Chennai Oral With Ans

8/9/2019 Chennai Oral With Ans

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I have answered few question upto my knowledge if required plz do add if anything ismissing

External: Chidambaram SirInternal: GopiKrishnan Sir

Function 4b:1.What is a Viscotherm Is a euipment used !or the control o! "iscosit# and temperature o! a $uid% in particular o! !uel oil. It uses a measurin& capillar# and asmall pump. 'he pump produces a constant !orce the measured liuid throu&h the capillar#. 'he "iscosit# then determined b# ta(in&pressure throu&h the capillar#

).Water *ashin& +rocedure in 'urbochar&er both turbine side and ,lo*er side . -eeds boo(. General

/.0lternati"e Grit Washin& +rocedure 2onot (no*334.2ierence ,et*een 56E and G6E Go"ernor and reason. Wh# constant speed !or 06E

5ain en&ine it is important to maintain a constant load% speed is not a criteria . 7ence the !unction o! the &o"ernor is to maintain aconstant load. Where as the &enerator 8tted on board the main !unction is to maintain a constant !reuenc# thus depended on the rpmo! the &en thus the &o"ernor 8tted on the &enerator is constant speed. 0ccordin& to the I0CS the &o"ernor 8tted on the &eneratorshould pre"ent transient !reuenc# "ariation in electrical euipment should not be more than 19 o! the rated !reuenc#.

;.,lr 0ccumulation 'est and '#pe o! Sa!et# Val"e

0ll sa!et# "al"es are to be set under steam to a pressure not &reater than the appro"ed pressure o! the boiler. 0s a *or(in& tolerancethe settin& is acceptable pro"ided the "al"es li!t at not more than 19/ per cent o! the appro"ed desi&n pressure. 2urin& a test o! 1;minutes *ith the stop "al"es closed and under !ull 8rin& conditions the accumulation o! pressure is not to exceed 19 o! the desi&npressure. 2urin& this test no more !eed *ater is to be supplied than is necessar# to maintain a sa!e *or(in& *ater le"el. 'heaccumulation test is carried out to chec( the capacit# o! the sa!et# "6" and duration o! the test is


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).'#pes o! 7eat Exchan&ers5ac Geor&e boo(.

/.FWG Condensor and E"aporator Cleanin&Cleanin& procedure "aries *ith the t#pe o! FWG. 7o*e"er the condenser should be cleaned e"er# =monthl# and e"aporator should be

cleanin& should be done e"er# / monthl# as a thumb rule.In a plate t#pe

• 'he pump should be stopped% "accum released and the FWG is drained. Shell co"er opened.

• 5easurements ha"e to be ta(en !rom the end plate to the shell or to the end to the bolt and these measurements are noted !orre!erence.

• 'he end plate nuts ha"e to be loosened e"enl# and the end plate remo"ed

• Bo* the plates ha"e to be remo"ed and care should be ta(en to note the order o! the plates arran&ements

• 0!ter cleanin& the plates all the &as(ets to be chec(ed and the plates arran&ed in the same order as ta(en out.

• End plates put bac( and the bolts e"enl# ti&htened to the measurements *hich *as ta(en be!ore.

• Bo* the CW inlet to the FWG is opened slo*l# and then e"aporator is chec(ed !or lea(a&es. 'hen same procedure is carried out !or the condenser.

4.-e!ri&erator suction pipe cold and icein& is !ound on the pipe sur!ace What is the reason

• 'hermostatic "al"e not *or(in& properl#.

• 'hermostatic "al"e bulb bro(en

• 'hermostatic "al"e stuc( in open position.

• 5oisture in the s#stem.

• Ail in the s#stem leadin& the stuc(in& o! "al"es.

;.Compressor "al"e lea(in& ho* *ill u 8nd and *hat is the tool used !or lappin&

• ,# conductin& per!ormance test. 'ime ta(en !or 8llin& the air bottle !rom )4barD /9bar is noted and (ept as re!erence an#

increase in time *ill indicate "al"e lea(a&e.

• ,# measurin& the air outlet temperature o! the compressor.

• 0!ter ta(in& the "al"e carr# out a lea( test or +ersian blue test on the "al"e plate and the "al"e seat.

• It is called as lappin& tool in &eneral but I dont (no* the ri&ht name.

=.Emer&enc# Fire +ump not de"elopin& Enou&h +ressure reasons

• Suction "al"e shut partiall#

• Suction 8lter choc(ed.

• 2ischar&e "al"e shut partiall#.

• ) or more 7#drants (ept open on dec(.

• Wear rin& *orn out.

1696)91/Function applied: / 4bSur"e#or: 5rsenthil(umar sir

Function /:1.What is bonean cur"e


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a cur"e !ormed b# plottin& trans"erse sectional areas measured up to each *aterline a&ainst a "ertical axis representin& the *aterlineHthus the hori?ontal distance measured !rom the cur"e to the "ertical axis &i"es the area o! the section !rom the baseline to thatparticular *aterlineH usuall# sets o! cur"es are obtained !or each sectionH these cur"es !acilitate immersed "olume to be obtained !or*aterlines that are not parallel to baseline

).What happens to dra!t *hen ship sail !rom !resh *ater to sea *ater% *h#% i! densit# chan&e *illmass chan&e

2ensit# mass6"olume. 5ass remains a constant thus densit# is in"ersel# proportional to the "olume. 'hus *hen the densit# increase

the "olume decreases and *hen the densit# decreases the "olume increases. Volume is &i"en b# the !ormula J,2ra!t. 'hus in this *ecan &et the chan&e o! "olume is due to the chan&e in the dra!t.

/.2ra* and Explain JA0% J,+ JCF

-eeds boo(.

4.0nnex 1: dischar&e criteria En&ine room pump room dischar&e criteria

Discharges outside special areas

2. 0n# dischar&e into the sea o! oil or oil# mixtures !rom ships o! 499 &ross tonna&e and abo"e shall be prohibited except *hen all the

!ollo*in& conditions are satis8ed:

.1. the ship is proceedin& en routeH

.2. the oil# mixture is processed throu&h an oil 8lterin& euipment meetin& the reuirements o! this 0nnexH

.3. the oil content o! the eLuent *ithout dilution does not exceed 1; parts per millionH

.4. the oil# mixture does not ori&inate !rom car&o pump room bil&es on oil tan(ersH and

.5. the oil# mixture% in case o! oil tan(ers% is not mixed *ith oil car&o residues.

2ischar&es in special areas

0n# dischar&e into the sea o! oil or oil# mixtures !rom ships o! 499 &ross tonna&e and abo"e shall be prohibited except *hen all o! the

!ollo*in& conditions are satis8ed:

.1. the ship is proceedin& en routeH

.2. the oil# mixture is processed throu&h an oil 8lterin& euipment meetin& the reuirements o! re&ulation 14.


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5. Bothin& in this re&ulation shall prohibit a ship on a "o#a&e onl# part o! *hich is in a special area !rom dischar&in& outside a special

area in accordance *ith para&raphs ) o! this re&ulation.

From car&o area o! an oil tan(er

Discharges outside special areas

.1. the tan(er is not *ithin a special areaH

.2. the tan(er is more than ;9 nautical miles !rom the nearest landH

.3. the tan(er is proceedin& en routeH

.4. the instantaneous rate o! dischar&e o! oil content does not exceed /9 litres per nautical mileH

.5. the total uantit# o! oil dischar&ed into the sea does not exceed !or tan(ers deli"ered on or be!ore /1 2ecember 1


5/47

1.What is mean eecti"e pressure

Is a "aluable measurement o! the en&ines capacit# to do *or( that is independent o! the en&ine displacement. It is also called as thea"era&e pressure exerted on the piston durin& the po*er stro(e. 5ean eecti"e pressure depends on the compression ratio% timin& o!!uel inection% amount o! !uel inected !or combustion.

).Where does exhaust &as &oes a!ter turbochar&er

From the turbochar&er to &oes to the EG, or Economiser o! the boiler dependin& on the desi&n and then to the upta(e and thenatmosphere.

/.What all *ill #ou inspect in SC0VEBGE space

• Isolate the en&ine.

• Sca"en&e space to be consider as enclosed spaces hence permit has to be obtained and the atmosphere tested.

• Inspection throu&h sca"en&e space.

• Inspect the piston !or carbon deposit.

• Intact piston cro*n

• Inspect the piston cro*n !or burnin& b# means o! template.

• Jea(a&es such as J.A% *ater% !uel oil.

• +iston rin& inspection !or intact rin&% carbon deposit% !ree mo"ement. +osition o! the butt to be noted and chec(ed each time to8nd out the rin& is rotatin& or not% measure the butt clearance i! possible. I! the piston rin&s r blac( its a indication o! blo*bac(.

• Jiner to be inspected% machinin& mar(s to be seen% c#linder lubricated manual this is chec(ed. General condition o! the

exhaust "al"e and !uel inected can be seen.

• Condition o! the piston rod an# corrosion

• Sca"en&e box slud&e

• Bon return "al"e $ap "al"es inspection

• Water mist catcher inspection !or corrosion% crac(s and drain to be !ree

• ,lo*er $ap used be !ree.

4.2ra* characteristic cur"e o! centri!u&al pump

5ac Geor&e boo(

;.2ra* explain dischar&e "al"e o! !uel pump

=.Explain the principle o! F-ES7 W0'E- GEBW-0'A- to a la#man


6/47

2ate: )96961/Internal: choudhr#

0pplied: all !unction

Function /:

1.annex = re&% documents carried

0nnex = mainl# deals *ith

• Green house &asesNCA) emission% Volatile &ases !rom the car&oO

• BAx% Sox limits N0cid rainO.

• A?one depletion.

• Fuel oil ualit#

7ence documents carried on board are

BAx technical 8le% EI0++ certi8cate% I0++ certi8cate.

Fuel oil ,2B.

Incinerator t#pe appro"al certi8cate.

0nnex = record boo(. Which (eeps a record o! all A2+ &as such as re! &ases on board -A,. Consumption o! JS7FA. Start o! chan&e o"er-A, be!ore and a!ter consumption.

Ship ener e>cienc# mana&ement plan NSEE5+O.

).IS5% doc carried

International sa!et# mana&ement. It *as de"eloped !or

• 'o ensure sa!et# procedure on board

• 'o pre"ent human inur#

• 'o a"oid dama&es to en"ironment

• 'o a"oid dama&e to propert#

IS5 became mandator# in 1@. IS5 consist o! t*o parts +art 0 and +art ,

+art 0 are mandator# and consist o! 1) elements

+art , are certi8cation and "eri8cation.


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11/47

.2. 4; R nND9.)O &6(Wh *hen n is 1/9 or more but less than )%999 rpmH

.3. .@ &6(Wh *hen n is )%999 rpm or more.

Tier II

constructed on or a!ter 1 anuar# )911 is prohibited% except *hen the emission o! nitro&en oxides Ncalculated as the total *ei&hted

emission o! BA)O !rom the en&ine is *ithin the !ollo*in& limits% *here n rated en&ine speed Ncran(sha!t re"olutions per minuteO:

.1. 14.4 &6(Wh *hen n is less than 1/9 rpmH

.2. 44 R nND9.)/O &6(Wh *hen n is 1/9 or more but less than )%999 rpmH

.3.


12/47

.2. the Borth 0merican areaH and

.3. an# other sea area% includin& an# port area% desi&nated b# the Ar&ani?ation

4. While ships are operatin& *ithin an emission control area% the sulphur content o! !uel oil used on board ships shall not exceed the

!ollo*in& limits:

.1. 1.;9 m6m prior to 1 ul# )919H

.2. 1.99 m6m on and a!ter 1 ul# )919H and

.3. 9.19 m6m on and a!ter 1 anuar# )91;.

=. CA) room *ee(l# chec(.• Exhaust !an and li&htin& in CA) room

• General condition o! the co) bottles.Nsecurin& means% corrosion o! the bottle baseO

• CA) mani!old pressure &au&e this is a indication o! CA) lea(in&

• General condition o! the *ire ropes &reasin& o! the *ire.

• Condition o! the damper *hether it is !ree to close and open.

• 0ir ductin&s in the room.Ncorrosion% duct !ree to operateO

•

Finall# an# *ater accumulation.

Fn 4,:

1.What is bac( pressure "al"e in re!ri&eration plant. 'he re! &as used on board the ship has the abilit# to brin& the temp o! less than D))oc. but in case o! the "e& room the temp reuired is

around 4oc. thus it is not reuired to allo* the re! &as to expand. Since saturatin& temp is directl# proportional to saturation pressure.

'hus bac( pressure "al"e is used to restrict the pressure drop so that the desired temp is obtained. When the pressure is increased b#

bac( pressure "al"e the temp reuired to e"aporate the re! li is also increased. 'his is the main reason !or usin& bac( pressure "al"e in

"e& room. In some text boo( the# also sa# that the bac( pressure "al"e also pre"ents the bac( $o* o! re! !rom meat and 8sh room into

"e& room. Since the temp reuired !or the "e& is less hence the solenoid "al"e is shut *hen the meat room and 8sh room temp is not

attained then there can be a $o* o! re! &as !rom these room into "e& room.

/. Fire point% $ash pointFire point is the lo*est temperature at *hich the "olatile combustible substance produces su>cient "apors *hich continues to burn in

air *hen introduced *ith a source o! i&nition.

Flash point is the lo*est temperature at *hich the "olatile combustible substance produces su>cient "apours *hich produces a

momentar# 8re6$ames *hen introduced *ith a source o! i&nition.

F;:

What is brushless &enerator.5ac Geor&e.

Steerin& &ear motor sa!eties.• A"erload alarm

• Sin&le phasin& protection.

• Emer&enc# po*er source.

• +o*er !ailure alarm.

• 0utomatic chan&e o"er o! motor.

• 'hic(er *indin&s !or the motor% motor *ill burn out on o"erload but *ill not trip.

• -e"erse direction interloc(.Npa*l and ratchet% direction "al"eO


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14/47

I! there is a doubt the oil entered is too much then stop the boiler cool do*n the boiler open the access hole and o"er$o* the boiler.

'hen carr# out chemical cleanin& b# addin& BaA7 and deter&ents and circulate to remo"e the oil. 5anual &i"es the procedure better to

!ollo* the manu!actures instruction.

E6- *atch ta(e o"er procedure.Start !rom the top !or eas# understandin&.

Come atleast 1; min be!ore the *atch time.

Chec(

Fire station room to chec( the air pressure o! uic( closin& "al"e% drain the air bottle and top up the air bottle.

Go outside and chec( the colour o! the smo(e !rom the !unnel

Tse the !unnel door and come in. chec( all the li&htin& are proper

0s *e come do*n chec( *hether the 8re detectors are !unctionin& properl# b# seein& the blin(in& li&ht on the detector.

Chec( the EG, bac(pressure and inlet and outlet temp. circulatin& pump pressures.

0s *e ta(e round chec( all the motor temp b# touch and also "ibration. Chec( the p6p pressures and ampere.

,oiler &au&e &lass blo*do*n.

Chec( boiler pressure and also soot blo* the EG, and ,oiler.

Chec( air bottle pressure and drain the air bottle.

2rain the settlin& tan( and ser"ice tan(.

Chec( the puri8er condition $o* rate% bac( pressure% temp ampere% "ibration manuall# dischar&e the puri8er.

Chec( the suppl# and booster p6p o! m6e% &enerator en&ine% boiler

Chec( the bac(*ash 8lter condition and manuall# bac(*ash the !uel oil 8lters o! 56E and 06E.

Chec( the FWG% "acuum% shell temp% CW inlet and outlet% sea *ater inlet and outlet temp and press chemical dosin&

Chec( the 7' cooler% Jt coolers% Jo cooler inlet and outlet temp and press and also !or lea(a&es

Chec( the runnin& 06E !or exhaust temp% CW temp and press% F. A temp and press% sca"en&e air temp and press% Jo cooler temp and

press. Fuel pump area% '6C chec( !or "ibrations% chec( cran(case door !or lea(a&e. -pm.Chec( S',U 06E !or the primin& p6p runnin&% CW temp% F.A temp and press% startin& air press% *hether in auto and remote startin&.

Chec( the 56E parameter such as CW press% temp% Jo temp and +ress% sca"en&e temp and press% exhaust temp. '6C temp inlet and

outlet. 0ir cooler CW inlet and oulet temp% 0ir inlet and Autlet temp% !uel p6p index. Exhaust "al"e rotation% chec( the drain o! the

sca"en&e box.

Chec( the cascade tan( le"el and temp and also !or oil. ,oiler !eed p6p press and ampere.

0ir compressor oil le"el and *ait to chec( a compressor *ater press% each sta&e air pressure *ater $o* and oil le"el and pressure.

Chec( all sea *ater p6p pressure and ampere. Chec( the 8re p6p is in remote mode and i! an# p6p is in isolated mode.

Chec( the m&ps and the iccp and the sea suction *hich is in use

Chec( the bil&es !or lea(a&e and also le"el. 'a(e o"er$o* tan( soundin&s% bil&e tan(% slud&e tan(% oil# bil&e tan(% 56E Jo sump.

Chec( the oil le"el in stern tube a!t seal and also !*d seal tan( and chec( the p6p press and stern oil temp.

Chec( the emer&enc# escape !or li&htin&.

Chec( the temp o! thrust bearin&% Jo $o* in the intermediate bearin&% piston Jo $o*% touch and !eelin& the cran(case door.

Bo* &o to the steerin& room chec( !or lea(a&e and also an# oil accumulation in the steerin& &ear bil&e.

Chec( the emer&enc# 8re p6p space !or lea(a&es and also li&htin&.Chec( the emer&enc# &enerator room !or lea(a&es and chec( *hether the &enerator is in auto and remote mode.

Come into the ctrl room chec( the load on the &enerator% other &enerators are on standb#% no o! pump runnin& and also the amperes%

chec( *hether the )4 V dc is in stb#. 56E rpm% load% '6c rpm

0larm histor#. 0nd *atch (eepin& note to see the *or( done durin& the pre"ious *atch an# adustments etc3.

5a(e a brie! discussion *ith the other *atch (eeper about the adustments and an# prob !aced durin& his *atch and ta(e o"er the

*atch.

'hese are brie! i! an# point is missed pl? do add.

What chec(s to be made in motors % *hen ta(in& rounds In *atch. 'ouch and !eel the temp.

'a(e a temp &un and chec( the temp o! the bearin& !*d and a!t bearin& o! the motor.

Chec( !or "ibrations.

Chec( the ampere.

Grease the motor *ee(l#.

Stb# motor to be rotated to chec( *hether the# are !ree to rotate.


15/47

sur"e#or: 5r.Cho*dar#5r.Gopi(rishna

date:)96961/

!unction/: 1. ,ul(carrier sa!eties

Solars chapter QII deals *ith additional sa!eties !or bul( carrier

It main deals *ith @ main points.

2ama&e stabilit#NJ1;9 m% ship remains a$oat e"en *ith one car&o hold !ull $ooded *ith car&o densit# 1999K&6m/O

Structural stren&th

Stabilit# boo(letNshould be pro"ided *ith dama&e stabilit# boo(letO

Water in&ress alarmN t*o alarm 1O 9.; m !rom bottom and 1; or not more than )m !rom bottom in the car&o hold%

)O 'an(s !*d o! collision b(d *ith a alarm o! 19 o! the tan( capacit#. 0larm location brid&eO

Joadicator. NJ1;9 m pro"ided *ith so!t*are !or calculatin& the stree and strain on the &ridersO

2e*aterin& !or comparements.Nshould !acilitate remote operation o! "6" !rom brid&e6ctrl room !or pumpin& out o! *ater in

hold or tan(s !*d o! collision b(dO

Solid car&os densit# declaration Nprior loadin& the shipper to declare the densit# o! the car&oO

ES+Nenhanced sur"e# pro&ramONJ1;9m and 19 #rs and abo"eO

). *h# tan(er less !reeboard compare to bul( carrier.

• Car&o densit# o! the tan(er is more or less eual to the sea *ater densit# *hereas car&o densit# in bul( carrier is more than1999(&6m/

• Jon&itudual !ramin& in oil tan(ers *hereas in bul( carriers are trans"erse !ramed becos o! hold space openin&s

• Car&o spaces *ater in&ress chances are less as the dec( openin& are small in oil tan(ers *hereas in bul( carrier dec( open in!orm o! hatches are lar&e hence chance o! *ater in&ress is more%

• +ermeabilit# o! the car&o space in oil tan(er is almost ?ero but in case o! bul( carrier it is considered 9.=;D9.9 dependin& on

car&o. 'hus in case o! *ater there is added *ei&ht.

/. Car&o hold bil&es alarms in bul( carrier *here it *ill indicates.

,rid&e


16/47

56c ctrl room

Car&o ctrl room

!unction 4b:

1. *h# &enerator exhaust &as temperature &oin& hi&h !or a particular unit reasons.

• Exhaust "al"e lea(in&.

• Fuel rac( adusted too much.

• 'imin& adusted earl# inection !uel "al"e.

• Earl# openin& o! exhaust "6".

• 'appet adustment *ron&l# adusted.

• Shims or adustment bolts *ron&l# adusted.

). Generator lube oil $o* explain elaboratel#.

From lo p6p ta(es suction !rom sump

Goes to

Ane branch to

5ain bearin& "ia drill holes into bottom end bearin& and also piston pin and in some cases piston cro*n coolin& bac( to sump.

Jiner lubricated b# means o! splash lubrication !rom the bottom end bearin&.

0nother branch &oes !or cam sha!t lubrication% !uel rac( lubrication% roc(er arm lubrication% '6C bearin&.

/. Generator Jube oil properties.

0ntiDoxidation properties

0ntiD!oamin&

2isperant and deter&ent

7i&h "iscosit# index

7i&h ',B "al"e

0ntiDcorrosi"e

0ble to reduce !riction bet*een mo"in& parts such bearin& lubrication% and also piston liner lubrication.


17/47

!unction ;:1. 7o* man# methods o! parallin&.

'here are ) main method !or parallelin& on board

• S#nchronoscope.

• 'hree lamp method.

We can also lamp method and also "oltmeter !or parallelin& onl# as a emer&enc# method.

). Explain s#nchronoscope detail.

Gi"en in 5ac Geor&e electrical

/. *hat is intrensicall# sa!e.

Euipment is called intrinsicall# sa!e *hen it doesnt produce a spar( or thermal eect *hich is capable o! i&nition a $ammableatmosphere under normal or at !ault condition.

;. -e"erse po*er trip explain.

5ac Geor&e boo(.

=.'rans!ormer *or(in& principle.

5ac Geor&e electrical.

!uction =:4. 56E not startin& *hile &i"in& air% reasons.

• -emember the maneu"erin& dia&ram.

• 0ir bottle "6" not opened.

• 5ain startin& air "al"e shut.

• +ilot air "al"e shut.

• 5ain en&ine ctrl at dierent location.

• -e"ersin& o! distributor not completed.


18/47

• Control air pressure lo*

• Emer&enc# stop acti"ated

• Solenoid "al"es slu&&ish mainl# happens in cold *eather.

• 'urnin& &ear en&a&ed.

• 0ir pressure too lo*.

• Slo* turnin& in acti"ation

• 5ain startin& "a"le stuc(.

• Indicator "al"es not acti"ated not allo*in& the en&ine to &et -ead# 'o Start si&nal.Nmainl# due to "ibration% loose connectionO

;. +uri8er deslud&e operation manuall#.

Stop the oil !eed

Apen the main *ater "al"e

Apen the sealin& *ater !or 19 sec or until *ater can be seen !rom the si&ht &lass

Close the sealin& *ater. Apen the bo*l openin& *ater *e can hear the deslud&e sound close the bo*l openin& *ater.

Apen the bo*l closin& *ater !or 19 sec. open the sealin& *ater and chec( the *ater comin& out. Close the sealin& *ater start the oil!eed.

Chec( the bac( pressure and !eed rate.

Chec( the inspection port o! the de slud&e chamber !or lea(a&e.


19/47

Function /..mathe*s%&opiKrishnan%redd#.5arpolDdescribe &enerall#. 0nnex

'he International Con"ention !or the +re"ention o! +ollution !rom Ships N50-+AJO *as adopted on ) Bo"ember 1


20/47

SEE5+

'hats all I can remember3.

2ra* the collision bul(head !or #our shipN+CCO% *ater ti&ht doors..arran&ements...pac(in& materialthat ma(es it *eather ti&ht Wer cab u 8nd these *ater ti&ht doors. 2ra* the do& handle.

0JJ &i"en in reed na"al boo(

C!""I#I!$ %& EG'"ATI!$

#'((A)

- From !*d perpendicular

D ;J or 19 m 5IB

D @J or ;J /m- I! bulbous bo* is ther

o From mid sec o! bulbous bo*

o /m !rom !*d perpendicular

o 1.; J !rom !*d perpendicular

- Bo manhole doors% no "entilation% i! reu% 1 or ) holes !or ballastin& 6 de ballastin& !pt. N) holes i! ) t#pes o! liuids are

handledO- I! super sct is in !*d% then col bh should ha"e an extension- Extension is not directl# on top- ; J !rom collision bh- -amp and bo* door are 8tted *hre ramp not ).4 m hei&ht. I! ).4 m hei&ht then it s not considered as an extention

Function 4bD &opi Krishnan and redd#.

0larms in main en&ine.

0re o! ) main t#pes

• 0uto shut do*n

A"erspeed trip

Jo lo* pressure trip

Camsha!t Jo lo* press trip

CW lo* press trip

+iston coolin& lo* press trip

'hrust bearin& hi&h temp trip

A52 alarmNin case o! excess oil mistO

Sprin& air press lo* trip


21/47

5anual emer&enc# trip

• 0uto slo* do*n.

Jo hi&h temp

CW hi&h temp

+iston coolin& hi&h temp

A52 alarm

'hrust bearin& Jo hi&h temp

Control air lo* press

Sca"en&e air hi&h temp

Exhaust &as hi&h temp

• Sa!et# de"ices

Cran(case relie! door

Sca"en&e space relie! door

C#linder head relie! "6"

Startin& air relie! "6"

Startin& airline $ame trap

Ail mist detectors

-otational direction interloc(

'urnin& &ear interloc(

Sa!eties bet*een automatic air start "al"e to main en&ine starin& air "al"e.

• Flame trap

• 2rain "6"

• ,leed "6"

• -elie! "al"e in the mani!old


22/47

• ,urstin& disc.

,oiler mountin&sDreasons !or hi&h *ater le"el alarmD*hat happens i! the *ater le"el o! the boiler ishi&hD$ame !ailure alarms reasonsDdra* the smo(e !urnace o! the smo(e tube boiler.

,oiler mountin& are those items *hich are necessar# !or sa!e boiler operation

• +ressure &au&e

• Steam stop "6"

• ,lo* do*n "6"

• Sa!et# "6"

• Gau&e &lass

• Fusible plu&

• Vent.

-easons !or hi&h le"el

• -WJ controller not !unctionin& properl#

• 'hree *a# "6" lea(in&.

• 5anual !eed *ater opened

• 5anual !eed *ater "6" lea(in&.

• I! ) boiler ha"e common blo* do*n "6" and both are lea(in& then there is reason !or hi&h le"el

• I! the chemical dosin& pot line has been le!t in opened position.

+roblems *ith hi&h le"el

• Water starts &ettin& carried *ith the steam

• Water hammerin& in the steam line

• I! steam is used as atomi?in& steam !or the burner then the $ame becomes unstead#

• In case o! superheaters *ater carried *ith the steam cause scale !ormation in the superheater tube and can lead to tube!ailure

• In case steam turbine are used then *ater carried causes dama&e to the turbine.

Flame !ailure

• Jo* !.o temp

• Jo* F.o press

• Jo* atomi?ation steam6 air press


23/47

• Flame !ailure sensor !ault#.

• +ilot burner not 8rin& properl#

• I&niter not spar(in&.

• S*irler plate choc(ed.

• Bo??le choc(ed b# carbon deposit

• 0ir dra!t too hi&h.

• F.o inlet 8lter choc(ed

• 5ain inlet solenoid "6" choc(ed.

Si&ni8cance o! 8rin& order and 8rin& order o! m# en&ineDexplain Dload "ariation amon& c#lindersDho* to 8ndD*hat all eect it *ill ha"eD*h# pressure is more important inside c#linderD*h# *e ta(e

indicator cardsDprocedure o! ta(in& the same.

5arine en&ine 8rin& order is desi&ned to distribute the en&ine po*er on the cran(sha!t bearin&s e"enl#. It should also be the optimum8rin& order to ensure the least en&ine "ibration throu&h balancin& the po*er output alon& *ith consideration &i"en to torsion and axialcharacteristics. 'he 8rin& order o! these en&ines depends on the number o! c#linders and the approach to "ibration and !ati&ue ta(enb# the en&ine desi&ner and manu!actures

The Importance of Correct *iring !rder to a (arine Diesel Engine

0 ships diesel en&ine such as 50B% , W% and Sul?er are all desi&ned to ha"e a 8rin& order to meet the !ollo*in& reuirementsH

+, Engine -i.ration

'orsional Vibration caused b# the reciprocatin& components% this is a hi&hl# undesirable condition in a marine en&ine. Bot onl# !or the

com!ort o! passen&er and cre*% but also !or the durabilit# o! the en&ine throu&h undue !ati&ue.

/, Engine %alance

Imbalance o! components is once a&ain the cause o! !ati&ue o! the rotatin& components% especiall# the cran(sha!t. It is imperati"e that

the 8rin& order compliments not onl# the balancin& o! the components% but balances the po*er output !rom the c#linders spreadin& the

load o"er the len&th o! the cran(sha!t.

0, Gas *orces

Enormous &as !orces are produced in the c#linders on the compression68rin& stro(e. 'hese create indi"idual c#linder torue

characteristics that are transmitted do*n*ards into the en&ine bloc(% and bedplate "ia the main cran(sha!t bearin&s.

• 50BD,W =S=95C = c#linder% ) stro(e% re"ersible% slo* speed marine diesel en&ine D 8rin& order 1%;%/%4%)%=.

c#linder pressure is the constantl# chan&in& pressure inside the c#linder. 'here are certain characteristics o! this pressure *hich people

ma# *ant identi8ed% li(e pea( NmaximumO c#linder pressure near '2C% or pea( cran(in& compression pressure Npressure at '2C *ithout


24/47

combustionO% or a"era&e c#linder pressure NI5E+% indicated mean eecti"e pressureO. 'he# are all ust measures o! c#linder pressure at

certain times Nor a"era&ed o"er certain timesO. 'hese in turn &i"e the condition o! combustion inside the c#linder. Condition o! !uel

inector% exhaust "al"e% and also timin&s.

0ir compressorDsa!etiesDair bottle sa!etiesD*h# *e reuire !usible plu&sDpurpose o! burstin& discDpurpose o! unloaderDun loader not *or(in&. 7o* *ill #ou start the compressor manual#.

0ir compressor sa!eties

• A"erload protection.

• W hi&h temp

• W lo* press

• 0ir outlet temp hi&h

• ,urstin& disc

• -elie! "6"

• Tnloader

• 0uto cutDo6cutDin

• Jo lo* press cut o6trip

• 0utoD2rain "6"

0ir bottle Sa!eties

• 0uto drain6 manual drains

• Fusible plu&

• Jo* press alarm

• 7i&h press alarmNi! 8ttedO

• -elie! "6"

• Slo* openin& "al"es to pre"ent erosion

'he main purpose o! !usible plu& is in case o! 8re in the en&ine i! *e are not able to release the air press manual due to heat the air

press in the bottle *ill increase and *ill lead to bottle rupture and also releasin& more air into the en&ine thus reducin& the e>cienc# o!the 8xed 8re extin&uisher such as CA). With help o! !usible plu& *hen the temp raises the !usible plu& melts and release air to the dec(b# means o! pipin& thus pre"ent the release o! air in the en&ine

Tnloader is mainl# used !or reducin& the load on the motor durin& startin& since the startin& o! the motor at the time o! start is nearl# =times the normal runnin& load.


25/47

I! the unDloader is !ault# then a!ter each sta&e there is a intercooler *ith manual drain "al"e connected to the auto drain "6" theconnection has to be remo"ed and the manual "6" has to be operated manual. 'o be (ept open at the start and close durin& runnin&.0nd (ept open at stop condition. Compressor at this sta&e has to be started and stopped manuall# not in auto.

date )4D9D1/

!unction / nd ;.. 5r.Venu&opal

!unc /..

/. dra* and explain plimsoll load line

;. IA++ comes in SAJ0S under *hich re&ulation and *h#

IA++ comes under the 50-+AJ con"ention 0nnex 1. 'he certi8cate consist o! list o! tan(s% capacit# o! the t(% incinerator capacit#.

=. Certi8cates and docs in ship

• International tonna&e certi8cate

• International loadline certi8cate


26/47

• International loadline exemption certi8cate

• Certi8cate o! master and cre*s

• 5edical certi8cate o! the cre* members

• IA++% EI0++% IG++% IS++% I0++.

• Cop# o! 2AC and Sa!et# mana&ement certi8cate.

• Car&o ship sa!et# certi8cateNSa!et# construction% sa!et# euipment% sa!et# radio certi8catesO

• Certi8cate o! insurance

• '#pe appro"al certi8cate o! AWS% incinerator% se*a&e plant.

• ISS+

• Ail record boo(

• Garba&e record boo( and &arba&e mana&ement plan.

• 2ama&e control boo(let

• 5inimum sa!e mannin& document

• SA+E+.

• Intact stabilit# boo(let

• Enhanced sur"e# report 8le


27/47

Each c#linder is char&ed to a press o! )99bar and contains enou&h air to sustain a app. )9 mins at hard *or(in& rate or 49 min i! he is

at rest. 0 reducin& "al"e% set at a press o! about ;.; bar is 8tted on the c#linder outlet pipe to&ether *ith a press &au&e and also a

b#pass "al"e. 0 non return "al"e in the !ace mas( permits the expulsion o! air. Capacit# o! the bottle in litres is 1@99 J.

'he *arnin& de"ice shall acti"ate at a predetermined pressure Nusuall# ;;6D; barO *hich *ill alert the user be!ore the "olume o! the air

in the c#linder has been reduced to no less than )99 litres.

2uration o! the ,0 c#linder is &i"en b# the 2 + C6 49 B NpDpressure% cDcapacit#% nDchar&in& pressureO

5ade !rom steel allo#s.

1). manilla amendments

The /1+1 amendments

'he 5anila amendments to the S'CW Con"ention and Code *ere adopted on ); une )919% mar(in& a maor re"ision o! the S'CW

Con"ention and Code. 'he )919 amendments are set to enter into !orce on 1 anuar# )91).

0mon&st the amendments adopted% there are a number o! important chan&es to each chapter o! the Con"ention and Code% includin&:

• Impro"ed measures to pre"ent !raudulent practices associated *ith certi8cates o! competenc# and stren&then the e"aluation

process Nmonitorin& o! +artiesX compliance *ith the Con"entionOH

• -e"ised reuirements on hours o! *or( and rest and ne* reuirements !or the pre"ention o! dru& and alcohol abuse% as *ell as

updated standards relatin& to medical 8tness standards !or sea!arersH

• Be* certi8cation reuirements !or able sea!arersH

• Be* reuirements relatin& to trainin& in modern technolo such as electronic charts and in!ormation s#stems NEC2ISOH

• Be* reuirements !or marine en"ironment a*areness trainin& and trainin& in leadership and team*or(H

• Be* trainin& and certi8cation reuirements !or electroDtechnical o>cersH

• Tpdatin& o! competence reuirements !or personnel ser"in& on board all t#pes o! tan(ers% includin& ne* reuirements !or

personnel ser"in& on liue8ed &as tan(ersH

• Be* reuirements !or securit# trainin&% as *ell as pro"isions to ensure that sea!arers are properl# trained to cope i! their ship

comes under attac( b# piratesH

• Introduction o! modern trainin& methodolo includin& distance learnin& and *ebDbased learnin&H

• Be* trainin& &uidance !or personnel ser"in& on board ships operatin& in polar *atersH and

• Be* trainin& &uidance !or personnel operatin& 2#namic +ositionin& S#stems

14. sur"e# on ur ship *hat all thin&s the# *ill chec(

'his depends on the sur"e# *hich is &oin& to be carried out.

IA++ sur"e# preparation.

Follo*in& certi8cates are to be submitted !or the sur"e#

+re"ious IA++ Certi8cate *ith Supplement Form 0 and Form , exemption certi8cate NI! an#O

'#pe appro"al certi8cate !or the AWS euipment

'#pe appro"al certi8cate !or Ail content meter N1; ppm euipmentO


28/47

'#pe appro"al certi8cate !or A25C

'#pe appro"al certi8cate !or oil *ater inter!ace sensin& probe

CJ0SS 0++-AV0J +J0BS !or the !ollo*in& S7ATJ2 ,E VE-IFIE2

Aperatin& and Instruction manual !or AWS

Aperatin& and Instruction manual !or CAW

Aperatin& manual !or C,' operation

SA+E+ plan should be appro"ed b# Fla& state adminstration

E6- ,il&e pipin& s#stem and ,allast pipin& s#stem plans should be appro"ed b# class

Veri!# the !ollo*in&

1;ppm alarm !unction test b# simulation.

0utomatic stoppin& and chan&e o"er o! AV,2 dischar&e in case o! 1; ppm alarm

*0-BIBG BA'ICE !or penalit#6conseuences in case o! TB0T'7A-IYE2 2I-EC' oil6oil mixture AV,2 dischar&e% oil spilla&e near the

AWS o"bd ""%standard dischar&e connection oin dec(%bun(er station.

Electronic -ecord (eepin& o! oil# bil&e *ater o"bd dischar&e on the 1; ppm euipment.

Chec( ph#sicall# the oil contentNtracesO o! o"bd dischar&e

E6- ,il&es chec( !or an# oil accumulation

A25C

Ail dischar&e monitorin& euipment is to be chec(ed !or proper operation.Chec( the external condition o! s#stem euipment.

Functionin& o! the euipment includin& automatic6manual stoppin& o! dischar&e and interloc(!or startin& the pump to be "eri8ed. 'his

ma# be done b# simulatin& input"alues !or $o* rate Nbased on pump characteristicsO% ships speed% oil contentetc.

'he rate o! instantaneous dischar&e should not exceed /9 liters per nautical mile. Chec( the associated audioD"isual alarms and

indicators on thecontrol panel.

Chec( that recordin&6indicatin& de"ices are *or(in& properl#%chec( the printouts !or last !e* *ee(s Nrecords sho*in& date% time%

positionetc should be retained !or / #earsO%

"eri!# *ith oil record boo( entries !oro"erboard dischar&e% chec( suppl# o! consumables Npaper% in( etcO.

S,' C,'

Chec( se&re&ated ballast tan(s NS,'O !or contamination *ith oil N"isualexamination as practicableO. Chec( S,' lines !or an# cross

connection *ithcar&o line% i! a portable spool piece is 8tted chec( that a nonDreturn "al"e is8tted and notice is posted !or restricted use.

Chec( dedicated clean ballasttan( !or contamination.

CAW

0n examination o! the Crude Ail Washin& S#stem NCAWO should be carried out and should include external examination o! the s#stem

includin& pump% pipin&% "al"es dec(Dmounted *ashin& machines !or lea(a&e% corrosion6*asta&e% *ear tear. Where *ater *ashin& is

also 8tted% chec( that pro"ision !or isolatin& steam heaters is operational durin& crude oil *ashin&. Chec( that relie! "al"e is 8tted !or

CAW pump. Chec( the operation o! CAW machines% i! practicable durin& sur"e#.

C0-GA 0B2 ,TBKE-

Chec( the !unction o! emer&enc# stoppin& de"ice !or car&o pumps !rom control station pump room.

Chec( that arran&ements to pre"ent spilla&e o! oil% especiall# at bun(erin& stations% tan(er mani!olds% sa"e all tra#s around F.A tan( air


29/47

pipes etc.

!unc ;..

1. alternator sa!et# /. sa!eties in &enerator and trip explain all the trip and ho* *ill u test all

trips li(e pre!erential trip% o"erload trip% short circuit and others too

ACI'No"er current in"erse time rela#O: monitors &eneral balanced o"erloadin& and has current6time settin&.

ACNo"er current inst.O: instantaneous trip to protect a&ainst extremel# hi&h o"ercurrent caused b# short circuit !ault.

B+SNne&ati"e phase seuenceO rela#determines the amount o! unbalance in the stator current *hich is an indirect measure the

&enerator stator and rotator temp. 0 relati"el# small unbalance cause a si&ni8cant increased temp rise

2IFFNdierential measurementO o! current at each end o! the stator phase *indin&. 'his comparison o! current is to detect an internal

!ault in the stator *indin& *hich ma# be caused b# partiall# shortDcircuited coil turns and or earth !ault

EJNearth lea(a&eO detects !ault current returnin& bac( throu&h the earthed neutral connection. In ships 7V &enerator s#stem the earth!ault current is limited b# a hi&h impedance or earthin& trans!ormer so the pic( up current settin& is "er# lo*.

TV6AVNunder6o"er "olta&eO monitored b# the rela# to pre"ent under6o"er "olta&e

TF6AFNunder6o"er !reuenc#O monitored b# rela#s to protect the &enerator !rom under6o"er !reuenc#

-+Nreser"e po*erO &enerator intended to run in parallel must ha"e reser"e po*er protection. 'his monitors the direction o! the po*er

$o* !rom &enerator to load . i! the prime mo"er act as a motor the rela# *ould detect this !ault and acts to trip the &enerator.

ACI' and pre!erential trip are same the# are mainl# to maintain continuous po*er suppl# to euipment *hich are necessar# !or sa!e

na"i&ation o! a ship. 0ll non essential euipments trip such as dec( m6c% &alle# euipments% etc3.

). &enerator principle

Generator *or(s on the electroma&netic induction principle. When rotatin& a coil in a ma&netic 8eld or rotatin& the ma&netic 8eld

around a stationar# coil *ill induce a em! in the coil the "olta&e induced *ill depend on the Bo o! coils% Stren&th o! the ma&netic 8eld%

'he speed at *hich the coil6ma&netic 8eld is rotated.

4. !aults that can occur in electrical circuits explain ho* and #

'here are / basic !aults that can occur in an electrical circuit

Apen circuit :D is due to a brea( in the conductor so that a current cannot $o*.

Earth !ault :D is due to a brea( in the insulation allo*in& the conductor to touch the hull or an earth metal enclosure.


30/47

Short circuit :D is due to a double brea( in the insulation allo*in& bith the conductor to be connected so that a "er# lar&e current b#

passes or short circuit the load.

;. trans!ormer principle

'rans!ormer *or(s on the principle o! mutual induction. When the current in the primar# is chan&ed the $ux lin(a&e *ith the secondar#

also chan&es% *hich induces a $ux in the secondar#. 'rans!ormer is mainl# used !or step up6step do*n the "olta&e *ithout an# chan&e

in !reuenc#.

=. 0V- circuit dia&ram explain each component and trace its current $o* *ith arro* mar(

Gi"en in 5ac Geor&e boo(.

applied /% 4b% ;

Internal: Senthil(umarExternal: ' 5ohan

Func /

M 7*Wil u con"ert 1 'eu into (&

1 'ET is t*ent# !oot eui"alent unit *hich is used to measure the ships car&o carr#in& capacit#. 'he max &ross mass o! a t*ent# !oot

container *ould be )4999 (&

M admiralt# coe>cient

0dmiralt# coe>cient is a constant &i"en to a ship. It relates the displacement o! the ship speed and po*er.

0dmiralt# coe>cient displacement N)6/O speed/

+o*er

M *en a mass o! 2 is added to !*d o! d ship *at s d !ormula o! centre o! &ra"it# shi!t

Whene"er a mass is added to the ship the center o! &ra"it# mo"es in the direction o! the mass added and shi!t in the center o! &ra"it# is

&i"en b# the !ormula

GG1 5assdistance

2isplacement


31/47

M *en a lon&itudinal di"ision s introduced to counter !ree sur!ace eect 7*Wil u put it in a !ormula

I! a tan( is subDdi"ided b# n lon&itudinal !ormin& eual t( then

GG1 1 lb/

Nn1O) 1)Volume

M electrical 8re.. *at extin&uisher u ll use U *onXt u use !oam

Electrical 8re is mainl# due to short circuit in electrical circuits hence the 8rst and the !ormost step in 8&htin& a electrical 8re is to

s*itch o the main brea(er6po*er !or the circuit. 'hen use CA) extin&uisher. 'here are also !oam extin&uisher *hich are o! appro"ed

t#pe !or 8&htin& electrical 8re but !ollo* the manu!acture instructions. 'hese instructions are *ritten on the !oam extin&uisher c#linder

read to (no* *hether the extin&uish is suitable !or electrical 8res.

M 8re control plan *at all *il b der... *il u 8nd li!eboat station in plan

0s per the solas all ship must ha"e a &eneral arran&ement plans shall be permanentl# exhibited !or the &uidance o! ships o>cers

sho*in& clearin& !or each dec(% the ctrl stations% "arious 8re section enclosed b# class 0 di"ision and class , di"ision sprin(ler

installations% the 8re 8&htin& appliances% means o! access to dierent compartment% dec( etc "entallation arran&ement !or the

compartment% includin& the ctrl position !or the "entilation. 0n# alteration also shall be included in the plan. 0 cop# o! these plan must

be also (ept either side o! the dec( house also !or the shore side 8re 8&htin& personnel

Func 4b

M dra* mech0nical seal n explain

5ac Geor&e

M *h# sca"en&in& is reuired

For a better combustion o! !uel AIJ inside a marine diesel en&ine% an adeuate suppl# o! !resh air is needed. 'he method b# *hich

su>cient amount o! air is pro"ided to the en&ineXs c#linder is (no*n as sca"en&in&. Sca"en&in& also helps in remo"e o! exhaust &as!rom the combustion chamber.

Sca"en&in& is &enerall# pro"ided b# the en&ineXs turboDchar&in& s#stem. 'he more e>cient the sca"en&in&% the better is the !uelcombustion and po*er output o! the en&ine.'urbochar&ers are pro"ided *ith the en&ine to use the exhaust &ases in order to suppl# aconsistent $o* o! !resh air inside the main en&ine.

M "al"e rotator h* it operates

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32/47

'he main !n o! the "al"e rotator is to rotate the "al"e. 'his helps in reduced *ear and the "al"e seat and "al"e and uni!orm temp o! the

"al"e. -otation o! the "al"e also helps in remo"in& the carbon deposit on the "al"e seat. In main en&ine exhaust "al"e has "anes on the

"al"e stem *hen the exhaust &as pass throu&h the "anes the# rotate the exhaust "al"e.

Func ;

M conditions !or parallelin& *athpns *en u s#nchroni?e out o! phase

'here are !our main condition !or parallelin&.

Volta&e to be same

Freuenc# to be same

+hase connection should be sameNi.e -D-% UDU% ,D,O

+hase seuence should be same.

0t 11 Zo cloc( then brea(er is pushed so that that the at 1) Zo cloc( position the brea(er closes.

When the phase seuence is not same that is *hen - phase o! the incomin& &enerator doesnt reaches it max *hen the - phase o! the

bus bar reaches max and then incomin& &enerator is made to s#nchroni?e then a lar&e current $o*s inDbet*een the incomin& &enerator

and the bus bar. 'his current tends to speed up the incomin& &enerator but this in turn slo*s the &enerator on load. I! the dierence in

phase is too lar&e then the brea(er *ill trip resultin& in blac( out.

M msb sa!eties

Ebonite rod

-ubber mat in !ront o! the 5S,

-ear side at a space o! 9.=m !or passa&e and also a rubber mat

2ead !ront6 +o*er o be!ore openin& the panel.

Fuse6 Circuit brea(ers

Earth !ault indicator.

+anel door earthed

Bo oil6*ater6steam line passin& o"er the s*itchboard

A"ercurrent trip6 pre!erential trip

-e"erse current trip.

A"er6under "olta&e trip


33/47


34/47

• Stop 8rin& the boiler and pur&e the boiler manuall#.

• S*itch o the po*er !or the boiler panel and hand notice

• Shut the main steam stop "al"e.

• Jet the boiler to cool do*n dont blo* do*n and ta(e !eed *ater !or coolin& as this cause thermal crac(in& in boiler due to

temperature "ariation

• When the boiler is around 4 bar carr# out the blo* do*n

• When the boiler pressure is sli&htl# hi&her than atmospheric pressure sa# 1.;D).9 bar then open "ent to pre"ent "acuum

!ormation

• Jet the boiler to cool do*n

7o* *ill u ta(e bottom end bearin& clearance What position 7o* much is the clearance

• 'urn the unit to ,2C and ta(e the clearance usin& !eeler &au&e. Clearance *ill be around 9.4D9.@mm

);D9D)91/

external: 5r. '.5ohan N0metO internal: 5r. senthil(umar

!unctions applied: all

0ttempt: /

Func /:

*hat r all d special area?s

#pecial Areas2

Annex I: Oil

• 5editerranean Sea

• ,altic Sea

• ,lac( Sea

• -ed Sea

• [Gul!s[ area

• Gul! o! 0den

• 0ntarctic area

• Borth West European Waters


35/47

• Aman area o! the 0rabian Sea

• Southern South 0!rican *aters

Annex II: Noxious Liquid Substances

• 0ntarctic area

Annex IV: Sea!e

• ,altic Sea N1 an )91/O

Annex V: "a#ba!e

• 5editerranean Sea

• ,altic Sea

• ,lac( Sea

• -ed Sea

• [Gul!s[ area

• 0ntarctic area Nsouth o! latitude =9 de&rees southO

• Wider Caribbean re&ion includin& the Gul! o! 5exico and the Caribbean Sea

Annex VI: $#e%ention o& ai# 'ollution b( s)i's *+,ission -ont#ol A#eas

• ,altic Sea NSAxO

• Borth Sea NSAxO

• Borth 0merican NSAx% and BAx and +5O• Tnited States Caribbean Sea EC0 NSAx% BAx and +5O N1 an )914O

*hat is EE2I

EEDI 3energy e4ciency design inde56 and #EE(7 3ship energy e4ciency management plan6

EE2I and SEE5+ are the t*o maor instruments that !orm I5As pac(a&e o! technical and operational measures !or the reduction o! the

G7G emissions !or shippin&. SEE5+ is an operational measure *hich aims to impro"e ener e>cienc# o! existin& $eet throu&h acti"e

ener mana&ement and I5A is also "otin& at 5E+C on *hether to ma(e this mandator# as *ell. SEE5+ is more than ust a list o!

actions: measurin& the operational ener e>cienc# o! the ship% settin& tar&ets and monitorin& the per!ormance a&ainst them is also

reuired% and I5A has su&&ested another tool called the EEAI NEner E>cienc# Aperational IndicatorO !or doin& that . EEAI itsel! is not

mandator# and operators can in !act choose other (e# per!ormance indicators NK+Is and this is the last acron#m !or toda#O *hich ma#be more suitable to their ship and operation. 7o*e"er% the tar&et settin& and monitorin& element is part o! the SEE5+% re&ardless o!

*hich tool is bein& adopted. % EE2I is a number accountin& !or the amount o! CA) &enerated per tonneDmile o! car&o carried. 0 hi&her

EE2I indicates a less ener e>cienct ship Nb# desi&nO. 'he idea is that !uture ships *ill need to be built *ith a minimum ener

e>cienc# standard% as de8ned b# the EE2I

5ar&in line :D

is a line dra*n at


36/47

Func 4b:

!or a &ood combustion o! !uel oil *hat all u reuire

• 0tomi?ation

• +enetration

• 'urbulence

• Inection timin&

• Spra# pattern

• Compression press

• Inection press Nsince depended on the rpm o! en&ine o"ercome b# -' $ex en&ine b# common railO

• I&nition dela# o! the !uel

• Sca"en&e air press and temp.

• 0irD!uel ratio.

ad"anta&es o! intercoolers ho* "olumetric e>cienc# is increased i! intercoolers are 8tted

durin& compression the ener applied is con"erted into heat and an# conseuent rise in air temp this *ill reduce the "olumetric

e>cienc# o! the c#cle. 'o minimi?e the temp rise% this heat must be remo"ed althou&h some can be remo"ed throu&h the c#linder *alls

but due to reduced time a"ailabilit# the heat remo"al b# this is not possible

hence b# this purpose intercoolers are used. 'hus pressure due to compression remains a!ter intercooler

• liner lubrication as hi&h temp leads to Jo 8lm bein& bro(en

• coolin& o! compressor parts

• reduces the oil bein& burnt thus reduces the carbon deposit on the "al"es.

t#pes o! turbo char&er *hat is constant pressure *hat is pulse t#pe turbochar&er *hat are the

ad"anta&es *hich is used *here Nconstant pressure and pulse pressureO

there are t*o t#pe o! turbo char&ers

• constant pressure turbochar&er

• pulse pressure turbochar&er


37/47

Constant pressure turbochar&er :D in constant pressure s#stem the exhaust &as !rom all the c#linder is dischar&ed into a common

mani!old o! lar&e dia and "olume. 'he pressure in the exhaust mani!old is reduced belo* that o! the sca"en&e pressure and is

maintained at a stead# pressure !or an# &i"en en&ine load% this leads to &reater e>cienc# at hi&her loads. 'hus best suitable !or 50IB

EBGIBE.

0lso help in dela#in& the openin& o! exhaust "al"e *hich results in hi&her thermal e>cienc# !or the en&ine.

Constant pressure s#stem do not react as uic(l# to load chan&es and are in e>cient at lo* loads. 'hus uses the auxiliar# blo*er !or

lo*er loads.

+ulse S#stem :D use the (inetic ener and the heat ener !rom the exhaust &as *hen the exhaust "al"e opens to dri"e the

turbochar&er. 'he exhaust s#stem is tuned % pipes are o! small dia% bends are smoothl# radiused to maintain exhaust &as pressure and

to a"oid ener loss *ithin the s#stem.

'he pulse s#stem is "er# responsi"e to en&ine load chan&e and ideall# suited !or &enerators

'he# donot (no* auxiliar# blo*ers

Func ;:

*hat is me&&erho*ll u ta(e insulation resistance*hat are all the sa!et# precautions to be ta(en

*hile ta(in& insulatin& resistance and in 5EGGE-

5e&&er is an instrument !or ta(in& insulation resistance on the circuit.

Sa!et# +recautions are hi&h "olta&e ;99V is used !or insulation measurement hence the care must be ta(en that the circuit is isolated

properl#. Since hi&h "olta&e is used all electronic euipments such as diode etc must be isolated or short circuit.

Insulation resistance is ta(en bet*een phase and and bet*een phase and earth.

Func =:

cran(case inspection !ull procedure *hat r all d sa!et# precautions u ta(e be!ore u do cran(case

inspections

• stop the Jo pump onl# a!ter /9 min i! the en&ine has been runnin&.

• In!orm brid&e and &et propeller clearance.

• En&a&e the turnin& &ear.

• Apen the cran(case and "entilation !or atleast )4 hours.

• Since the cran(case is considered as an enclosed space permit has to be obtained% atmosphere tested !or Ax#&en

• Apen the indicator coc(s


38/47

• Shut the main air startin& "al"e and han& notices

• 'urn the en&ine !or one !ull re"olution

• Tse clean boots% bump caps% disposable boiler suits% cotton &lo"es and ra&s as stb#% hand torch and lamps

• When enterin& the cran(case (eep a trac( o! the ra&s and tools that are ta(en inside% empt# the boilersuit poc(ets

• Keep a responsible person outside and also establish communication

+rocedure

Firstl# chec( AIJ condition !or an# smell% discoloration or de&radation.

'urn the en&ine to ,2C and start chec(in& !rom under stu>n& box area !or an# si&n o! blac( AIJ % an indication o! stu>n& box

lea(in&.

Chec( the piston rod sur!ace !or scorin& mar(s and rou&hness.

Chec( piston palm bolts and loc(in& de"ice !or slac(ness and !rettin&.

Chec( the &uide and &uide shoe bearin& &eneral condition and the area around !rame *here &uide is attached !or an# "isible

crac(s.

Chec( that the &uide shoe end co"er bolts are in place and not slac(.

Chec( cross head bearin& &eneral condition. E"aluate top and bottom end o! connectin& rod bolt% nut and loc(in& de"ice !or slac(ness% si&ns o! !rettin&% etc.

Chec( !or slidin& o! bottom end bearin& Naxial mo"ementO or $oatin& o! connectin& rod.

Chec( !or slip o! *eb and ournal b# chec(in& the re!erence mar(.

Chec( *eb in the area o! stress concentration and chec( tie bolt Nbottom sideO.

Chec( cross &rider% area around main bearin& and bearin& (eep !or si&n o! crac(s and chec( around main bearin&.

0ll bearin&s must be chec(ed !or sil"er# color Nindicates bearin& *ipin&O.

Chec( the surroundin&s o! the AIJ pan area o! all units !or an# slud&e deposits% bearin& metal pieces% etc.

Chec( cran( case relie! doorD *ire mesh Nshould be *etO% sprin& tension% sealin& rin& condition% etc.

Chec( the teeth o! transmission &ear !or si&n o! *ear.

Chec( chain dri"e !or ti&htness.

Tse AIJ mist detector on samplin& pipe to chec( !or clear passa&e.

Clear all the !orei&n materials !rom the cran( case% and ma(e sure all tools are accounted !or.

Start lube oil pump and cross head lubricatin& pump and chec( !or the oil $o* and distribution.

Chec( cran(case door sealin& condition and close the cran(case door.

In!orm chie! en&ineer N!or satis!actor# chec(in& o! cran( caseO and dut# o>cer.

);661/

sur"Dsentil(umar and another !at &u#

1.dra* the trans"erse cross sectin indicatin& (m & etc

-eeds na"al boo(

ho* do u prepare the runnin& boilr 4r sur"e#.. Chec( !or spares e& manhole6access hole &as(et% &au&e &lass% pac(in& and steam oint.

Chec( tools reuired e& &a&&in& tool% torue spanner% rope% chain bloc(

,rie8n& the en&ineers o! the *or(

• Chan&e the &enerator% main en&ine and i! reuired boiler to diesel oil and top up diesel oil t(

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• Stop all steam heatin& and tracin& lines

• Chan&e o"er !rom automatic to manual 8rin& o! boiler.

• Stop 8rin& the boiler and pur&e the boiler manuall#.

• S*itch o the po*er !or the boiler panel and hand notice

• Shut the main steam stop "al"e.

• Jet the boiler to cool do*n dont blo* do*n and ta(e !eed *ater !or coolin& as this cause thermal crac(in& in boiler due to

temperature "ariation

• When the boiler is around 4 bar carr# out the blo* do*n

• When the boiler pressure is sli&htl# hi&her than atmospheric pressure sa# 1.;D).9 bar then open "ent to pre"ent "acuum

!ormation

• Jet the boiler to cool do*n

• Apen the top manhole door 8rst *ith all sa!et# precautions

• 5ar( the nut on the top manhole% slac(en the do& nut and secure it *ith rope

• Knoc( the door donot open the door as it ma# still contains steams

• 5a(e a &eneral inspection !rom outside.

• ,oiler must be su>cientl# cleaned and dried to ma(e a examination

•,oiler must be manuall# *ire brushed to clean the internal sur!ace

• In case o! di>culties in manual cleanin& chemical cleanin& can be done *ith h#drochloric acid plus an inhibitor to pre"ent acid

attac(in& the metal

• For oil contamination% al(ali boilDout usin& triDsodium phosphate solution is essential prior acid cleanin&

• 0ll internal *hich ma# inter!ere *ith the inspection has to be remo"ed

• Bo* drain the boiler and completel# and then open the bottom side access door6manhole door

•

Care should be ta(en as *hen openin& the bottom door

• Ventilate !or period o! )4 hours

• 'hen chec( !or ox#&en% $ammable "apours% toxic &ases

+reparation


40/47

+repare a lon& rope% *ooden plan(% ox#&en anal#?er.

0 pouch to carr# tools reuired empt# the poc(ets and ma(e a list o! tools ta(en

Emer&enc# breathin& apparatus.

+roper communication and li&htin&

);DD)91)

!un/

certi!. !or J+G carrier *hai is IGC code explain car&o tan( sa!eties

International code !or the construction and euipment o! ship carr#in& Jiue8ed &ases in bul(

Certi8cate &i"en !or Gas tan(ers are Certi8cate o! 8tness !or the Carria&e o! Jiue8ed Gas in bul(

Car&o t( sa!eties are

+re"ention !rom o"er pressuri?ation b# means o! 50-V "al"e.

'o pre"ent pressure rises b# means o! use ree!er s#stems or usin& the boil o &as in the boiler6 en&ine.

'o pre"ent "acuum de"elopin& in the t( N b# means o! automatic stoppin& o! all pump and compressor *hen the t( pressure

reaches a pressure around 9 K+a.

+ressure &au&e and sensors

'emperature sensor loo(in& th temp o! the car&o at the top and also bottom +ort and StarDboard.

Fusible plu& near the car&o t( dome

Emer&enc# stops

2ec( spra# s#stems !or car&o dome and mani!old.

Submer&ed pump or deep *ell p6p at least ) port and starDboard

*han happens i! ship heels to an&le o! JAJJ


41/47

0BGJE AF JAJJ

- 0n initiall# unstable ship heels to a certain an&le and ends up in neutral stabilit#. 'hat an&le is called an&le o! loll. 0t an&le o!

loll .% G5 9 A- KG K5 Accurs in timber carriers.% D timber s on the dec( absorb moisture and increases the co&- 0n&le o! loll is a term used to describe the state o! a ship *hich is unstable *hen upri&ht Nie: has a ne&ati"e metacentric

hei&ht% G5tO and there!ore '0KES on an an&le o! heel to either port or starboard.- When a "essel has ne&ati"e G5 i.e.% is in unstable euilibrium% an# external !orce% i! applied the "essel% *ill cause it to start

heelin&. 'he "essel *hether capsi?in& depends on the an&le o! heelin& because at the Be&ati"e G5 the ri&htin& le"er is alsoBe&ati"e tendin& to capsi?e the ship. 0s the "essel heels% its under*ater "olume increases% *hich increases the "esselXs ,5Ndistance !rom the center o! buo#anc# to the metacenterO. Since there is no chan&e in K, Ndistance !rom the (eel to the centero! buo#anc#O o! the "essel% the K5 Ndistance !rom (eel to the metacenterO o! the "essel increases.

- 0t some an&le o! heel Nsa# 19\O% K5 *ill increase su>cientl# eual to KG Ndistance !rom the (eel to the center o! &ra"it#O% thusma(in& G5 o! "essel eual to ?ero. When this occurs% the "essel &oes to neutral euibrium% and thus the ri&htin& le"er GY isalso ?ero. In other *ords% *hen an unstable "essel heels o"er to*ards a pro&ressi"el# increasin& an&le o! heel% at a certainan&le o! heel% the center o! buo#anc# N,O ma# !all "erticall# belo* the center o! &ra"it# NGO. this an&le is called an&le o! loll.0nd at this point the ri&htin& le"er GY starts becomin& positi"e. Bo* the ship is no* a stable condition about the an&le loll.

-

!un 4b

*hat is destruti"e and nonDdestricti"e test

2estructi"e testin& :D special test pieces are used *hich are dama&ed durin& the process

'ensile testin&

Creep testin&

7ardness testin&

Impact testin&

5acroscopic and microscopic examination

BonDdestructi"e testin&

Visual inspection

Jiuid penetrant method

5a&netic crac( method

-adioD&raphic method

Tltrasonic testin&

*h# boiler *ater treated

• 'o pre"ent scale !ormation

http://ship-stability.blogspot.in/2010/06/angle-of-loll.htmlhttp://ship-stability.blogspot.in/2010/06/angle-of-loll.htmlhttp://ship-stability.blogspot.in/2010/06/angle-of-loll.htmlhttp://ship-stability.blogspot.in/2010/06/angle-of-loll.html


42/47

• 'o &i"e al(alinit# and to minimi?e corrosion

• 'o condition the slud&e

• 'o remo"e ox#&en !rom *ater

• 'o reduce ris( o! caustic crac(in&

• 'o reduce the ris( o! carr# o"er o! !oam

• 'o minimi?e condensate s#stem corrosion

2ate:);696)91/

external :5rmohan% Internal :5rSenthil

Func 4b:

*hat is VI' Wh# pro"ided 7o* it *or(s and its control s#stem 7o* its done be!ore "it

VI' V0-I0,JE IBEC'IAB 'I5IBG

- 0s the load increases in the en&ine% +max also increases. ,ut at lo* loads +max is lo*.

- With the help o! VI'% +max is attained at lo* loads% leadin& to lo* s!oc

- Increased thermal e>cienc#

no smo(# exhaust

impro"ed temp control to pre"ent corrosion

stren&th o! cran( sha!t is utilised better

W7U -EMTI-E VI'

- It enables to ma(e small chan&es in !uel pump timin& durin&

+, Wear on !uel pump cam

/, 0llo* +max balancin& o! indi"idual c#linders

0, Fuels o! poor i&nition ualities D compensation

8, Chan&es in cam sha!t timin& due to chain elon&ation

- Enables a chan&e in timin& o! ) de&

'o increase the po*er o! the en&ine it is onl# possible b# +o*er 5E+stro(e len&tharearpm.

'o increase the 5E+ it depends on three !actor mainl# the compression pressure% inection timin&% uantit# o! !uel inected. When the

!uel is inected into the c#linder then there is a i&nition dela#Ntime span bet*een commencement o! inection and start o! i&nitionO. 'o

reduce the i&nition dela# the must be inected piston is around '2C becomes that is the max compression !rom the en&ine and also the

max temp the compressed air can attain at this point the i&nition dela# is reduced. 'he Fn o! VI' is this. 7ence durin& the lo* load at

about /9 VI' is not used as the compressed air doesnt reach the temp and can lead to (noc( or incomplete combustion. 0t around

/9 timin& is ad"anced and latter retarded. 7ence the en&ine attains the !ull load +max at around


43/47

What is accumulation pr test o! boiler Wh# done +rocedure% *h# steam stop "6" to be closed

durin& test

0ccumulation pr test o! the boiler is used to chec( the capacit# o! the boiler sa!et# "6". to conduct the test% all !eed "al"e and steam

outlet to and !rom the boiler to be shut and max. 8rin& rate arran&ed. 0ccumulation o! pr. 5ust not then exceed 19 o! the *or(in& pr.

2uration o! the test is not exceed 1; min !or 8re tube boiler% and < min !or *ater tube boiler. In case o! *ater tube boiler the test ma#

be *ai"ed i! dama&e to superheater or economi?ers could result !rom the test.

Func ;:po*er !actor What is meant b# true po*er and apparent po*erthe power factor o! an 0C electrical po*er s#stem is de8ned as the ratio o! the real po*er $o*in& to the load% to the apparent

po*er in the circuit. -eal po*er is the capacit# o! the circuit !or per!ormin& *or( in a particular time. 0pparent po*er is the product o!

the current and "olta&e o! the circuit.

Func =:

cran(case explosion ..actions

• En&ine *ill automaticall# cause a slo* do*n in this case.

• In!orm brid&e

• Bote the position o! the c6c chamber ha"in& hot spot pointed b# the samplin& (nob

• Aperate the selector button turn the samplin& "al"e (nob to ?ero position !or ?ero chec( alarm should stop• -elease the selector button i! alarm comes !rom the same c6c chamber then it is con8rmed that the alarm is not !alse

• -educe the en&ine speed !urther to reduce the heat &eneration

• Keep clear o the cran(case relie! door

• Keep 8re extin&uisher stb# and oper the s(#li&ht o! the en&ine room

• In!orm the brid&e !or stoppin& the en&ine.

• Apen indicator coc(s% en&a&e turnin& &ear and turn the en&ine to pre"ent sei?ure o! the component.

• 0!ter /9 mins or more the en&ine has been su>cientl# cooled do*n stop the lub oil p6p and open the c6c door.

• 'r# to locate the hot spot b# !eelin& o"er and b# obser"ation

• I! hot spot has occurred then pre"ent reoccurrence b# permanent repairs

• 5a(e a throu&h c6c inspection

• Start the lub oil p6p and chec( the $o* o! oil.

+re"enti"e measures

• Ensure proper puri8cation and anal#sis o! lub oil

• Jub oil 8lter to be chan&ed and cleaned as per schedule

• Ensure proper c#linder lubrication b# chec(in& the condition o! the piston% rin&s and liner throu&h the sca"en&e spaces

• Clean sca"en&e spaces re&ularl# and drain the sca"en&e space.

• 5aintain the stu>n& box in &ood condition.

• Chec( the bearin& clearance re&ularl# as per +5S

• 0ll sa!et# trip and alarms to be tried re&ularl#

• Carr# out the c6c inspection re&ularl#

• A52 alarm tested. C6C relie! door to be o"erhauled at re&ular inter"als.

sca"en&e 8re ...actionsIndications• -pm drops

• Tnstable operations causes sur&in& in '6c

• Exhaust temp o! the aected unit increases

• ,lac( smo(e

• -ise in temp and press o! the sca"en&e box

• 2ischar&e o! spar(s and $ame !rom the drain o! the aected unit

• Coolin& outlet temp o! the aected unit increase

0ction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#Real.2C_reactive.2C_and_apparent_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)


44/47

• -educe the en&ine speed

• Cut o the !uel suppl# to the aected unit

• C#linder lubrication to be increased

• Coolant $o* throu&h the ac(et and the piston to be maintained

• Keep clear o! the sca"en&e space relie! "al"e6door

Fire should be extin&uished a!ter sometime. I! the 8re spreads then

• In!orm brid&e and stop en&ine

• Stop !uel oil booster p6p

• Apen indicator coc(% en&a&e turnin& &ear and turn the en&ine

• Continue en&ine coolin& to piston% bearin& and also to liner

• -elease smotherin& &ases steam to extin&uish the 8re

Inspection o! the sca"en&e space to be carried out a!ter a sca"en&e 8re

• Intense 8re can cause distortion and ma# upset piston ali&ment

• Chec( sprin& on sca"en&e space relie! de"ice

• +iston rod pac(in& sprin&.

• Chec( the diaphra&m

• Chec( &uide and &uide shoes

• Chec( tie rod

,oiler le"el &au&e sho*s no *ater ..actions

• Stop boiler i! the boiler is 8rin&

• 2o not ta(e !eed *ater in to the boiler as it ma# cause thermal crac(in& in the tubes.

• Chec( the remote le"el indicator.

• Carr# out a &au&e &lass blo* do*n to con8rm the *ater le"el

• Con8rm the *ater le"el is lo* then chec( the reason !or it ma#

o 'hree *a# "6" stuc( or not !unctionin&

o 0ir pr to the /D*a# "6" lo*

o 2rain "6" o! the di pressure s*itch !or -WJ lea(in&.

o 2i pr s*itch diaphra&m lea(in& or de!ecti"e

o Val"e choc(ed near the di pr s*itch or near the boiler.

o +6p suction lost.

o Cascade t( empt#

o +6p in manual mode or tripped.

• 0!ter 8ndin& out the reason ta(e *ater ma# be a!ter a inter"al &ap o! 1; mins this &i"es su>cient time !or boiler to cool and

thus pre"ent thermal crac(in&.

)=661/

External : dont (no*

Internal: senthil sir

Fn applied : 4b

,oiler sa!eties

• Sa!et# "al"e

• Vent

• +ressure &au&e

• Water le"el indicator


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• Jo* *ater le"el alarm

• Jo* Jo* *ater le"el trip

• Jo* pr alarm.

• 7i&h +r alarm

• 7i&h +r trip

• Flame !ailure.

• Jo* !uel oil pr temp.

• ,urner door interloc(.

• 0uto cut o6cut in

• +re pur&in& and post pur&in&

Critical speed:

In a en&ine the cran(sha!t is subect to dierent stress. Ane o! the main stress is the torsion stress in the cran(sha!t. 'orsion stress

causes the t*istin& and unt*istin& o! the cran(sha!t and di>cult to detect.

'hus classi8cation has &i"en ) limit '1 and ').

Where '1 limit the en&ine is allo*ed to cross thus onl# !or a limited time period. 'his is called as barred speed. ') limit should ne"er be

crossed b# the en&ine durin& runnin&.

'hus !or this reason critical speed is set !or en&ines *here the &o"ernor doesnot allo*s the en&ine to run the en&ine in critical speed !or

a lon& time.

S!oc de8nition % unit and calculation

Consumption o! !uel oil per unit enerat output sha!tis (no*n as speci8c !uel oil consumption. Tnit o! the SFAC is &ms6bhph or

&ms6KWh.

SFAC consumption o! !ueldensit#

hour ,7+6KW


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-ESE-VE ,TAU0BCE

Nre! reeds p& 111O

- Its a potential buo#ance o! the ship *hich depends upon the intact *ater ti&ht "olume abo"e the *ater line o! the ship

- I! a *ei&ht is added or buo#ance is lost due to bil&in&% the reser"e buo#ance &ets con"erted to buo#ance b# increasin& the

dra!t

- I! the loss o! buo#ance exceeds the reser"e buo#ance ship *ill sin(


47/47

'-0BSA5 FJAA-

- -udder post is carried into the main hull "ia the transom $oor

- 'he $oor to *hich the rudder post is 8tted is hea"ier *ith more substantial stienin& arran&ements % this $oor is re!erred to as

transom $oor

IB2IC0'A- C0-2S

Nre!er 0 Wharton p&: )1O

- 'hese are nothin& but pressure and "olume &raphs

- Which &i"es a detailed in!o on *hat happens inside the en&ine

'here are 4 t#pes o! indicator cards

- +o*er card

- Compression dia&ram

- 2ra* card

- Ji&ht sprin& dia&ram

+o*er card

- Its ta(en in phase *ith the piston mo"ement

Compression dia&ram

- 'his is also same as po*er card Ni.e. its in phaseO

- 'he onl# dierence in this is that% the !uel suppl# is cut o

- 'hus this &i"es 5ax compression pressure

Bote: 0 decrease in hei&ht o! this cur"e *ould indicate% bro(en exhaust "al"e% blo* b#% *orn liner etc

2ra* card

- 'his is 9 out o! phase

- 'his indicates more clearl# the pressure chan&es

- ,ut the p com is super imposed

JIG7' S+-IBG 2I0G-05

- 'his is a&ain similar to po*er card Ni.e. in phase *ith the piston mo"ementO

- 'he onl# dierence is that% the card is ta(en *ith a li&ht sprin&

- 'he use bein&% exhaust and sca"en&e pressure chan&es are sho*n enhanced

Chennai Oral With Ans

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