Chemistry Review. Review Video... It’s a long one.
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Transcript of Chemistry Review. Review Video... It’s a long one.
![Page 1: Chemistry Review. Review Video... It’s a long one.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e615503460f94b5ccee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry Review
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Review Video... It’s a long one
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Atomic Models1. Democritus: Indivisible piece of matter called the
atom2. Dalton: Elements made of atoms all alike &
compounds made of 2+ elements3. Thomson: Discovered electrons, atoms divisible,
pudding model4. Rutherford: Protons in nucleus, electrons
scattered around outside5. Bohr: electrons move in orbits around nucleus,
strongest ones far away from nucleus6. Wave: small positive nucleus surrounded by
electrons (same # as protons)
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Structure of the atom
• Nucleus: (core) contains 99.9% of the mass of the atom, Contains protons and neutrons
• Protons: Positively charged particle. They are identical in every element
• Neutrons: Have no charge, identical in every element, differing numbers in the same element are called isotopes
• Protons and neutrons are made of smaller particles called quarks
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Electrons
• Electrons whirl around the nucleus in the electron cloud
• Their mass is smaller than a proton or neutron
• They have a negative charge• The number of electrons an atom has
determines its chemical properties• Electron in outer level are called valence
electrons
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Energy Levels
• 1st 2 electrons2nd 8 electrons3rd 18 electrons4th 32 electrons
• The further away from the nucleus, the more energy it has
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Be happy its not you!
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Atomic Number and Mass
• The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number of the element
• The mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons and is used to distinguish one isotope from another
• Atomic mass is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element
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Forces in the atom
1. Electromagnetic force: Keeps the electrons spinning around the nucleus due to the repulsion/attraction
2. Strong Force: The greatest of the four forces3. Weak Force: Responsible for radioactive decay
through fusion4. Gravity: Force of attraction between objects,
weakest force
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Nuclear Stability
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Characteristics of Chemical Reactions
• Formation of a NEW substance, not the original substance
• Reactant: substance that enters into the reaction (original substance)
• Product: substance that is produced by a chemical reaction (new substance)
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass remains constant in a chemical reaction
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Bonding
• If an atom has 8 valence electrons it is stable and will not bond
• An atom with less than 8 valence electrons is unstable and will bond readily (easily)
• The ability to bond determines its ability to undergo chemical reactions
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Reaction video
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Balancing Equations
• Subscripts, symbols, and formulas cannot be changed because you would be changing the substance altogether.
• Coefficients can be added.• Balance the number of atoms of each element on
both sides to show that no mass has been lost or gained
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Vocabulary
1. Exothermic: Heat, or energy, comes out of, or is released (gets hot), combustion
2. Endothermic: Heat, or energy, goes into (gets cold), reaction is the form of heat or light
3. Kinetics: the study of reaction rates
4. Collision Theory: The rate of a reaction is affected by concentration, surface area, temperature and catalysts
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Periodic Table
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Periodic Table• Dmitri Mendeleev Organized by atomic mass
(weight)• Henry Moseley, arranged the elements according
to their atomic numberGroups / Families
• Groups or families• They have similar properties• Vertical• They have the same number of valence electrons• There are 18 families… be able to name them!!• A,AE,T,B,C,N,O,H,NG
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Families
1. Alkali Metal Family: most reactive metals, violent reaction in water
2. Halogen Family: most reactive nonmetals
3. Noble Gas Family: normally unreactive
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Periods/ Rows
• Elements are not alike in the rows• First element in a row is an extremely active solid,
last is always an inactive gas• There are 7 periods• The number of the row they are in tells you the
number of energy levels• Horizontal
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Element stuff you need to know
1. Hydrogen is a non-metal
2. Mercury is the only metal in liquid form at room temperature
3. Most of the elements are metals in solid form
4. The non-metals are in gas form
5. There are only a few metalloids along the zig-zag line
6. Radioactive elements are mostly man-made
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Position on the table
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Bonding
1, 2, 3 = lose electrons5,6,7 = gain electrons4 = gain or lose8 = unresponsive1. Ionic bonding – involves a transfer of electrons.
One atom gains and the other one loses (metal and non-metal)
2. Covalent bonding –They share electrons, rather than transfer. (Non-metal and non-metal), from molecules
3. Metallic bonding: metal and metal, electrons are able to fly off the energy levels
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Dumb Criminals
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Vocabulary• Chemical bonding – the combining of atoms of elements to
form new substances• Ion – a charged atom (positive or negative).• Ionization – the process of removing electrons to form ions. • The energy needed is called ionization energy.• Electron affinity – the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons.• Polyatomic ion – when two elements bond first covalently
then through ionic bonding• Oxidation number – the number of electrons an atom gains
or loses, or shares in a chemical bond.• Diatomic elements – form bonds with atoms of the same
element.
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Radioactivity
1. Becquerel: Provided evidence of x-rays and Uranium
2. Curie: discovered Radioactive Elements, Polonium and Radium
3. Rutherford: Produced the first artificial transmutation
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Particles
1. Alpha: Nucleus of He atom, Weakest, Positive charge, stopped by paper
2. Beta: Electron formed in the nucleus when a neutron breaks apart, pass through 3 mm of aluminum
3. Gamma: Electromagnetic wave of high frequency and short wave length, Strongest, Can pass through lead
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Mutation??
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Fission and Fusion
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Vocabulary1. Binding energy: needed for the stability of a nucleus2. Radioactive decay: The spontaneous breakdown of
an unstable atomic nucleus3. Decay Series: The series of steps by which a
radioactive nucleus decays into a non-radioactive nucleus.
4. Alpha Decay: Occurs when a nucleus releases an alpha particle
5. Beta Decay: Loses a beta particle causing the # of protons to go up by 1.
6. Gamma Decay: Release of gamma ray, Nucleus is not changed only lowered to a different energy level
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7. Transmutation: Where one element changes into another as a result of changes in the nucleus (beta decay)
8. Radioactive Half-Life: The amount of time it takes the atoms in a given sample of an element to decay
9. Particle accelerator uses magnets and electric fields to speed up particles
10. Fission: Splitting of an atomic nucleus into 2 smaller nuclei of approximately equal mass, I Break, power plants
11. Fusion: Joining of 2 atomic nuclei of smaller mass to form a single nucleus of a larger mass, U Make, sun and atomic bombs