CHILDHOOD OBESITY
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Transcript of CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States
“Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2-to 5-year-olds and more than tripled among 6-to 19-year-olds in the past three decades”
Childhood Obesity
9 million children in the U.S. are overweight
10.4% of children aged 2-5 years are obese
19.6% of children aged 6-11 years are obese
18.1% of children aged 12-19 years are obese
Statistics
Nearly a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels
Total cost of obesity in U.S. $117 billion per year
Pediatric obesity several hundred million per year and rising
Statistics Con’t
Early: birth – 8 years old-is a time of incredible physical, cognitive, and socio-
emotional development
Middle: ages 6-12 years old-time when children develop skills for
healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime
EARLY & MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
first years of life is important for a child’s development and lifelong learning
first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life
Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3
children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills
EARLY DEVELOPMENT
Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors
Stressors can affect: ◦ child’s brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive
growth Early & middle childhood sets the step for
-health literacy-Self-discipline-The ability to make good decisions about risky
situations-Eating habits-Conflict negotiation
CHILDHOOD MILESTONES
Morals Beliefs Values Traditions Customs Perceive Body Image
Culture Roles
Mexican Americans African Americans Native Americans
Exceeds any other ethnic groupin childhood obesity
Race and Ethnicity
Obesity can lead to many biases towards the overweight children◦ It can result in teasing
Approximately 1 in 3 overweight females and 1 in 4 overweight males report being teased by peers at school
◦ Three hypotheses may explain the increase in weight discrimination: rates of obesity have escalated during the same period. perceived weight discrimination may reflect experiences
that have resulted from worsening societal attitudes and the acceptance of weight bias.
the media contribute and encourage weight bias and discrimination
Weight Bias
Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain
Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic
The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression
Weight Bias cont.
Lack of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle
Increased “screen time”• television watching• video/computer game playing
Unhealthy eating habits
Increased snacking
Large portion sizes
Behavioral Risk Factors
Low parental education
Poverty
Urban communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods
Urban/disadvantaged areas without safe outdoor play areas
Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors
Lack of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks
Lack of physical exercise in schools
Unhealthy foods and drinks in schools
Environmental/SocioeconomicRisk Factors
Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) Rate of childhood obesity
<100 21.6%
100-199 17.4%
200-399 15.7%
400-499 14.2%
500+ 11.5%
CHILD & ADOLESCENT OBESITY by INCOME 2009-10
This is the age where they start to develop◦ Asthma◦ Obesity◦ Dental caries◦ Child maltreatment◦ Developmental & behavior disorders
*these conditions tend to affects a child’s education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become
CONDITIONS AT RISK FOR
High blood pressure & high cholesterol
Increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes
Respiratory problems; i.e. sleep apnea, asthma
Immediate Health Risks
Joint problems & musculoskeletal discomfort
Fatty liver disease, gallstones, gastro-esophageal reflux
Greater risk for social & psychological problems
Immediate Health Risks Con’t
Television shows and advertisements
promote poor eating habits
Promote junk food to children
Media Influences
Parents fail to see their child as overweight
Parents that don’t believe excess weight is a health risk
Parents establish family eating habits; both good and bad
Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children
Parental Influences
Working/busy parents
Don’t teach children healthy habits
Set bad examples for children
Inactive, sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children
Parental Influences
It’s important to start interventions at an early age◦ Encourage the child to be more active◦ Have healthy snacks available◦ Limit sweetened beverages◦ Limit television and computer time◦ Do activities as a family◦ Be a role model for your kid
How do we prevent it?
Important for growth & development of child
Those with healthy weight:◦ ↓chronic risk factors, such as high BP &
dyslipidemia◦ ↓likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease,
osteoarthritis, and some cancers◦ ↓ likelihood of dying at a young age
NUTRITION
Influences:◦ Schools◦ Restaurants◦ HomeMaking healthy choices:
-knowledge & skills-healthier options are available
DIET
Knowledge and attitudes Skills Social support Societal and cultural norms Food and agricultural policies Food assistance programs Economic price systems
SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DIET
Access & availability places where people eat appear to influence
their diet foods eaten away from home have more
calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home
marketing also influences children’s food choices
PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF DIET
Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded
↑physical activity & changes in diet ↓exposure to foods low in nutritional value
and high in calories
MAINTAIN HEALTHY WEIGHT
Theory of Planned Behavior◦ Takes into account that the control of behavior is
not always voluntary◦ Children are not always in control of their
behavior Parents choose the food that’s available to their
children Parents can make the child more active and limit
their T.V. time Schools limit the amount of healthy meal choices
Health Promotion Theory
American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture, on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571048/
Childtrendsdatabank, (2013). Participation in school athletics. Retrieved from www.childtrendsdatabank.org/?q=node/367
Centers from Disease Control (CDC) (2011). About BMI for children and teens. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2013). Basics about childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2013). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm
Ek, L. Livestrong, (2010). Nutrition pyramid for kids. Retrieved from: www.livestrong.com/article/82871-nutrition-pyramid-kids/
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). (2013). The obesity prevention source. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/
Hawkins, K. W., & Linvill, D. L. (2010). Public health framing of news regarding childhood obesity in the United States. Health Communication, 25(8), 709-717. doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1080/10410236.2010.521913
Healthypeople.gov. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=10
Karnik, S. & Kanekar, A. (2011). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278864/?report=printable
Kellow, J. Weightlossresources, (n.d.). Good nutrition for children. Retrieved from www.weightlossresources.co.uk/children/nutrition_calorie_needs.htm
Lynn, D. Livestrong, (2011). Recommended daily fat intake for children. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com/article/399719-recommended-daily-fat-intake-for-children/
References
Maville, J., Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends.
Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/childhood-obesity-trends-state-rates.aspx Phillips, F. (2012). Facing up to childhood obesity. Practice Nurse, 42(11), 14-17. Retrieved from
http://0-search.ebscohost.com.libcat.ferris.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=2011629391&site=ehost-live
Rampell, C. (2010, September 23). Economix. Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/the-world-is-fat/
Robinson, S., Yardy, K., & Carter, V. (2012). A narrative literature review of the development of obesity in infancy and childhood. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(4), 339-354. doi: http://0-dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1177/13674935124908
State of Michigan (n.d.). The state of the state: Childhood obesity in Michigan.Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/
State of Michigan (n.d.). What’s being done: Nutrition standards in school. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/8-_The_State_of_the_State_368749_7.pdf
Washington, R. (2011). Childhood obesity: Issues of weight bias. Center of Disease Control, 8(5), A94. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0281.htm
World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/
References Con’t