx bc b .

k pcgc b

c c cc b f , p

kg b . k c g

(C, 1996, p. 62). g cc

b cc b : cpg c g- . cpg g pgc, k b,

ccc (p. 61).

, b b g c k p.


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p k k c g

g p.

W b k cg

pg cx. O zz g , c p b cg c b b

p p pc b. -

, c, c c p

c c pp . I

c g gp, c c -

c, b c p

p cg. cp pp b p-

f , pp b .

W gz b bc cg pc b

b c c g

c cc ( ) (c. H,

Cp 2). I k b k b

, b pc cx

, c g cc. O

pcp c (-H, 20067; F, 1928).

W k cpz xpc

cc cg, c g -

xpg c pcc g.

onlusion

I k, g b k pc

g pc kg b cc . S

ck g pb. W S,S , g g b

. P p c pc

c, b k c kg, c c b

pp pg .

bc cg, c

cc b c.

b xp, bgc g

f cp p . -cc, -qg, -bg,

k k c p ; b k

p c -


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. c c b g b g

bc c, cgc pg

.

Anowledments

cg R, I Obc, S Rb

p p p g pp cp. pp

U H Rc U H

Lb k pb.

eerenes

, .W. & , E.J. (E.), (1995). Beyond the innocence o childhood., NY: Pbg C.

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gc. Cognitive Science,32, 713740., C. & , . (2005). C g c

gc: g p . Cognition,96, 93108.-H, . (1976). Sc Exc: c

p c p.American Imago,3, 296303.(1989). Prolegomena to the psychological study o religion. Lbg, P: ck

U P.(1992). Despair and deliverance: Private salvation in contemporary Israel. b,

NY: SUNY P.(1993). Original sins: Reections on the history o Zionism and Israel. N Yk,

NY: Ik.(1996). Psychoanalytic studies o religion: Critical assessment and annotated bibli-

ography. Wp, C: G P.(20062007). ggg p: F S.Annual o Psy-

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C, J. (1996). pcgc xp g -f-. -c: b . I H. Gzzczk &. -H (E.), Religion, psychopathology, and coping. ,N: Rp.

C-C . & Oc, H. (1997). C g

c c c. Clinical Psychology Review, 17,3345., R.G. & F, .C. (1972). Te American view o death: Acceptance or

denial?Cbg, : Sck.F, J. (1980). Inventing the American way o death, 18301920. Pp,

P: p U P.F, V. & Kz, S. (1985). C ccp : c c c-

p g , z, C, J I. Journal oCross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 174189.

Fz, J.G. (19331936). Te ear o the dead in primitive religion (V. 13). L,

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pcc p b c . ProessionalPsychology: Research and Practice,39, 113121.

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Review o Psychology, 28, 225249.K, .L. (2001). C c c ccp : cc

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Religion and Reality(pp. 1964). L, Eg: S P.cW, L., Yg, V., & , J. (1983). c

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N, S.. (1994). How we die: Reections on lies fnal chapter. N Yk,NY: Kp.

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Sf, G. (1964). p b - ccp c.Journal o Genetic Psychology, 105, 238295.

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Sg, V. & G, . (2007). g g

c. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12, 4, 525535.Sg, V., Jk, R., & C, S. (1999). Ccg c :

C bgc g . I . Sg & C.C.P (E.), Childrens understanding o biology and health (pp. 7196).N Yk, NY: Cbg U P.

Sg, V. & L, . (2003). Lg b c.Cognitive Psychology, 46, 130.

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W, H., G, Z., & , . (1979). U S z cccp . Death Studies,3, 4155.

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61

bvm cmp my xpc

c w bv. T HIV/AIS pmc

mu mpc umb xpc bv c.

Au w, 1315 m c v b p by HIV/

AIS (NAIS 2009; W 2009). I Ac, m 12 m

c p u HIV/AIS. pc umb c-

b by p, 13.5% pp v

w c, u c ( & Skm,

2009). Rc v pjc - c Ac

w b p u AIS by 2010 (W, 2009). T HIV/AIS

pmc ww mpc, u mu

pc c c HIV/AIS. R, HIV/AIS

c mjy c w.

xpc p, b, .

c by w y v, w c, u

v w, w. v upy cmm

m y mv (x, G, & Gm, 2005). W uc bmb umb (Nvmb

2008), 2004 bmb, Spmb 11, 2001,

jck ck, v m py

py. xp v bb m . Ty v

mp c m . T m u c w

bv k J F. Ky L Hvy Ow,

Lu K, Rb F. Ky, w w cv b

m by b u Vm W. cc xpu , bu wy b p v

c.

4

Lv

Margaret M. Mahon


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Margaret M. Mahon62

T m v c c y; vb m

w c p . I mpc cupucv

u, A 11-y- w p wy . . . A by m ky

. . . . p b c uc , vp-m v, u p w p w ,

cuy c p, xpc, py

c, . Au c c c b pc pcy,

u w kw bu c bvm w

m p c my c c y bvm.

Iy, m 9 m c yu v y

c y (NIEF, 2009b). Hwv, wy- cuy

c w yu muc m ky b m cmcypv cu. I p , c w

m cmm. c b u c

-c cpc bw cuu. T c bcm

y m vm w m cmmpc .

T m u c xpc m c

m; m cmm; , xmy .

I cp, m m v c w b

cb. T w cu cu xpc y c,

my p c, c p

. Bcu cu w -c ym m-

u m xpc y , c

pb -c pv w b xp, w -

c pv ppu upp m wc mmb

uy .

Childrens Understanding of DeathF c, my v bv c ccuy u

by bu m-c , bu wv y .

cy, c cc v cz ccp

vp m wy ccp: uy, w

vy . Sm c ccuy u v y

, wv. u cu

w vum.

, m bu m u y w- m c bcu cc b bu c b

u mpc . I my b u bv

c cpb u


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Death in the Lives o Children 63

yu v. Icc b bu c u

by v cmm p w wk w

c, xmp, -c pv, uc, cu

(cP & Emu, 2007; , Gb, & W, 1999b;Pc, 2007). Sm mu x bcu c

cc, bcu umb u m c

u xpc p v. W b c c

pv p vc umy c c.

c u . F pup cp,

cz y c yu v y ( m

yu) c v ccu u, u m c

v ccu u u wv; w p cv vu cmp cmp u u

mpc (Hu & Sm, 2008; , 1993; ,

Gb, & W, 1999b). F m c, ppp

u vpm v, u m c vp-

m v m ccu pc u. A ccu

u m c w v m

c . R, ccu ccu u m

c my v diferentc.

T qu bu xpc c

u . Expc w b p vc

c u (.., S, Rz, W, & W,

2006). Expc w my vc c kw u

vm c. W xcp w m-

(Bub-L, 1978), wv, xpc w

ky vc c v u (Hu &

Sm, 2008; , 1993).

Expc my m c bu v u cw . c w p, p, b -

pz, w m v b pz . A c w b

p ky v m c xpc bu p

vm c w (, 1994). A ck xpc

my u w y. Kw xpc

cy ccu u vc c

vpm. Expc w u , cu

m p, pcp - u, v by m w w ccu u

c w vpmy y. R, xpc

w c x cm c cu u.


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Margaret M. Mahon64

Fy, c w v xpc c my

mmb p c m my v ccu u-

(Hu & Sm, 2008; , 1993; , Gb,

& W, 1999). Smy, v c my cmmuc bu m vc u (Hu

& Sm, 2008). Expc w , , ccu

u .

T cc c ccp vu

xpc w cu vv. w b bu c

c c u . I pby c

y bv c, cu pc pmy-c pv,

b w m, y p c p-v ppp uc m c bu y .

hen a Child s Ding

u

T cu c vy wy u w. Ny-

pc c ccu cu w w m cm

(Gb H uc, 2009). I 2008, bu - c-

u v ccu Ac 42 pc ccu A

(Yu, Ww, Sm, & J, 2009). mmucb

m cmm cu c u v.

I 2007, my c u w w xy-

p u v b (NIEF, 2009b). T v-

p cu w u y p u v b;

vp cu w vy-u p u v b;

vp cu w x p u v b (NIEF,2009b). u k c ub

(NIEF, 2009).

c cu

c c b bu. Vy c, wv,

b xpc u c

u cuu. T cu c w b xpc y

c w cv c vp cu.

T y Expc

O c w S, ppxmy w

y . O , ppxmy (26 pc v)


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uy, u um uc , u wu, c bu,

m vc c (IPPS, 2001; Hy, Ku, & Sm, 2005).

Oppu m v vy b p

cu c .T cu c umuuu, m by p

cu c w . Sm w wc c-

v my y py . T cu cc, HIV/

AIS, cyc b, mucu yp, cmpc pm-

uy, mbc , my . T cu

pcb, u m my b. T kw

jcy pv my ppu v w

c m. Au c m c wyb pm , y c b u c c w cu

v ympm mm, c mk vv c,

cmmuc.

Palliative Care

Pv c mcm pv cp c

c. Pv c c pv v u

upp b pb quy p

m,

p. . . . Pv c c b w -p

m m cu c (N u Pjc,

2009). Pv c, , y bu c c w

y; u cmpm cuv p. T

pv c cu u w c

v w pb wv m c (Bub-

L ., 2007; k ., 2003; K, H, & m,

2004; Lb, Ppu, & W, 2008).c c uy c, c ,

p c cmm b ppc, , pv-

pv-c vc ccuy w - m

(Bub-L ., 2007; IO, 2003; K & H, 2007; Lb

., 2008). I Amc Acmy Pc (AAP) (2000) -

m, Pv c c, w cmm p-

v c b w cuv p, pcy pv

c u b [] cu uu cu , w ucm cu (F, 1997). T

m pv c cu v ympm mm,

c w c mk, pv xc --

c ( & S, 2008).


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Margaret M. Mahon66

Symptom Management

m u , ympm,

p m (H, Scum ., 2005). Ov p v

c, u p ympm c kw w m p. I pby

pmy pc pc -c pv m

ympm (AAP, 2000) p m pv-c pc w

m pcz kw .

F my c, w p y ck.

W jc, w b, m vv pcu k

p p, m c ( my u!) . p c

mp c x m p ck (.., Sm ., 2007; Zmpky ., 2008), v

m m v cmp bu. bj

cu p I uw v

x pu pcu y, cv pcc m

20% (IQR 836%) pu pcu (2008, p. 63). Ac

py w -pmcc, 79.2 pc pcu

w ccmp by pcc p-pcu . W

kw x m p ympm, u b u.

I vp cu u w, c v v

v w c ympm bu, m quy cu-

p, cuy b, xy, ympm (k .,

2003; Gm, Hw ., 2006; Hc ., 2008; W ., 2008). T

quy cu u v-c cy cc

v c . R, c p vb

bum y. v-c u.

cu bu w c y y y

w u . Oppu pc c . Au uuby ccumc wc c c b m u

c w c, cmmy v u y

cu bu w cpumy uc c u-

ck cu mmc vby c .

T v pv c mpv c my c, w-

v, u cmm. Ev w v mpm

pv c, v c qu. Ov m c

mpm pv c vy mc c, m mpvm pc m wm w

cum cu bu m p, c

m b w -p p w cu

(W ., 2008).


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A pmy pv c v u w

pm quy c m (K, H,

& m, 2004; Lb, Ppu, & W, 2008). Sympm m-

m xmy mp m w c v w. Ay pv c mpv ympm mm c-

(ck & W, 2006). y mp m cc

pv c uy c.

he Childs erienes

Ov p y y, m c v c

m xpy. wu v b py my vb cu. v w my y w m wc y

wu v c. T by cu m

pp bv c mw b. S,

c b cu. Sm c b uvv.

ju .

m (.., m u, p, u, xpm-

p) cy m b c. N ucmmy, p-

cy S, c cv p m wc y

xmy uky b. I ucmm p k

u vy puu p y uky v c

, bu mp c bu c, wu y

cmmu b (Bub-L, Bc, Gm, & Bc,

2007; ck, J, H ., 2008).

T v, -m puu cu pu c

c xpc w y. w kw

y cu my ub cu u . I

ucmm c w ppc p v pyc, u, -c pv k bu w

y w . A cmm p , k k ! Yu v b

pv.

E-y- Gy v w u v y.

H ppc p v m mp cu y;

y umy u Gy qu cc. Gy

w cc u-p m. H u p

x c uy , I k Im . A p p, Gy .1

1 T v uu cp m u xpc wc m.


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Margaret M. Mahon68

T u m p cu pby w c-

m m b mc k. T p m bv

cu wu mk pp, cvy, pv

k w cu. I, p v p y k bu c w mk pp (H, Bbum,

k-S ., 1996; H, Bbum, P, & P, 2002).

T u cvy m c: Yu c u

k bu . T c xm y c.

P w c bu vbz u

ky .

T vc cmm -c pv. Bub-L

cb muu p u c (1978,p. 206). uu p w y cb by G Su

(1965), w w bu cqu u by -c pv,

p, m v cu cu pc. G

Su ymc mpc muu p. F

xmp, w c m p m

b cu, p w ky cv u c. Av

cu m v y cc.

Bub-L (1978) cb muu p w

vv y c m cy pcb ,

cu c w v uu. T w p c-

u uc w m uu c. P

c pv pupuy muu p w

c y pc c mv m p u-

c y. muu p

w m . T , c mk c

w u m p.

T y , y c kw y y. I m mmp wk , y Bub-L (1978) cb

pc u wc c y cm u

, m, jcy . Spccy,

uy, c , c u vv m

cz u cz

p m wu . Smuuy, c-

-ccp v cu vv m b c

w w uy bcm c w w y. T vu u ccu p .

Au xpc vc c u

, w y. A u u, c


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w y w mp , v wu b

. Av y y mpc c

my.

mmuc

y u c my b cmb w ccp

c cmmuc. A c mp u

cu c, u my m

p. m, ju p b

m. A w muc pc, cu u b u by

c qu. Gv c cuy w u -cm, -c m u u c my v

qu ppu cu c c w m w

kwb p.

w p w u vp m

wy u y . Au cu v

y, y c b xmy w, w c pc

uc. w kw w y w b k.

Pv c v m (W, 2004). y c w

v y w y w .

k w c bu mp y.

R, my wy cb mu y

k kp c. Pp upy, c y c

y p, m ppu c c

v. pk y bu y. R, y

cu v. W y w p vp-

m v. Supp my c mu cu c-

c , w vy w p c . Fmy ky b vy mp c, bu

xmy mp. yu u v b ju k

vy . Wy w mcy u c y (.., py-

v m, muc, v w ), v

, c b , ju c w y, bu p

w w umy b bv.

Bub-L (1978) pv xc uc bu w

cmmuc w y c. Im u b c c. R, c b vy pcc bu w y w

kw. T

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