CHIEF ADVISER - UNDP...GOAL 6 Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases Target 7 Halt and...

CHIEF ADVISERGOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S

REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH01 Poush 141415 December 2007

Message

I am happy to learn that the General Economics Division of the Planning Commission has prepared a mid-term Bangladesh progress report-2007 on Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015.

With eight years left to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals, it is appropriate to have a mid-term review of the MDG implementation status. With such a review the government and other stakeholders are better poised to take appropriate strategies, policies and actions designed for a timely achievement of the goals.

I extend my congratulations to all who have coordinated the efforts for the preparation of the report, which, I hope, will be helpful for the formulation of the ensuing second PRSP of Bangladesh.

Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed

Message

This report, ‘Millennium Development Goals: A Mid-term Bangladesh Progress Report 2007’, prepared by the General Economics Division (GED) of the Planning Commission is the second of its kind. The first one was prepared and published in 2005 with collaborative efforts of the GOB and the UN country team. This report has been prepared by the Government of Bangladesh in consultation with a wide range of relevant stakeholders, including the UN agencies and other development partners.

The Mid-term report shows that Bangladesh has achieved several targets under MDGs. Bangladesh has already achieved the targets of ‘halving the proportion of population below national poverty line’, ‘halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger’, ‘achieving universal primary school enrolment’, gender parity in primary and secondary schooling’, ‘reducing the under-five child mortality rate’, ‘reducing infant mortality rate’ and ‘reducing the proportion of population without safe drinking water. Bangladesh is also on track for achieving the targets of ‘containing the spread of communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis’. However, Bangladesh is lagging behind in respect of some other targets like ‘raising the share of poorest quintile in national income/consumption’, ‘reducing maternal mortality’, ‘completion of primary schooling’, and ‘attaining gender parity in tertiary education’.

Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs within stipulated time, i.e. by 2015. MDGs have been integrated into the Bangladesh PRSP, titled ‘Unlocking the Potential: National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction’ (NSAPR). The Medium Term Budgetary Framework (MTBF) and successive Annual Development Programmes (ADPs) have also been tuned with the MDGs. Bangladesh has already initiated the preparation of a new poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) covering July 2008 to June 2011 period. This report will be of immense help in the preparation process of the new PRSP and should energize all the stakeholders to initiate corrective measures in areas where we are lagging behind.

I take the opportunity to put on record my deep appreciation for the Member and other officers of GED of the Planning Commission as well as all others who have contributed to the preparation and publication of this report.

Dr. A.B. Mirza Md. Azizul Islam

Dr. A.B. Mirza Md. Azizul IslamADVISER

GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH

Ministry of Finance, Planning,Commerce, Posts & Telecommunications

ForewordFollowing the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations adopted on 8 September 2000 by all member states, the UN Secretariat immediately drew up a list of 8 MDGs, each of them accompanied by specific targets and indicators. There are 18 targets and 48 indicators. All pertain to combat poverty, hunger, illiteracy, disease, inequality between man and women, infant mortality, maternal mortality, environmental degradation and improving global partnership for development. Bangladesh is committed to achieve the MDGs within stipulated time, i.e. by 2015. MDGs with their targets have been accommodated in the Bangladesh PRSP, titled ‘Unlocking the Potential: National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction’ (NSAPR). The Medium Term Budgetary Framework (MTBF) and successive Annual Development Programmes (ADPs) have also been tuned with the MDGs.

Bangladesh has recorded impressive economic and social gains in the past decade. It has commendable advancement in basic human-development indicators. In 2004 it entered into the league of medium human development countries. It has more advancement in the health, education and rural infrastructure than comparable developing countries. Large public spending, innovative programmes, targeted interventions, social safety net programmes, micro-credit and more have helped in achieving many targets of MDGs.

‘Millennium Development Goals: A Mid-Term Bangladesh Progress Report-2007’ is the first MDGs report prepared by the Government of Bangladesh and second of its kind since the ‘Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Progress Report’ was published in 2005 with collaborative efforts of the GOB and the UN country team. This report is prepared by the General Economics Division of the Planning Commission through a consultative process with MDGs stakeholders from the ministries/divisions/agencies, UN agencies and other development partners.

We express our gratitude to Dr. A.B. Mirza Md. Azizul Islam, Adviser for Finance and Planning, for his valuable guidance in preparing this report. We also put on record our deepest appreciation to the Independent Committee on PRS and MDGs composed of, among others, Nobel laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus, Prof. Dr. Wahiduddin Mahmud, Dr. Hossain Zillur Rahman, Rashida K. Chowdhury and Dr. Salehuddin Ahmed, Governor, Bangladesh Bank, for their valuable suggestions. Thanks go to my colleagues of the GED for their relentless efforts in preparing this document.

This report is an attempt to account for the mid-way progress of MDGs attainments in Bangladesh. This report shows how far Bangladesh is on track in achieving MDGs. Bangladesh has already achieved ‘gender parity in primary and secondary schooling’. It is on track to achieve the targets of ‘halving the proportion of population who suffer from hunger’, ‘achieving universal primary school enrolment’, ‘reducing the under-five child mortality rate’ and ‘reducing infant mortality rate’. Bangladesh is also on track of achieving other targets of ‘containing the spread of communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis’ and ‘reducing the proportion of population without safe drinking water and reforestation’. Meanwhile, Bangladesh has also achieved remarkable success in female education and sanitation. However, Bangladesh is lagging behind against some other targets like ‘share of poorest quintile in national income/consumption’, ‘reducing maternal mortality’, ‘completion of primary schooling’, ‘gender parity in tertiary education’ and others.

The challenges ahead of Bangladesh call for mobilising required resources and targeted interventions in the areas lagging behind. Bangladesh has already initiated the preparation of the second PRSP for the period of July 2008 to June 2011. This report will be of immense utility in the preparation process of the second PRSP and would assist the Government of Bangladesh and other stakeholders to take corrective measures regarding the off-track targets and to achieve MDGs by 2015.

--------------------------------------------Jafar Ahmed Chowdhury

Secretary, Planning Division and Member, General Economics Division

ContentsMESSAGE Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed, Chief Adviser, Government of Bangladesh

MESSAGE Dr. A.B. Mirza Md. Azizul Islam, Adviser, Ministry of Finance, Planning, Commerce, Posts and Telecommunications, Government of Bangladesh

Foreword Jafar Ahmed Chowdhury, Secretary, Planning Division, and Member, General Economics Division, Government of Bangladesh

Tables and Figures

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Executive Summary

Introduction

GOAL 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerTarget 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people below the national poverty lineTarget 2 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

3

GOAL 2 Achieving Universal Primary EducationTarget 3 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

9

GOAL 3 Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering WomenTarget 4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.

13

GOAL 4 Reducing Child MortalityTarget 5 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five child mortality rate.

17

GOAL 5 Improving Maternal HealthTarget 6 Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015.

21

GOAL 6 Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other DiseasesTarget 7 Halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.Target 8 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

25

GOAL 7 Ensuring Environmental SustainabilityTarget 9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.Target 10 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

29

GOAL 8 Developing a Global Partnership for DevelopmentTargets 12, 13 & 15 Develop a non-discriminatory trading and financial system; addressing the special needs of the LDCs, landlocked and small island states; and dealing with debt sustainability of developing states.Target 16 In cooperation with developing countries, developing and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.Target 17 In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.Target 18 In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication.

35

References 43

ANNEX 1 MDG Goals, Targets and Indicators 44

ANNEX 2 Definitions of MDG Indicators 47

Tables1 MDG 1 Status 6

2 MDG 2 Status 10

3 Percentage of Children Enrolled in Schools (2005) 13

4 MDG 3 Status 14

5 MDG 4 Status 19

6 MDG 5 Status 22

7 MDG 6 Status 26

8 MDG 7 Status 32

9 MDG 8 Status 39

Figures1 Population Below the National Poverty Line 4

2 Poverty Gap Ratio in Bangladesh 4

3 Prevalence of Underweight Children 5

4 Population Below Minimum Dietary Intake 5

5 Net Enrolment Ratio at Primary Level 9

6 Under 5 Mortality Rate 17

7 Infant Mortality Rate 18

8 Child Immunizations Against Measles 18

9 Maternal Mortality Ratio 21

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 X Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XI

Abbreviations and AcronymsAIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

BANBEIS Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics

BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey

BES Bangladesh Education Statistics

BMMS Bangladesh Maternal Mortality Survey

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

CBN Cost of Basic Need

CCA Common Country Assessment

CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre

CFC Chloro-fluro Carbon

CNS Child Nutrition Survey

CO2 Carbon dioxide

DAC Development Assistance Committee

DCI Direct Caloric Intake

DGHS Directorate General of Health Service

DoE Department of Environment

DoF Department of Forest

DOTS Directly Observed Treatment System

EPI Expanded Programme of Immunization

ERD Economic Relations Division

FABA Foreign Aid Budget and Accounts

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FGT Foster Greer and Throbeke

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GoB Government of Bangladesh

HES Household Expenditure Survey

HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey

HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country

HIV Human Immune Virus

IEDCR Institute of Epidemiology, Diseases Control and Research

IMR Infant Mortality Rate

ITU International Telecommunication Union

LDC Least Developed Country

LFS Labour Force Survey

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIIIBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XII Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIII

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio

MoCOM Ministry of Commerce

MoPME Ministry of Primary and Mass Education

NIPORT National Institute of Population Research and Training

NSAPR National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction

ODA Official Development Assistance

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation Division

PPP Purchasing Power Party

SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation

SVRS Sample Vital Registration Survey

TB Tuberculosis

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework of Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF United Nation International Child Emergency Fund

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

XII

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIIIBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XII Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIII

Executive SummaryBangladesh achieved MDG 3 (gender parity in primary and secondary schooling) in 2005. It is also on track to achieve MDG 1 (halving the proportion of population below national poverty line and minimum level of energy consumption), as well as MDG 2 (achieving universal primary school enrolment), and MDG 4 (reducing the under-five child mortality and the infant mortality rate). The country is also on schedule for some of the MDG 6 targets (containing the spread of communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis), and also those of MDG 7 (reducing the proportion of population without safe drinking water and reforestation). It is, however, behind schedule on MDG 1 (share of poorest quintile in national income/consumption), MDG 2 (completion of primary schooling), MDG 3 (gender parity in tertiary education), MDG 5 (reducing maternal mortality), and some of the targets for MDGs 6 and 7.

Bangladesh’s march towards meeting the MDGs has been possible largely due to its steady economic growth of nearly 5 per cent annually on average in the 1990s, and nearly 6 per cent annually on average in the new millennium. Although necessary, higher growth will not in itself ensure that the MDG targets are met. Some of the country’s shortcomings to date are due to its failure to make growth processes sufficiently pro-poor. The share of the poorest quintile in both national income and consumption has been reduced over the years, which shows that the poor are not benefiting greatly from the growth process. One reason is the weak governance in the delivery of basic health care services (including maternity, child care and family planning services), primary and secondary education services, and inadequate utility services including provision of safe drinking water and electricity.

Bangladesh therefore faces some serious challenges in achieving MDG 5 and other targets and goals. These include increasing the share of the poorest quintile in national consumption/income, diverting more investment to primary schooling by, for example, providing monetary and material incentives to retain students beyond enrolment; developing and keeping effective monitoring, prevention and control mechanisms for communicable diseases, reducing maternal mortality, maintaining bio-diversity, increasing access to sanitary latrines, and improving service delivery in the rapidly growing urban slums.

Bangladesh will require massive levels of investment to fully take up the challenges of MDGs, in particular those where current performance is behind schedule. It may not be possible to generate required resources from domestic sources, and will therefore require the continued support and assistance of its development partners.

An effective partnership between Bangladesh and developed countries extend also to MDG 8, where it is felt that developed countries should be doing more to address unfair trade and financial systems, as well as providing 0.7 per cent of their GDP in official development assistance. Fulfilment of that obligation will not only help all countries to meet the MDG 8 targets, but will also contribute to the achievement of the other Millennium Development Goals in Bangladesh by 2015.

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XVBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIV Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XV

IntroductionMeeting at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders agreed a far-sighted declaration to meet the needs of the world’s poorest people. That declaration gave birth to eight goals to be achieved by 2015: the Millennium Development Goals.

Bangladesh is committed to achieving the MDGs by 2015. The goals are included in the country’s first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (Unlocking the Potential: National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction) and were addressed by the reports of the twelve thematic groups that helped prepare the strategy paper. Both the Medium-term Budgetary Framework and the Annual Development Programme have also been tuned to the MDGs. With eight years remaining for these goals to be fulfilled, this mid-term review will help guide government policies.

This report’s objective is to document the progress and status of the MDGs in Bangladesh. It is designed to help the government and other stakeholders to take appropriate measures for targets that are still some way from being achieved. It was prepared independently by the National Poverty Focal Point at the General Economics Division of the Planning Commission. An earlier Bangladesh MDG Progress Report was prepared jointly in 2005 by UNDP and the Government of Bangladesh.

During its preparation, emphasis was given to the consultative process in order to gain consensus on the data. A series of consultations were held during June-July 2007 with the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, ministries, agencies and major development partners, notably UN Agencies.

The report compares the progress of each indicator to a linear trend during 1990-2015. While recognising the non-linearity of the parameters, this has been done for simplicity in calculation. No attempt has been made to provide causal analysis of the data, due to a lack of in-depth socio-economic information for many parameters.

Millennium Development Goals

1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2 Achieve universal primary education.3 Promote equality between men and women

and empower women.4 Reduce under-five mortality by two-thirds.5 Reduce maternal mortality by three-fourths.6 Reverse the spread of communicable

diseases.7 Ensure environmental sustainability.8 Create a global partnership for development,

with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIXBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XVIII Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIX

MID-TERM BANGLADESH PROGRESS

REPORT 2007

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIXBangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XVIII Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 XIX

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 2 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 2 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �


Goal 1Eradicate ExtremePoverty and Hunger

MDG 1 has two targets and five indicators.

TARGET 1 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people below the national poverty line

Three indicators were set to monitor the progress of Target 1.

Indicator 1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day Indicator 2 Poverty gap ratio Indicator 3 Share of the poorest quintile in national consumption.

I 1 Proportion Of Population Below $1 (PPP) Per Day The estimation of Global Indicator 1 has not been carried out according to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP$) method, because the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics uses the national poverty line as a proxy for assessing the incidence of poverty. Bangladesh’s national poverty line is calculated using the Cost of Basic Needs method.

Since 1990, the incidence of poverty in Bangladesh has been measured in five-year cycles on the basis of the nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey. The most recent survey, in 2005, found that the incidence of poverty in Bangladesh fell from 58.8 per cent in 1991 to 40.0 per cent in 2005. The trend suggests that the incidence of poverty is expected to be less than 38 per cent in 2007.

Figure 1, overleaf, shows that Bangladesh is on track to achieve Indicator 1. The actual rate of poverty in 2005 was 40.0 per cent. That is 1.7 per cent lower than the target rate of 41.7 per cent. The average annual rate of poverty reduction needed to reach the MDG target by 2015 is 1.23 per cent; the actual rate achieved up to 2005 was 1.34 per cent. If this trend continues, Bangladesh will reach its poverty reduction target two years ahead of schedule in 2013.

The incidence of poverty fell from 58.8 per cent in 1991 to 40.0 per cent in 2005

Goal 1Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger


Reductions in the poverty gap ratio have been dramatic

I 2 Poverty Gap Ratio The poverty gap ratio is an indicator that measures the depth of poverty. It is the aggregate income deficit of the poor relative to the poverty line, and gives an idea of the resources needed to raise the poor above the poverty line. Reductions in the poverty gap ratio in Bangladesh have been dramatic. The target in 2005 was 11.8 per cent; it actually achieved 9.0 per cent in that year. The target for 2015 is 8 per cent, which the country is expected to meet well before then.

I 3 Share of the poorest quintile in national consumption The Household Income and Expenditure Survey of 200� shows that the share of the poorest quintile in national consumption is 8.8 per cent. There is no benchmark data for this indicator, as this indicator was not included in the 1990 Household Expenditure Survey. As a proxy for this indicator, the ‘share of the poorest in national income’ is used. In 1992 the poorest quintile had a 6.5 per cent share of national income. This figure fell to 5.3 per cent in 2005. Appropriate interventions are required so that benefits of economic growth reach the poorest quintile.

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 4 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �


Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 4 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �

TARGET 2 Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

Two indicators monitor the progress of Target 2.

Indicator 4 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age Indicator 5 Proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy

consumption

I 4 Prevalence Of Underweight Children Under Five Years Of Age Bangladesh is also on track in reducing the prevalence of underweight children aged below five by half. The rate fell from 67 per cent in 1990 to 39.7 per cent in 2005 – again well below the 2005 target of 46.6 per cent. Bangladesh is one of the few countries to show such substantial progress on this indicator. If this trend continues, Bangladesh will achieve its target of reducing the prevalence of underweight children to �� per cent by 2010, five years before the 2015 deadline.

I 5 Proportion of Population Below Minimum Level of Dietary Energy Consumption The Direct Calorie Intake method measures the minimum level of dietary energy consumption. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics replaced this method with the Cost of Basic Needs method in 2000. The DCI method constructed three reference lines, of which Hard Core Poverty with the threshold of 180� kcal per capita per day is considered as the minimum level. This has been used as a proxy for the minimum level of dietary energy consumption.

With this measure, Bangladesh is just on track to reach the target of 14.0 per cent in 2015. The proportion of population below the 180� kcal level of dietary intake fell to 19.5 per cent in 2005 against a target of 19.6 per cent for that year.


Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 6 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 7Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 6 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 7

Challenges Ahead Bangladesh is on schedule to achieving MDG 1 by 2015. But its economic growth process has not sufficiently benefited the extreme poor. Indicator 3 shows that the share of poorest quintile in national income has reduced over the years. Increasing the share of the poorest quintile in national consumption/income is a major challenge for the country and will require the benefit of economic growth to be more directed towards the poor. Bangladesh risks missing the target of 14.0 per cent in 201� if it fails to sustain the present trend of economic growth, or if the extreme poor continue to get lesser benefit from economic growth.

Table 1 MDG 1 Status

Goal 1 Targets IndicatorsBase Year

(1991)

Current Status (2005)

Target 2015

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

1. Halve, between 1990 and 201�, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day

2. Halve, between 1990 and 201�, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

1. Proportion of population below national poverty line (2221 kcal)

�9% 40% 29%

2. Poverty gap ratio 17 9 8

3. Share of poorest quintile in national income

6.5% 5.3%

4. Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age

67% 40% ��%

5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (1800 kcal)

28% 19.5% 14%

Source: Base year indicator 1a, 2: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Household Expenditure Survey); Current status indicator 1a, 2, and �: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Household Income and Expenditure Survey)

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 � Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 � Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 � Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 � Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 �

Goal 2Achieving Universal Primary Education

MDG 2 has a single target and three indicators.

TARGET 3 Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

Three indicators monitor the target’s progress.

Indicator 6 Net enrolment ratio in primary education Indicator 7 Primary school completion rateIndicator 8 Adult literacy rate

I 6 Net Enrolment Ratio In Primary Education Bangladesh has recorded remarkable success in increasing primary school enrolment. This includes creating gender balance, which is due largely to the introduction of stipend programmes, free supply of textbooks, tuition fee waiver and cash incentives provided by the government. At the primary education level, the net enrolment ratio increased to �7.2 per cent in 2005 against the target of 7�.2 per cent. This is up from 60.5 per cent in 1��0. If that trend continues, Bangladesh will meet its target of 100 per cent net enrolment in primary education by 2012, three years ahead of 2015. High numbers of children dropping out, however, along with low rates of retention and the substantial number of out-of-reach students at the primary level may moderate this success.

Goal 2Achieving Universal Primary Education


Bangladesh has recorded remarkable success in increasing primary school enrolment, but problems in retaining pupils to completion of primary education, plus relatively low adult literacy rates, threaten overall progress

I 7 Primary School Completion Rate This indicator measures the success of the primary education system in retaining students from Grades 1 to 5, as well as maintaining internal efficiency. This is a critical area in which Bangladesh’s performance is poor and marked by a lack of credible and nationally representative information. A 2005 baseline survey on primary education by the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education shows that 53 per cent of school entrants of primary school age continue to Grade 5. This figure, however, is conservative when compared with the World Bank’s 2000 estimate of 66 per cent (World Bank, 2004).

I � Adult Literacy Rate The youth literacy rate reflects the effectiveness of primary education programmes over time. It is often seen, therefore, as a proxy measure of social progress and economic development. Because of insufficient data for this indicator, the adult literacy rate for people over the age of 15 is used to measure progress. The adult literacy rate increased from 37 per cent in 1��0 to 54 per cent in 2006. Bangladesh must intensify its efforts urgently if it is to achieve its target of 100 per cent adult literacy by 2015.

Challenges Ahead Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in increasing net enrolment in primary education. If the present trend continues, the target of 100 per cent primary school enrolment by 2012 is attainable. But the ultimate achievement of MDG 2 is threatened by poor performance in primary school completion rate. That, in turn, impacts adult literacy negatively. At the current rate of progress, Bangladesh is unlikely to achieve its adult literacy target by 2015. To increase the number of children completing their primary education, more resources need to be given to primary schooling through, for example, monetary and material benefits for students, parents and teachers. Secondary level education also demands policy makers’ attention. Significant building of the educational system’s capacity, both formal and informal, should improve the chances of Bangladesh meeting its MDG 2 target by 2015.


Goal 2 Targets Indicators Base year(1991)

Current Status

Target 2015

Achieve universal primary education

3. Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education

60% �7% (2005)

100%

7. Proportion of pupils starting Grade 1 who reach Grade 5

43% 53%(2005)

100%

8. Adult Literacy rate of 15+ years old

37% 54% (2006)

100%

Source: Base year indicator 6: Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, 8: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Current status indicators 6 and 7: Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, 8: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics


Goal 3Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering WomenMDG 3 has one targets and four indicators.

TARGET 4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015.

Four indicators monitor the target’s progress.

Indicator 9 Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Indicator 10 Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24 year oldsIndicator 11 Share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sectorIndicator 12 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

I 9 Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Bangladesh achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education in 2005. The ratio of girl to boy students rose from 45:55 in 1992 to 53:47 in 2005 at the primary level; and from 34:66 in 1992 to 50:50 in 2005 at the secondary level.

The ratio of girls to boys at primary level has crossed gender parity and now shows a bias towards girls. Progress towards gender parity in tertiary education, however, is encouraging but less spectacular. The ratio of females to males here grew from 25:75 in 1992 to 34:66 in 2005.

Bangladesh achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education in 2005

Percentage of Children Enrolled in Schools, 2005

GenderChildren aged 6-10 years Children 11-15 years

2000 2005 2000 2005Both Sexes 75.1 80.4 65.3 69.9Boys 74.0 79.5 59.4 66.0Girls 76.4 81.3 71.5 73.9Source Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

I 10 Gender Parity in Youth Literacy A marginal gender disparity still exists in the youth literacy rate. This report uses the literacy rate for the 20-24 age group to measure progress, because of insufficient data for the 15-24 age group. These data show that the female-male literacy ratio increased from 42:58 in 1992 to 46:56 in 2002. It is expected that Bangladesh will achieve gender parity in youth literacy by 2015.

I 11 Share of Women in Wage Employment Women’s participation in the labour market has been increasing in Bangladesh due to changes in rural livelihood patterns, economic expansion, rural-urban migration and other factors. The Labour Force Survey of 2003 found that the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector increased from 40.7 per cent in 1992 to 58.6 per cent in 2003. But this higher proportion of women in non-agricultural wage employment does not imply gender parity in wage employment in that sector. It may mean, for example, that women are dominant in non-formal wage employment in the non-agriculture sector.

Goal 3Promoting Gender Equality and Empowering Women


the progress of gender parity in tertiary education and the share of women in political leadership… will need far-sighted and challenging policy interventions

I 12 Women in Politics Women’s representation in parliament indicates that opportunities do exist for women in politics. During 1991 - 2006, both the Leader of the House and the Leader of the Opposition in the Bangladesh Parliament were women. However, there were only four directly elected woman Members of Parliament in 1991. The creation of a constitutional provision of 30 seats reserved for women increased that number to 34 and, by 2006, women accounted for 15 per cent of MPs, up from 10 per cent in 1991.

Challenges Ahead MDG 3 aims for gender equality and the empowerment of women by promoting gender equality in education, labour market and in politics. Bangladesh has already achieved gender parity in primary and secondary education, and in wage employment in the non-agriculture sector. However, the progress of gender parity in tertiary education and the share of women in political leadership remain sluggish and will need far-sighted and challenging policy interventions for this goal’s targets to be met. Those policy interventions may consist of further amendments to laws, incentives for female students at the tertiary level and electoral reforms promoting the nomination of woman candidates by political parties.

MDG 3 Status


Current Status

Target 2015

Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education:

Primary 45:55 53:47 (2005)

50:50

Secondary 34:66 50:50 (2005)

50:50

Tertiary 25:75 36:64 (2005)

50:50

10. Ratio of literate women to men, 20-24 years old

42:58 46:54 (2002)

100:100

11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

41% 59% (2003)

12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

10.3% 14.8% (2006)

Source: Base year indicator 9a: Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, 9b,9c: BANBEIS(BES), 10: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Census), 11: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (LDS), 12: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Current status indicator 9a: Ministry of Primary Education, 9b,9c: BANBEIS(BES), 10: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Census), 11: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (LDS), 12: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics


Goal 4Reducing Child Mortality

MDG 4 has one target and three indicators.

TARGET 5 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five child mortality rate.

Three indicators monitor the target’s progress.

Indicator 13 Under-five mortality rate Indicator 14 Infant mortality rateIndicator 15 Immunisation against measles

I 13 Under-five Mortality Rate The under-five mortality rate in Bangladesh declined from 151 deaths per thousand live births in 1991 to 62 deaths in 2006 – an encouraging 24 per cent ahead of the target for that year. The actual annual progress between 1991 and 2006 also surpassed the targeted annual rate by 0.65 per cent. If Bangladesh can maintain this trend, it will meet the final target well before 2015.



Bangladesh is often cited as one of the countries to have made the best progress in Immunisation

I 14 Infant Mortality Rate The infant mortality rate is considered a more robust estimate than the under-five mortality rate if it is drawn from vital registration statistics. The Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics measures this indicator in its regular Sample Vital Registration Surveys. Latest reports show that the infant mortality rate fell from 94 per thousand live births in 1990 to 45 in 2006.

Reductions in the infant mortality rate by 2006 were almost 9 per cent ahead of schedule for that year. The average annual reduction between 1991 and 2006 was 3.07 per cent - against a target of 2.52 per cent. If this trend continues, Bangladesh will meet the MDG target of 31 per thousand live births before 2015.

I 15 Immunisation against Measles Immunisation plays a critical role in reducing infant and child morbidity. The government’s Expanded Programme for immunisation is able to record considerable success in combating infant and child morbidity. The programme has extended its reach from less than 1 per cent of the population in 1981 to 54 per cent in 1991, increasing further to 87.2 per cent in 2006. Its very positive impact is evident in the significant reduction in child mortality. Bangladesh is often cited as one of the countries to have made the best progress in immunisation.

The average increase in the coverage of child immunisation between 1991 and 2006 was 3.25 per cent: 0.65 per cent above the targeted annual rate of 2.6 per cent. The country is likely to reach 100 per cent immunisation by 2012, three years ahead of 2015.

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 18 Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 19



Challenges Ahead Bangladesh’s progress in all the three MDG 4 indicators is particularly encouraging. It is likely to meet all targets before 2015, if recent trends are maintained. There are, however, distinct regional variations that need to be addressed. Urban slums, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, coastal belt regions and other ecologically vulnerable areas are falling behind. The government, with the support of its development partners, must ensure that its efforts reach all Bangladeshi people, and that the excellent progress to date is sustained.



Current Status

Target 2015

Reduce child mortality

5. Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five child mortality rate

13. Under five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

151 62(2006)

50

14. Infant mortality rate (0-1 year per 1,000 live births)

94 45 (2006)

31

15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

54% 87 %(2006) 100%

Source: Base year indicator 13, 14: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (SVRS), 15: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS); Current status indicator 13,14: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (SVRS), 15: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS)


Goal 5Improving Maternal Health

MDG 5 has one target and two indicators.

TARGET 6 Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015.

Two indicators monitor the target’s progress.

Indicator 16 Maternal Mortality Ratio Indicator 17 Births attended by skilled health personnel

I 16 Maternal Mortality Ratio Bangladesh needs to reduce its maternal mortality ratio by three quarters from 574 per 100,000 live births in 1991 to 147 if it is to meet this target by 2015. There has been adequate success in reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) from 574 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1991 to 290 against the target of 298 in 2006. If this current rate continues, the country will be able to meet the target by 2015. The government have also undertaken initiatives to accelerate the maternal mortality reduction.

Goal 5Improving Maternal Health


Deliveries attended by skilled health personnel increased four-fold between 1990 and 2006

I 17 Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel In 1990, almost all births took place at home. Only 5 per cent occurred in health centres. Traditional birth attendants assisted around two-thirds of deliveries, with the rest attended by relatives and friends. However, most obstetric complications cannot be prevented by either antenatal care or trained birth attendants during delivery. Deliveries attended by skilled health personnel increased from 5 per cent in 1990 to 20 per cent in 2006. To meet MDG 5, Bangladesh must increase the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel to 50 per cent by 2015. Bangladesh needs to accelerate the present rate of progress to meet the 2015 target. Moreover, proper institutional arrangements are also required to attain the target.

Challenges Ahead Bangladesh should quickly catch up with respect to indicator 17 in MDG 5. This goal, in general, has thrown up some steep hurdles, because it is inextricably linked with complex social and economic factors related to health beliefs and practices, education and poverty. The population is relatively young, with 32 per cent of people aged between 10 and 24 years. This makes the challenge of maintaining the maternal mortality reduction rate harder, particularly given the widespread practice of early marriage. Bangladesh must improve effective service delivery, health sector governance (especially in primary and maternal health services), and needs an extensive training programme to increase the number of skilled birth attendants. That, of course, brings its own funding challenges.

MDG 5 Status


Current Status

Target 2015

Improve maternal health

6. Reduce by the three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

16. Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)

574 290(2006)

147

17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

5% 20%(2006) 50%

Source: Base year indicator 16: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (SVRS), 17: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS); Current status indicator 16: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (SVRS),17: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS); 16: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)


Goal 6Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases

MDG 6 has two targets and seven indicators.

TARGET 7 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Three indicators monitor this target’s progress.

Indicator 18 HIV/AIDS prevalence rate Indicator 19 Condom use rate and contraceptive use rateIndicator 20 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-

14 years

I 18 HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rate There is a dearth of data on HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh. Some sources suggest that the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is insignificant. It does, though, pose a potential threat to the country, because of the increasing numbers of workers migrating abroad, and the increased numbers of people travelling to neighbouring countries where the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is reportedly higher.

I 19 Condom Use Rate and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Surveys suggest that a government advocacy campaign has led to 38.4 per cent of the population professing a comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The contraceptive prevalence rate has risen from 40 per cent in 1991 to 58 per cent in 2004, an average annual increase of 1.4 per cent. Use of condoms among married women in the 15-49 age group increased from 2.5 per cent in 1990 to 5.5 per cent in 2004. Data for condom use among high-risk groups are not available.

TARGET 8 Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Four indicators monitor the target’s progress.

Indicators 21 & 22 Malaria prevalence and preventionIndicators 23 & 24 Tuberculosis prevalence and treatment

I 21 & 22 Malaria Bangladesh has made some progress in combating the spread of malaria. The disease’s prevalence dropped from 42 cases per 100,000 in 2001 to 34 in 2005. Malaria is endemic in 13 of the country’s 64 districts. Over 98 per cent of all malaria cases are concentrated in these areas. In total, those 13 districts accounted for 48,121 laboratory confirmed cases and 501 deaths in 2005 - against 48,647 cases and 502 deaths nationally. This is down from the previous year’s figures of 58,894 cases in those 13 districts (59,853 nationally) and 538 deaths (535 nationally).

Over 98% of all malaria cases are concentrated in 13 of the country’s 64 districts

Goal 6Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases


I 23 & 24 Tuberculosis Bangladesh has also achieved significant success in halting and reversing the spread of tuberculosis (TB). Detection of tuberculosis by the Directly Observed Treatment System more than doubled between 2002 and 2005, rising from 34 per cent to 71 per cent in those three years. There has been moderate progress in the successful treatment of tuberculosis. This increased from 84 per cent in 2002 to 91 per cent in 2005. Bangladesh still has a long way before 100 per cent detection and successfully treating tuberculosis is achieved.

Challenges AheadAlthough the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh is very low, effective surveillance of the potential sources is essential. The country also needs to develop strong mechanisms to monitor outbreaks of malaria in high-risk districts and to develop effective treatments for drug resistant malaria strains. Simultaneous increases in detection and cure rates, along with improvements in the quality of diagnostic services, will continue to pose a major challenge for the country. This demands stronger and improved governance of the health sector, particularly in communicable disease prevention and control mechanisms.



Current Status

Target 2015

Combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years

n/a n/a

19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (among currently married women 15-49 years old)

2.5% 5.5% (2004)

19.a Condom use at the lasthigh-risk sex

n/a n/a

19.b Per cent of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS

n/a 38 (2004)

19.c Contraceptive prevalence rate 40% 58% (2004)20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years

n/a n/a

8. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

21.a Notified cases of malaria per 100,000 population

42 34 (2005)

21.b Malaria death rate per 100,000 population, all ages 0.35 (2005)

22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures

n/a n/a

23.a Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population

n/a 406 (2005)

23.b Tuberculosis death rate per 100,000 population

n/a 47 (2005)

24.a Tuberculosis detection rate under DOTS 34% 71% (2005) 100%

24.b Tuberculosis treatment success rate under DOTS

84% 91% (2005) 100%

Sources: Base year indicator 19, 19c: NIPORT(BDHS), 21a, 24a, 24b: IEDCR; Current status indicator 19, 19c: NIPORT(BDHS), 19b: Calculated from BDHS, 21a, 23a, 23b, 24a, 24b: IEDCR, 21b: Calculated from IEDCR data


Goal 7Ensuring Environmental Sustainability

MDG 7 has three targets and eight indicators.

TARGET 9 Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.

Five indicators monitor this target’s progress.

Indicator 25 Proportion of land area covered by forestIndicator 26 Ratio of Area Protected to Maintain Biological Diversity to Surface AreaIndicator 27 Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP)Indicator 28 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs

(ODP tons)Indicator 29 Proportion of population using solid fuels

I 25 & 26 Proportion of Land Area Covered by Forest; Ratio of Area Protected to Maintain Biological Diversity to Surface Area Some progress in reforestation has been made. The proportion of land area covered by forest reached 12.8 per cent in 2006, up from 9.0 per cent in 1990. This progress is largely attributable to social forestation, homestead plantation and improved public awareness. A social movement has worked to increase plantations over the last fifteen years. Participatory social forestry is helping reduction of poverty. But protected areas that include National Parks, wildlife reserve and game reserves, maintaining biodiversity, cover barely 2.0 per cent of the total surface area.

I 28 Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP); Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons) Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest per capita carbon dioxide emitting countries. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (metric tons) increased to 0.3 in 2006, from 0.14 in 1990, which is still very low in the global context. Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs increased marginally to 196 in 2006 from 195 in 1990.



TARGET 10 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

Two indicators monitor this target’s progress.

Indicator 30 Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural

Indicator 31 Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural

I 30 Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural By 2006, the proportion of the urban population without access to safe drinking water had been reduced to 0.1 per cent. The picture in rural areas is rather different, with arsenic contamination of ground water contributing to a reversal of that trend. The proportion of the rural population without safe drinking water increased to 21.4 per cent in 2006, from 6.9 in 1991. Measures to contain arsenic contamination have been introduced by the government.

I 31 Access to Sanitary Latrines Bangladesh has made major progress on this indicator. A nationwide ‘Community Led Total Sanitation’ campaign was launched in 2003 with the aim of reaching 100 per cent coverage by 2010. In 1991, 56 per cent of urban populations and 15 per cent of their rural counterparts had access to sanitary latrines. By June 2007, coverage had jumped phenomenally to around 88 per cent in urban and municipal areas and 85 per cent in rural areas. The World Bank estimates that more than 100 million people in Bangladesh now have access to total sanitation. The challenge now is how to extend safe sanitation to more remote areas. The country is likely to meet the target by 2010.

99.9% of Bangladesh’s urban population has access to safe drinking

water




TARGET 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

One indicator monitors this target’s progress

Indicator 32 Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

I 32 Proportion of households with access to secure tenure Around 36 per cent urban households currently have secure tenure. The other 64 per cent of the urban population remain in perceived risk of eviction, with no legal document to demonstrate their occupancy.

Challenges AheadBangladesh has taken significant steps to incorporate sustainable environmental development into policy as well as programmes. It can report successes in reforestation, through the social forestry movement, and in increasing access to drinking water, especially in urban areas. Bangladesh is an insignificant polluter in terms of CO2 emissions, energy and CFC consumption. But the country does face challenges in meeting all MDG 7 targets by, for example, maintaining its bio-diversity (especially its wetland biodiversity), increasing access to sanitary latrines in rural areas particularly, and improving service delivery in rapidly growing urban slum areas.

The very recent floods and cyclone SIDR in 2007 also draw attention to Bangladesh’s need for sustainable environmental protection. The Government intends to undertake extensive programs aimed towards mitigating and coping with the after-effects of floods and cyclone. The Government’s endeavours towards sustainable environmental protection come with keen interest and much appreciation by the development partners. In coming days, this interest is expected to be translated into commitment to assist the Government in all such efforts.



MDG 7 Status

Goal 7 Targets IndicatorsBase Year

(1991)

Current Status

Target 2015

Ensure environmental sustainability

9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources

25. Proportion of land area covered by forest

9% 13%(2006)

20%

26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area

n/a 2%(2006)

27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (PPP)

123.2

92.4(2000)

28.a Carbon dioxide emissions, metric tons per capita (CDIAC)

0.1 0.3(2006)

28.b Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs in ODP metric tons

195 196(2006)

29. Proportion of population using solid fuels

n/a 87.6%(2006)

10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

30. Proportion of the population without access to safe drinking water, urban 1.2% 0.1%

(2006)0

rural 7% 21%(2006)

0

31. Proportion of the population without access to sanitary latrines,urban 44% 13%

(2007)22%

rural 85% 16%(2007)

42%

11. By 2020, have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

36.4%

Sources: Base year indicator 25: DOF/DoE, 27, 28a, 28b: UN, 30a, 30b, 31a, 31b: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS); Current status, indicators 25, 26: DOF/DoE, 27, 28a, 28b: UN Source, 30a, 30b, 31a, 31b: DPHE; 32: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (MICS);


Goal 8Developing a GlobalPartnership for Development

MDG 8 has seven targets and sixteen indicators.

TARGETS 12, 13 & 15 Develop a non-discriminatory trading and financial system; addressing the special needs of the LDCs, landlocked and small island states; and dealing with debt sustainability of developing states.

Eight indicators monitor these targets’ progress.

Indicator 33 Net ODA received by Bangladesh; Net ODA as % of GNI Indicator 34 Proportion of bilateral ODA (gross) given to basic social servicesIndicator 35 Proportion of bilateral ODA received from OECD/DAC donors that is untiedIndicator 38 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from

developing countries and from the LDCs admitted free of dutyIndicator 39 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles

and clothing from developing countries (Bangladesh)Indicator 40 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP Indicator 41 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacityIndicator 44 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

I 33–35, 38–41, 44 Net ODA inflow into Bangladesh has been on the decline since the 1990s. Bangladesh received net ODA of US$ 1,240 million in 1990, but the figure had reduced to US$ 110 million in 2006. Bangladesh has performed well in bringing down its debt service as a percentage of its total exports. In 1991, the base year, debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services stood at 21 per cent; by 2005, it had dropped to 9 per cent. Under World Bank criteria, Bangladesh is classified as a less indebted country. The concessionality of Bangladesh’s official bilateral and multilateral debt enables it to keep the ratio of debt service to export earnings at a modest level.

Goal 8Developing a Global Partnership for Development


TARGET 17 In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

Data for this is not currently available. The World Health Organisation estimates that at least one third of the world population still lacks access to essential drugs. The situation in Bangladesh is not likely to be any better than this. The country has, however, developed a National Drug Policy and has been working to increase access to affordable essential drugs through a state-owned drugs company. There has also been a growth of pharmaceutical industries in Bangladesh. This results in employment and improved access to drugs.

At least one third of the world’s population lacks access to

essential drugs, according to WHO

One indicator monitors this target’s progress.

Indicators 46 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

TARGET 16 In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.

One indicator monitors this target’s progress.

Indicators 45 Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total

Developed countries, as a whole, have so far failed to convincingly address this issue. In Bangladesh, youth unemployment increased from 3 per cent in 1990 to 13 per cent in 2003. Nearly 64 per cent of unemployed youth, both male and female, have secondary or post secondary and higher education. The youth labour force in Bangladesh is estimated to be 22 million (2005), and this is likely to reach 30 million in 2015. The challenge is clearly to create employment at a much faster rate.


TARGET 18 In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication.

Two indicators monitor this target’s progress.

Indicator 47 Telephone Service Indicator 48 PC and Internet Users

I 47 Telephone Service A marked expansion in the telephone service has taken place since the 1990s. The surge is due largely to the advent of cellular telephony in Bangladesh, evident from the almost exponential increase in the number of cellular telephone subscribers. The number of telephone subscribers increased from just 0.2 per cent in 1990 to 14 per cent in 2005. Bangladesh’s cellular phone subscribers now outnumber fixed line subscribers and have shown a compound annual growth rate of 110.5 per cent for last few years, a figure that is almost three times than that of the global average. Although this growth is encouraging, the telecommunication reach in Bangladesh still remains low.

I 48 PC and Internet Users Bangladesh is still an insignificant user of personal computers and the internet. The number of PC and internet users has increased in recent years, though, and reached to 1.4 per cent and 0.2 per cent of the population respectively, in 2006. This demonstrates that the benefit of new technologies, particularly ICT, is out of reach of the overwhelming majority of the population. Government measures are expected to promote development of the sector. An ICT policy has been adopted and projects are underway to promote e-Governance. Even an ICT village has been established.

Challenges AheadDeveloped countries have so far failed to perform their responsibility to achieve MDG 8 to address the problem of unfair trade and financial systems; providing 0.7 per cent ODA of their GDPs; and transferring new technologies for productive youth employment in developing countries. Developed countries should fulfil this obligation to which they are signatories. It will be huge challenge to bring together developed and developing countries to form the effective partnership that is needed to meet MDG 8 by 2015.

Despite a surge in phone subscribers, the reach of telecommunications in Bangladesh remains low

MDG 8 StatusGoal 8 Targets Indicators Base year

(1990)Current Status

Target 2015

Develop a global partnership for development

12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non- discriminatory trading and financial system

13. Address the special needs of the least developed countries

14. Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing states.

15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long-term

33a. Net ODA received by Bangladesh (m US$)

1240 110(2006)

33b. Net ODA as % of GNI

5.7 0.2(2006)

34. Proportion of bilateral ODA (gross) to basic social services

n/a 42%(2005)

35. Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied (received by Bangladesh)

n/a 82%(2005)

36. ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes

n/a n/a

37. ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes

n/a n/a


Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 39

38. Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from the least developed countries, admitted free of duty

n/a n/a

39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries (Bangladesh)

n/a 12—16% (2006)

40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product

n/a n/a

41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

n/a n/a

42. Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

n/a n/a

43. Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative

n/a n/a


44. Debt service as percentage of exports of goods and services

20.9(1990)

8.8(2005)

16. In cooperation with developing countries, Develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth

45. Youth unemployment rate, aged 15-24, both sexes

3% (1990)

13%(2003)

17. In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries

46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

n/a n/a

18. In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, specially information and communications

47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

0.2(1990)

14(2005)

48.a Personal computers per 100 population

n/a 1.4(2006)

48.b Internet users per 100 population n/a 0.2

(2006)

Source: Indicators 33 and 44: Economic Relations Division, 43 and 35: OECD, 39: MoC, 45, 47 and 48: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

Bangladesh Millennium Development Goals Progress Report 2007 41


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BangladeshMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsProgressReport2007 44 BangladeshMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsProgressReport2007 45BangladeshMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsProgressReport2007 44 BangladeshMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsProgressReport2007 45

Annex1MDG Goals, Targets and Indicators

Goals and Targets Indicators for Monitoring Progress

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1:Halve,between1990and2015,theproportionofpeoplewhoseincomeislessthanonedollaraday

1. Proportionofpopulationbelow$1(PPP)perday2. Povertygapratio3. Shareofpoorestquintileinnationalconsumption

Target 2:Halve,between1990and2015,theproportionofpeoplewhosufferfromhunger

4. Prevalenceofunderweightchildrenunder-fiveyearsofage5. Proportionofpopulationbelowminimumlevelofdietaryenergy

consumption

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Target 3:Ensurethat,by2015,chil-dreneverywhere,boysandgirlsalike,willbeabletocompleteafullcourseofprimaryschooling

6. Netenrolmentratioinprimaryeducation7. Proportionofpupilsstartinggrade1whoreachgrade58. Literacyrateof15-24yearsold

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target 4:Eliminategenderdisparityinprimaryandsecondaryeducation,preferablyby2005,andinalllevelsofeducationnolaterthan2015

9. Ratiosofgirlstoboysinprimary,secondaryandtertiaryeducation

10.Ratioofliteratewomentomen,15-24yearsold11.Shareofwomeninwageemploymentinthenon-agricultural

sector12.Proportionofseatsheldbywomeninnationalparliament

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Target 5:Reducebytwo-thirds,be-tween1990and2015,theunder-fivemortalityrate

13.Under-fivemortalityrate14.Infantmortalityrate15.Proportionof1year-oldchildrenimmunisedagainstmeasles

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Target 6:Reducebythree-quarters,between1990and2015,thematernalmortalityratio

16.Maternalmortalityratio17.Proportionofbirthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

Target 7:Havehaltedby2015andbeguntoreversethespreadofHIV/AIDS

18.HIVprevalenceamongpregnantwomenaged15-24years19.Condomuserateofthecontraceptiveprevalencerate19a.Condomuseatlasthigh-risksex19b.Percentageofpopulationaged15-24yearswith

comprehensivecorrectknowledgeofHIV/AIDS19c.Contraceptiveprevalencerate20.Ratioofschoolattendanceoforphanstoschoolattendanceof

non-orphansaged10-14years



Target 8:Havehaltedby2015andbeguntoreversetheincidenceofmalariaandothermajordiseases

21.Prevalenceanddeathratesassociatedwithmalaria22.Proportionofpopulationinmalaria-riskareasusingeffective

malariapreventionandtreatmentmeasures23.Prevalenceanddeathratesassociatedwithtuberculosis24.Proportionoftuberculosiscasesdetectedandcured

underdirectlyobservedtreatmentshortcourse(DOTS)(InternationallyrecommendedTBcontrolstrategy)

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target 9:Integratetheprinciplesofsustainabledevelopmentintocountrypoliciesandprogrammesandreversethelossofenvironmentalresources

25.Proportionoflandareacoveredbyforest26.Ratioofareaprotectedtomaintainbiologicaldiversityto

surfacearea27.Energyuse(kgoilequivalent)per$1GDP(PPP)28.Carbondioxideemissionspercapitaandconsumptionofozone-

depletingCFCs(ODPtons)29.Proportionofpopulationusingsolidfuels

Target 10:Halve,by2015,thepropor-tionofpeoplewithoutsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandbasicsanitation

30.Proportionofpopulationwithsustainableaccesstoanimprovedwatersource,urbanandrural

31.Proportionofpopulationwithaccesstoimprovedsanitation,urbanandrural

Target 11:By2020,tohaveachievedasignificantimprovementinthelivesofatleast100millionslumdwellers

32.ProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstosecuretenureSomeoftheindicatorslistedbelowaremonitoredseparatelyfortheleastdevelopedCountries(LDCs),Africa,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandSmallIslanddevelopingStates.

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Target 12:Developfurtheranopen,rule-based,predictable,non-discrimi-natorytradingandfinancialsystem

Includesacommitmenttogoodgovernance,developmentandpov-ertyreduction–bothnationallyandinternationally

Target 13:Addressthespecialneedsoftheleastdevelopedcountries

Includes:tariffandquotafreeaccessfortheleastdevelopedcountries’exports;enhancedprogrammeofdebtreliefforheavilyindebtedpoorcoun-tries(HIPC)andcancellationofofficialbilateraldebt;andmoregenerousODAforcountriescommittedtopovertyreduction

Target 14:AddressthespecialneedsoflandlockeddevelopingcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStates(throughtheProgrammeofAction

Official Development Assistance (ODA)33.NetODA,totalandtotheleastdevelopedcountries,as

percentageofOECD/DACdonors’grossnationalincome

34.Proportionoftotalbilateral,sector-allocableODAofOECD/DACdonorstobasicsocialservices(basiceducation,primaryhealthcare,nutrition,safewaterandsanitation)

35.ProportionofbilateralofficialdevelopmentassistanceofOECD/DACdonorsthatisuntied

36.ODAreceivedinlandlockeddevelopingcountriesasaproportionoftheirgrossnationalincomes

37.ODAreceivedinsmallislanddevelopingStatesasaproportionoftheirgrossnationalincomes

Market Access38.Proportionoftotaldevelopedcountryimports(byvalueand

excludingarms)fromdevelopingcountriesandleastdevelopedcountries,admittedfreeofduty

39.Averagetariffsimposedbydevelopedcountriesonagriculturalproductsandtextilesandclothingfromdevelopingcountries



fortheSustainableDevelopmentofSmallIslandDevelopingStatesandtheoutcomeofthetwenty-secondspecialsessionoftheGeneralAssembly)

Target 15:Dealcomprehensivelywiththedebtproblemsofdevelopingcoun-triesthroughnationalandinterna-tionalmeasuresinordertomakedebtsustainableinthelongterm

40.AgriculturalsupportestimateforOECDcountriesasapercentageoftheirgrossdomesticproduct

41.ProportionofODAprovidedtohelpbuildtradecapacity

Debt Sustainability42.TotalnumberofcountriesthathavereachedtheirHIPCdecision

pointsandnumberthathavereachedtheirHIPCcompletionpoints(cumulative)

43.DebtreliefcommittedunderHIPCInitiative

44.Debtserviceasapercentageofexportsofgoodsandservices

Target 16:Incooperationwithdevelopingcountries,developandimplementstrategiesfordecentandproductiveworkforyouth

45.Unemploymentrateofyoungpeopleaged15-24years,eachsexandtotal

Target 17:Incooperationwithpharmaceuticalcompanies,provideaccesstoaffordableessentialdrugsindevelopingcountries

46.Proportionofpopulationwithaccesstoaffordableessentialdrugsonasustainablebasis

Target 18:Incooperationwiththeprivatesector,makeavailablethebenefitsofnewtechnologies,especiallyinformationandcommunications

47.Telephonelinesandcellularsubscribersper100population

48.a.Personalcomputersinuseper100population

48.b.Internetusersper100population


Annex2Definitions of MDG IndicatorsINDICATOR 1. Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day. Proportionofpopulationbelow$1perdayisthepercentageofthepopulationlivingonlessthan$1.08adayat1993internationalprices.

INDICATOR 2. Poverty gap ratio (incidence multiplied by depth of poverty). Povertygapratioisthemeandistanceseparatingthepopulationfromthepovertyline(withthenon-poorbeinggivenadistanceofzero),expressedasapercentageofthepovertyline.

INDICATOR 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption. Shareofthepoorestquintileinnationalconsumptionistheincomethataccruestothepoorestfifthofthepopulation.

INDICATOR 4. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age. Prevalenceof(moderatelyorseverely)underweightchildrenisthepercentageofchildrenunderfiveyearsoldwhoseweightforageislessthanminustwostandarddeviationsfromthemedianfortheinternationalreferencepopulationages0–59months.

INDICATOR 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption. Proportionofthepopulationbelowtheminimumlevelofdietaryenergyconsumptionisthepercentageofthepopulationwhosefoodintakefallsbelowtheminimumlevelofdietaryenergyrequirements.This is also referred to as the prevalence of under-nourishment, which is the percentage of thepopulationthatisundernourished.

INDICATOR 6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education. Netprimaryenrolmentratioistheratioofthenumberofchildrenofofficialschoolage(asdefinedbythenationaleducationsystem)whoareenrolledinprimaryschooltothetotalpopulationofchildrenofofficialschoolage.

INDICATOR 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5. Theproportionofpupilsstartinggrade1whoreachgrade5,knownasthesurvivalratetograde5,isthepercentageofacohortofpupilsenrolledingrade1oftheprimarylevelofeducationinagivenschoolyearwhoareexpectedtoreachgrade5.

INDICATOR 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds. Literacy rate of 15–24 year-olds, or the youthliteracyrate,isthepercentageofthepopulation15–24yearsoldwhocanbothreadandwritewithunderstandingashortsimplestatementoneverydaylife.

INDICATOR 9. Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education. Ratioofgirlstoboysinprimary,secondaryandtertiaryeducationistheratioofthenumberoffemalestudentsenrolledatprimary,secondaryandtertiarylevelsinpublicandprivateschoolstothenumberofmalestudents.

INDICATOR 10. Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old. Theratioofliteratewomentomen,15-24yearsold(literacygenderparityindex)istheratioofthefemaleliteracyratetothemaleliteracyratefortheagegroup15-24.

INDICATOR 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector. Theshareofwomeninwageemploymentinthenon-agriculturalsectoristheshareoffemaleworkersinthenon-agriculturalsectorexpressedasapercentageoftotalemploymentinthesector.Thenon-agriculturalsectorincludesindustryandservices.


INDICATOR 12. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament. The proportion ofseatsheldbywomeninnationalparliamentsisthenumberofseatsheldbywomenexpressedasapercentageofalloccupiedseats.

INDICATOR 13. Under-five mortality rate. Theunder-fivemortalityrateistheprobability(expressedasarateper1,000livebirths)ofachildborninaspecifiedyeardyingbeforereachingtheageoffiveifsubjecttocurrentage-specificmortalityrates.

INDICATOR 14. Infant mortality rate. Theinfantmortalityrateistypicallydefinedasthenumberofinfantsdyingbeforereachingtheageofoneyearper1,000livebirthsinagivenyear.

INDICATOR 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles. Theproportionof1-year-oldchildrenimmunisedagainstmeaslesisthepercentageofchildrenunderoneyearofagewhohavereceivedatleastonedoseofmeaslesvaccine.

INDICATOR 16. Maternal mortality ratio. Thematernalmortalityratioisthenumberofwomenwhodiefromanycauserelatedtooraggravatedbypregnancyoritsmanagement(excludingaccidentalorincidentalcauses)duringpregnancyandchildbirthorwithin42daysofterminationofpregnancy,irrespectiveofthedurationandsiteofthepregnancy,per100,000livebirths.

INDICATOR 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel. The proportion ofbirthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel isthepercentageofdeliveriesattendedbypersonneltrainedtogivethenecessarysupervision,careandadvicetowomenduringpregnancy,labourandthepost-partumperiod;toconductdeliveriesontheirown;andtocarefornewborns.Skilledhealthpersonnel includeonly thosewhoareproperly trainedandwhohaveappropriateequipmentanddrugs.Traditionalbirthattendants,eveniftheyhavereceivedashorttrainingcourse,arenottobeincluded.

INDICATOR 18. HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years. HIVprevalenceamong15-24year-oldpregnantwomenisthepercentageofpregnantwomenages15-24whosebloodsamplestestpositiveforHIV.

INDICATOR 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate. Condomuserateofthecontraceptiveprevalencerateisthenumberofwomenaged15-49yearsinmaritalorconsensualunionswhoarepracticingcontraceptionbyusingcondomsasaproportionofallofwomenofthesameagegroupinconsensualunionswhoarepracticing,orwhosesexualpartnersarepracticing,anyformofcontraception.

INDICATOR 19a. Condom use at last high-risk sex. Condom use at last high-risk sexisthepercentageofyoungpeopleages15-24 reporting theuseofacondomduringsexual intercoursewithanon-regularsexualpartnerinthelast12months.

INDICATOR 19b. Percentage of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Percentageofpopulationaged15-24yearswithcomprehensivecorrectknowledgeofHIV/AIDS is theshareofwomenandmenaged15-24yearswhocorrectly identify thetwomajorwaysofpreventingthesexualtransmissionofHIV(usingcondomsandlimitingsextoonefaithful,uninfectedpartner),whorejectthetwomostcommonlocalmisconceptionsaboutHIVtransmissionandwhoknowthatahealthy-lookingpersoncantransmitHIV.

INDICATOR 19c. Contraceptive prevalence rate. Thecontraceptiveprevalencerateisthepercentageofwomenwhoarepractising,orwhosesexualpartnersarepractising,anyformofcontraception.Itisusuallyreportedforwomenages15-49inmaritalorconsensualunions.

INDICATOR 20. Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years. Strictlydefined,thenumberofchildrenorphanedbyHIV/AIDSistheestimatednumber


ofchildrenwhohavelosttheirmother,fatherorbothparentstoAIDSbeforeage15.Inpractice,theimpactoftheAIDSepidemiconorphansismeasuredthroughtheratiooforphanstonon-orphanswhoareinschool.

INDICATOR 21. Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria. Prevalenceofmalariaisthenumberofcasesofmalariaper100,000people.Deathratesassociatedwithmalariareferstothenumberofdeathscausedbymalariaper100,000people.

INDICATOR 22. Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures. Malariapreventionismeasuredasthepercentageofchildrenages0-59monthssleepingunderinsecticide-treatedbed-nets.Malariatreatmentamongchildrenismeasuredastheproportionofchildrenages0-59monthswhowereillwithfeverinthetwoweeksbeforethesurveyandwhoreceivedappropriateanti-malarialdrugs.

INDICATOR 23. Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis. Tuberculosisprevalenceisthenumberofcasesoftuberculosisper100,000people.Deathratesassociatedwithtuberculosisreferstothenumberofdeathscausedbytuberculosisper100,000people.Atuberculosiscase isdefinedasapatientinwhomtuberculosishasbeenbacteriologicallyconfirmedordiagnosedbyaclinician.

INDICATOR 24. Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course DOTS (Internationally recommended TB control strategy). Thetuberculosisdetection rate is the percentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosis cases detected undertheinternationallyrecommendedtuberculosiscontrolstrategyDOTS.DOTScombinesfiveelements-political commitment, microscopy services, drug supplies, surveillance and monitoring systemsand use of highly efficacious regimes-with direct observation of treatment.The cure rate is thepercentageofnew,registeredsmear-positive(infectious)casesthatwerecuredorinwhichafullcourseofDOTSwascompleted.Atuberculosiscaseisdefinedasapatientinwhomtuberculosishasbeenbacteriologicallyconfirmedordiagnosedbyaclinician.

INDICATOR 25. Proportion of land area covered by forest. Theproportionoflandareacoveredbyforestistheforestareasasashareoftotallandarea,wherelandareaisthetotalsurfaceareaofthecountrylesstheareacoveredbyinlandwaters,suchasmajorriversandlakes.AsdefinedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsinGlobalForestResourcesAssessment,2000,forestincludesbothnaturalforestsandforestplantations.Itreferstolandwithanexistingorexpectedtreecanopyofmorethan10percentandanareaofmorethan0.5hectarewherethetreesshouldbeabletoreachaminimumheightoffivemetres.Forestsareidentifiedbyboththepresenceoftreesandtheabsenceofotherlanduses.Landfromwhichforesthasbeenclearedbutthatwillbereforestedintheforeseeablefutureisincluded.Excludedarestandsoftreesestablishedprimarilyforagriculturalproduction,suchasfruittreeplantations.

INDICATOR 26. Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area. Theratioofareaprotectedtomaintainbiologicaldiversitytosurfaceareaisdefinedasnationallyprotectedareaasapercentageoftotalsurfaceareaofacountry.ThegenerallyacceptedIUCN-WorldConservationUnion definition of a protected area is an area of land or sea dedicated to the protection andmaintenanceofbiologicaldiversityandofnaturalandassociatedculturalresourcesandmanagedthroughlegalorothereffectivemeans.

INDICATOR 27. Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP). Energyuse(kilogramoilequivalent)per$1grossdomesticproduct(PPP)iscommercialenergyusemeasuredinunitsofoilequivalentper$1ofgrossdomesticproductconvertedfromnationalcurrenciesusingpurchasingpowerparityconversionfactors.

INDICATOR 28. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs (ODP tons). Carbon dioxide emissions per capita is the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted


byacountryasaconsequenceofhuman(productionandconsumption)activities,dividedbythepopulationofthecountry. IntheglobalcarbondioxideemissionestimatesoftheCarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenterofOakRidgeNationalLaboratoryintheUnitedStates,thecalculatedcountryemissionsofcarbondioxideincludeemissionsfromconsumptionofsolid,liquidandgasfuels;cementproduction;andgasflaring.NationalreportingtotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,whichfollowstheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeguidelines,isbasedonnationalemissioninventoriesandcoversallsourcesofanthropogeniccarbondioxideemissionsaswellascarbonsinks(suchasforests).

Consumptionofozone-depletingchlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)inODP(ozone-depletingpotential)tonsisthesumoftheconsumptionoftheweightedtonsoftheindividualsubstancesinthegroup-metrictonsoftheindividualsubstance(definedintheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer)multipliedbyitsozone-depletingpotential.Anozone-depletingsubstanceisanysubstancecontainingchlorineorbrominethatdestroysthestratosphericozonelayer.Thestratosphericozonelayerabsorbsmostofthebiologicallydamagingultravioletradiation.

INDICATOR 29. Proportion of population using solid fuels. Proportionofpopulationusingsolidfuelsistheproportionofthepopulationthatreliesonbiomass(wood,charcoal,cropresiduesanddung)andcoalastheprimarysourceofdomesticenergyforcookingandheating.

INDICATOR 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural. Theproportionofthepopulationwithsustainableaccesstoan improvedwatersource,urbanandrural,isthepercentageofthepopulationwhouseanyofthefollowingtypesofwater supply fordrinking:pipedwater,public tap,boreholeorpump,protectedwell,protectedspringorrainwater.Improvedwatersourcesdonotincludevendor-providedwater,bottledwater,tankertrucksorunprotectedwellsandsprings.

INDICATOR 31. Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural. Proportion of the urban and rural population with access to improved sanitation refers to thepercentageofthepopulationwithaccesstofacilitiesthathygienicallyseparatehumanexcretafromhuman,animalandinsectcontact.Facilitiessuchassewersorseptictanks,poor-flushlatrinesandsimplepitorventilatedimprovedpitlatrinesareassumedtobeadequate,providedthattheyarenotpublic,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationandUnitedNationsChildren’sFund’sGlobalWaterSupplyandSanitationAssessment2000Report.Tobeeffective,facilitiesmustbecorrectlyconstructedandproperlymaintained.

INDICATOR 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure. Theproportion of households with access to secure tenure is1minusthepercentageoftheurbanpopulationthatlivesinslums.Secure tenure referstohouseholdsthatownorarepurchasingtheirhomes,arerentingprivatelyorareinsocialhousingorsubtenancy.Householdswithoutsecuretenurearedefinedassquatters (whetherornottheypayrent),homelessandhouseholds with no formal agreement.

UN-HABITATdefinesaslum householdasagroupofindividualslivingunderthesameroofwholackoneormore(insomecities,twoormore)ofthefollowingconditions:securityoftenure,structuralqualityanddurabilityofdwellings,accesstosafewater,accesstosanitationfacilitiesandsufficientlivingarea.

INDICATOR 33. Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors gross national income. Officialdevelopmentassistancecomprisesgrantsor loans todevelopingcountriesandterritoriesontheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment/DevelopmentAssistanceCommittee (OECD/DAC) listofaid recipients thatareundertakenby theofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveandatconcessionalfinancialterms(ifaloan,havingagrantelementofatleast25percent).Technical


cooperationisincluded.Grants,loansandcreditsformilitarypurposesareexcluded.AlsoexcludedisaidtomoreadvanceddevelopingandtransitioncountriesasdeterminedbyDAC.

Donors’grossnationalincome(GNI)atmarketpricesisthesumofgrossprimaryincomesreceivablebyresidentinstitutionalunitsandsectors.GNIatmarketpriceswascalledgrossnationalproduct(GNP)inthe1993SystemofNationalAccounts.Incontrasttogrossdomesticproduct(GDP),GNIisaconceptofincome(primaryincome)ratherthanvalueadded.

INDICATOR 34. Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation). Official development assistance comprises grants or loans todeveloping countries and territoriesontheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteelistofaidrecipientsthatareundertakenbytheofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveandatconcessionalfinancialterms(ifaloan,havingagrantelementofatleast25percent).Technicalcooperationisincluded.Grants,loansandcreditsformilitarypurposesareexcluded.AlsoexcludedisaidtomoreadvanceddevelopingandtransitioncountriesasdeterminedbyDAC.Bilateralofficialdevelopmentassistanceisfromonecountrytoanother.Basiceducationcomprisesprimaryeducation,basiclifeskillsforyouthandadultsandearlychildhoodeducation.Primaryhealthcareincludesbasichealthcare,basichealthinfrastructure,basicnutrition,infectiousdiseasecontrol,healtheducationandhealthpersonneldevelopment.

INDICATOR 35. Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC donors that is untied. Officialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)comprisesgrantsorloanstodevelopingcountriesandterritoriesontheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteelistofaidrecipientsthatareundertakenbytheofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveand at concessional financial terms (if a loan, having a grant element of at least 25 per cent).Technical cooperation is included. Grants, loans and credits for military purposes are excluded.Alsoexcluded isaid tomoreadvanceddevelopingand transitioncountriesasdeterminedby theCommittee.Bilateralofficialdevelopmentassistanceisfromonecountrytoanother.Untiedbilateralofficialdevelopmentassistanceisassistancefromcountrytocountryforwhichtheassociatedgoodsandservicesmaybefullyandfreelyprocuredinsubstantiallyallcountries.

INDICATOR 36. ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of their gross national incomes. Officialdevelopmentassistancecomprisesgrantsorloanstodevelopingcountriesand territories on the OECD Development Assistance Committee list of aid recipients that areundertakenbytheofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveandatconcessionalfinancialterms(ifaloan,havingagrantelementofatleast25percent).Technicalcooperationisincluded.Grants,loansandcreditsformilitarypurposesareexcluded.AlsoexcludedisaidtomoreadvanceddevelopingandtransitioncountriesasdeterminedbyDAC.

Recipientcountries’grossnationalincome(GNI)atmarketpricesisthesumofgrossprimaryincomesreceivablebyresidentinstitutionalunitsandsectors.GNIatmarketpriceswascalledgrossnationalproduct(GNP)inthe1993SystemofNationalAccounts.Incontrasttogrossdomesticproduct(GDP),GNIisaconceptofincome(primaryincome)ratherthanvalueadded.

INDICATOR 37. ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of their gross national incomes. Officialdevelopmentassistancecomprisesgrantsorloanstodevelopingcountriesand territories on the OECD Development Assistance Committee list of aid recipients that areundertakenbytheofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveandatconcessionalfinancialterms(ifaloan,havingagrantelementofatleast25percent).Technicalcooperationisincluded.Grants,loansandcreditsformilitarypurposesareexcluded.AlsoexcludedisaidtomoreadvanceddevelopingandtransitioncountriesasdeterminedbyDAC.Recipient countries’ gross national income at market prices is the sum of gross primary incomes


receivablebyresidentinstitutionalunitsandsectors.GNIatmarketpriceswascalledgrossnationalproduct inthe1993SystemofNationalAccounts. Incontrasttogrossdomesticproduct,GNI isaconceptofincome(primaryincome)ratherthanvalueadded.

INDICATOR 38. Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries, admitted free of duty. Imports andimportedvalueofgoods(merchandise)aregoodsthataddtothestockofmaterialresourcesofacountrybyenteringitseconomicterritory.Goodssimplybeingtransportedthroughacountry(goodsintransit)ortemporarilyadmitted(exceptforgoodsforinwardprocessing)donotaddtothestockofmaterialresourcesofacountryandarenotincludedininternationalmerchandisetradestatistics.Inmanycases,acountry’seconomicterritorylargelycoincideswithitscustomsterritory,whichistheterritoryinwhichthecustomslawsofacountryapplyinfull.

Goods admitted free of duties are exports of goods (excluding arms) received from developingcountriesandadmittedwithouttariffstodevelopedcountries.

INDICATOR 39. Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries. Average tariffs are the simple average of allapplied ad valorem tariffs (tariffs based on the value of the import) applicable to the bilateralimportsofdevelopedcountries.Agriculturalproductscompriseplantandanimalproducts,includingtreecropsbutexcludingtimberandfishproducts.Clothingandtextilesincludenaturalandsyntheticfibbersandfabricsandarticlesofclothingmadefromthem.

INDICATOR 40. Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their gross domestic product. Agricultural support is the annual monetary value of all gross transfers fromtaxpayersandconsumers,bothdomesticandforeign(intheformofsubsidiesarisingfrompolicymeasures that support agriculture), netof theassociatedbudgetary receipts, regardless of theirobjectivesandimpactsonfarmproductionandincome,orconsumptionoffarmproducts.

Foragriculturalproducts,thetotalsupportestimaterepresentstheoveralltaxpayerandconsumercostsofagriculturalpolicies.WhenexpressedasapercentageofGDP,thetotalsupportestimateisanindicatorofthecosttotheeconomyasawhole.

INDICATOR 41. Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity. Official developmentassistancecomprisesgrantsorloanstodevelopingcountriesandterritoriesontheOECDDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteelistofaidrecipientsthatareundertakenbytheofficialsectorwithpromotionofeconomicdevelopmentandwelfareasthemainobjectiveandatconcessionalfinancialterms(ifaloan,havingagrantelementofatleast25percent).Technicalcooperationisincluded.Grants,loansandcreditsformilitarypurposesareexcluded.AlsoexcludedisaidtomoreadvanceddevelopingandtransitioncountriesasdeterminedbyDAC.

INDICATOR 42. Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative). TheHIPCdecisionpointisthedateatwhichaheavilyindebtedpoorcountrywithanestablishedtrackrecordofgoodperformanceunderadjustment programmes supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bankcommitstoundertakeadditionalreformsandtodevelopandimplementapovertyreductionstrategy.

TheHIPCcompletionpointisthedateatwhichthecountrysuccessfullycompletesthekeystructuralreformsagreedatthedecisionpoint,includingthedevelopmentandimplementationofitspovertyreductionstrategy.ThecountrythenreceivesthebulkofdebtreliefundertheHIPCInitiativewithoutanyfurtherpolicyconditions.

INDICATOR 43. Debt relief committed under HIPC Initiative. Debt relief committedunderHIPCInitiative (in United States dollars) as a component of official development assistance has been


recorded in differentways over time. Up through 1992, forgiveness of non-official developmentassistancedebtthatmetthetestsofofficialdevelopmentassistancewasreportableasODA.During1990-1992itremainedreportableaspartofacountry’sODA,butwasexcludedfromtheDevelopmentAssistanceCommitteetotal.Since1993,forgivenessofdebtoriginallyintendedformilitarypurposeshas been reportable as “other official flows”,while forgiveness of other non-ODA loans (mainlyexportcredits)recordedasODAhasbeenincludedinbothcountrydataandtotalCommitteeODA,asitwasuntil1989.

INDICATOR 44. Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services. Externaldebtservicerefers toprincipal repayments and interestpaymentsmade tonon-residents in foreigncurrency,goodsorservices.Long-termreferstodebtthathasanoriginalorextendedmaturityofmorethanoneyear.

Exportsofgoodsandservicescomprisesales,barterorgiftsorgrantsofgoodsandservicesfromresidents tonon-residents.Whereexportsofgoodsarevalued f.o.b., thecostsof transportationand insuranceupto theborderof theexportingcountryare included inexportsofgoods.Othertransactionsinvolvingamixtureofgoodsandservices,suchasexpendituresbyforeigntravellersinthedomesticmarket,mayallhavetoberecordedunderservicesintherestoftheworldaccount.Exportreceiptsalongwithworkerremittancesreceivedfromabroadprovidetheforeignexchangeproceedsformeetingexternaldebtserviceobligations.

INDICATOR 45. Unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 years, each sex and total. Unemploymentrateofyoungpeopleaged15-24yearsisthenumberofunemployedpeopleages15-24dividedbythelabourforceofthesameagegroup.Unemployedpeopleareallthosewhoarenotemployedduringaspecifiedreferenceperiodbutareavailableforworkandhavetakenconcretestepstoseekpaidemploymentorself-employment.Insituationswheretheconventionalmeansofseekingworkareoflimitedrelevance,wherethelabourmarketislargelyunorganizedoroflimitedscope,wherelabourabsorptionistemporarilyinadequateorwherethelabourforceislargelyselfemployed,arelaxeddefinitionofunemploymentcanbeapplied,basedononlythefirsttwocriteria(withoutworkandcurrentlyavailableforwork).

The labour forceconsistsof thosewhoareemployedplus thosewhoareunemployedduring therelevantreferenceperiod.Itistheeconomicallyactiveportionofthepopulation.Employmentreferstobeingengagedinaneconomicactivityduringaspecifiedreferenceperiodorbeingtemporarilyabsentfromsuchanactivity,whileeconomicactivityreferstotheproductionofgoodsandservicesforpayorprofitorforusebyownhousehold.

INDICATOR 46. Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis. Theproportionofpopulationwithaccesstoaffordableessentialdrugsonasustainablebasisisthepercentageofthepopulationthathasaccesstoaminimumof20mostessentialdrugs.Accessisdefinedashavingdrugscontinuouslyavailableandaffordableatpublicorprivatehealthfacilitiesordrugoutletsthatarewithinonehour’swalkofthepopulation.Essentialdrugsaredrugsthatsatisfythehealthcareneedsofthemajorityofthepopulation.

INDICATOR 47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population. Telephonelinesrefertothenumberoftelephonelinesconnectingsubscribers’terminalequipmenttothepublicswitchednetworkandthathaveadedicatedportinthetelephoneexchangeequipment.

Cellular subscribers refers to users of cellular telephones who subscribe to an automatic publicmobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network usingcellulartechnology.

INDICATOR 48. Personal computers in use per 100 population; Internet users per 100 population. Personalcomputers(PCs)arecomputersdesignedtobeoperatedbyasingleuseratatime.

CHIEF ADVISER - UNDP...GOAL 6 Combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases Target 7 Halt and...

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