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Transcript of Chf For Twu Jlh
NURS 5263 Introduction to Chronic Heart Failure
Janet L. Harris BSN, RN Denise Winiarski MSN, RN
Cheryl Holcomb BSN, RN Kay Hewitt BSN, RN
Student Resources
Brunner, L. S., Suddarth, D. S., & Smeltzer, S. C. (2008). Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.– Chapter 26: Assessment of Cardiovascular Function– Chapter 30: Management of Patients with
Complications from Heart Disease
Objectives
• Explain normal and abnormal pathophysiology of the heart in relation to chronic heart failure.
• Differentiate between left and right sided heart failure.
• Discuss current medical treatments for patients with heart failure.
• Discuss common teaching principles related to heart failure.
• Utilize the nursing process as a framework for care in patients with heart failure.
• Demonstrate competent and compassionate nursing care for the heart failure patient.
Stroke Volume
• The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per beat.
• Average resting SV is 60-80 ml (2 Ounces) per beat.
Cardiac Output
• CO – the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute.
• Normal CO = 5 Liters per min• CO = Heart rate X stroke volume• The entire blood volume passes through
the heart every minute
Starling’s Law of the Heart
• The greater the stretch of the myocardial fibers, the stronger the force of the contraction.
Inotropic effect
• Positive inotropic effect – increase stroke volume by increasing the force of contraction without stretching the fibers.– Digitalis
• Negative Inotropic Effect – decrease in contraction
Congestive Heart Failure
• Heart is unable to pump adequate amount of blood to meet metabolic needs
• CHF describes the accumulation of blood and fluid in organs and tissues from impaired circulation.
http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/library/fs_heart_failure.htm
HF Video
Preload
• The amount of blood presented to the ventricles just before systole.
• Blood volume - stretches cardiac muscle fibers
• Ventricular compliance – the elasticity or amount of give when blood enters ventricle.– Ventricular hypertrophy = decreased
ventricular compliance
Afterload
• The amount of resistance to the ejection of blood from the ventricle.
• Resistance caused by tension in aorta and systemic vessels.
Contractility
• The force of contraction• Catecholamines – released by SNS,
increases contractility and stroke volume• MI = myocardial cell damage = decreased
contractility = HF
Test Your Knowledge
Stroke Volume of the heart is determined by:
a. The degree of cardiac muscle strength.b. The intrinsic contractility of the cardiac
muscle.c. The pressure gradient against which the
muscle ejects blood during contraction.d. All of the above
Heart Failure
• The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients
Compensatory Mechanisms:• Ventricular dilation– Muscle fibers stretch.. Increase contractile force– Increases cardiac output / blood pressure– Eventually inadequate
…overstretched/overstrained• Ventricular hypertrophy– Increase in muscle mass– Hypertrophic muscle has POOR contractility
• Increased SNS stimulation• First mechanism triggered• LEAST EFFECTIVE mechanism• Increased workload causes increased
demand for O2
Chronic Heart Failure
Pathology of Ventricular Failure:oSystolic
failure
Chronic Heart Failure
Diastolic failureHeart muscle that
doesn’t relax properly between beats. This is called diastolic heart failure.
Chronic Heart Failure • Risk Factors:– *HYPERTENSION– Diabetes– Cigarette smoking– Obesity– High cholesterol level
What conditions might contribute to HF?
Slide 119
• Hypertension• Tachydysrhythmias• Valvular disease• Cardiomyopathy• Renal failure
Hypertension, tachydysrhythmias, valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, and renal failure reduce C/O by:
1.
2.
3.
Chronic Heart Failure
Types of CHF:• Usually manifested by biventricular
failure• One ventricle may precede the other• Prolonged strain …. causes remaining
side to fail
Left-Sided Heart Failure
• Results from LV dysfunction
• Blood backs up into LEFT atrium
• Pulmonary congestion and edema
Left Sided CHF
• What are the Signs & Symptoms?
S & S Left Sided HF
– Pulmonary symptoms– Cough, may have frothy sputum– SOB– Orthopnea– Crackles on auscultation– Tachycardia– Extra Heart Sound - S3
S3 Heart Sound Audio
Lung Sounds – Crackles Audio
Pulmonary Edema
Acute Pulmonary Edema• Pulmonary edema :
Severe dyspnea, orthopnea
• Tachycardia, pallor• Blood tinged frothy
sputum• Wheezing, crackles• Bubbling respirations• Acute anxiety,
apprehension, restlessness
• Diaphoresis cold clammy skin
• Cyanosis• Nasal faring• Use of accessory muscles• Tachypnea• Hypocapnia evidenced by
muscle cramps, weakness, dizziness
Right-Sided Failure
• What is #1 Cause? • Results from diseased right
ventricle• Blood backs up into right atrium and venous circulationS & S:
S & S Right Sided Failure
• Peripheral edema• Hepatomegaly• Splenomegaly• Vascular congestion in GI tract• Jugular venous distention• ABD distention (ascites) from portal
hypertension
Cor Pulmonale
Test Your Knowledge
When collecting subjective data, the nurse could expect that the client who is developing left-sided congestive heart failure would describe having:
a. to sleep in a reclining chair b. intolerance for fatty foods c. tight fitting shoes d. to urinate frequently
Test Your Knowledge
All of the following are clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure except:
a. Hepatomegalyb. Jugular vein distentionc. Ascitesd. Orthopnea
Ejection Fraction
The percentage of blood the LV ejects when it contracts
• Normal = 55% - 65%• Mild reduction = 45-55%• Moderately reduced =
35-45%• Severely reduced = < 35%
BNP• Brain (B-Type) Natriuretic Peptide• Helps regulate BP and fluid volume• Secreted from the ventricles in response
to increased preload• Used to diagnose and monitor HF• > 51.2 pg/mL = mild HF• > 1000 pg/mL = severe HF
Managementof CHF and Pulmonary Edema
• Reduce the heart’s workload
• Improve cardiac output
How do we do that?
Drug Therapy for Chronic HF
Goals: • Identification of TYPE of HF and
underlying cause• Correction of Na+ and water
retention• Reduction of cardiac workload• Improvement of cardiac
contractility
Drug Categories for Treating CHF
Drug Categories for Treating HF • Standard TX:
– Diuretics– ACE inhibitors– Beta Blockers
• Other drugs used:– Cardiac Glycosides (Positive inotropic drugs) [Digoxin]– Vasodilator drugs [Nitroprusside]– Nonglycoside inotropic Agents (Dobutrex)
• See Brunner pgs 952-956
Review HF Medication Therapy Handout
Test Your Knowledge
A client admitted with heart failure who is taking a thiazide diuretic has been ordered to receive furosemide (Lasix). What side effect of these medications should the nurse be alert for?
a. Hypertension b. Headache c. Bradycardia d. Arrhythmias
Test Your KnowledgeThe treatment of cardiac failure is directed
at:a. Decreasing oxygen needs of the heartb. Increasing CO by strengthening muscle
contraction and decreasing PVRc. Reducing the amount of circulating
blood volumed. All of the above
Test Your Knowledge
The physiologic effect of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in the management of congestive heart failure includes which of the following: (Mark all that apply)
a. Decrease peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) b. Decrease in heart rate c. Increase myocardial contractility d. Decrease in afterload
Nursing Diagnoses for HF
• Name some Nursing Diagnoses for HF
Nursing Interventions for Patient with HF
Test Your Knowledge
If a client with left sided heart failure experiences paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, which one of the following would be most appropriate to add to the plan of care?
a. Place the client on an alternating pressure mattress b. Use several pillows to support the head and thorax c. Administer oxygen per nasal cannula at bedtime d. Cough forcefully to expectorate accumulated
secretions
NYHA Heart Classification System ACC/AHA Staging System
Class I — Mild• No limitation of activity• No symptoms with normal activity
Stage A• No structural abnormality of the heart• No symptoms of HF
Class II — Mild• Slight limitation of activity• Comfortable with rest or mild exertion
Stage B• Structural abnormality of the heart• No symptoms of HF
Class III — Moderate• Marked limitation of activity• Comfortable only at rest
Stage C• Structural abnormality of the heart• Some symptoms of HF
Class IV — Severe• Complete rest is required; confined to bed or chair• Any activity brings discomfort; symptoms occur at rest
Stage D• Structural abnormality of the heart• Symptoms of HF that do not respond well to normal treatment
NYHA = New York Heart Association AHA = American Heart AssociationACC = American College of Cardiology
Resources
• Lehne, R.A., Pharmacology For Nursing Care, 7th Edition, 2010, Elsevier
• Brunner, L. S., Suddarth, D. S., & Smeltzer, S. C. (2008). Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.