CHEMISTRY OF MAJOR COMPOUNDS IN THE BODY.ppt

7/24/2019 CHEMISTRY OF MAJOR COMPOUNDS IN THE BODY.ppt

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CHEMISTRY OF MAJOR

COMPOUNDS IN THEBODY

CARBOHYDRATES

LIPIDS

PROTEINS

NUCLEIC ACIDS


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CARBOHYDRATES

ALDEHYDE OR KETONE DERIVATES OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS

4 CLASSES BASED ON THEIR SIZE

I. MONOSACCHARIDES

- SMALLEST UNIT OF CARBOHYDRATES- CANNOT BE HYDROLIZED INTO SIMPLER CARBOHYDRATES

- MONOSACCHARIDES MAY BE CLSSIFIED BASED ON THE

NUMBER

OF THEIR CARBON ATOMS:

- TRIOSE : GLYCERALDEHYDE

- TETROSES : ERYTHROSE - PENTOSES : RIBOSE

- HEXOSES : GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE, MANNOSE

- HEPTOSES : SEDOHEPTULOSE


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- SUGARS EXHIBIT VARIOUS FORMS OF ISOMERISM

1. D AND L SUGARS - MONOSACCHARIDES ARE DESIGNATED D OR L,DEPENDING

ON THE CONFIGURATION OF THE ASYMETRIC CARBON

FARTHEST FROM THE CARBONYL GROUP

D ISOMER IF THE HYDROXYL GROUP IN THE RIGHT

SIDE,

L ISOMER IT THE HYDROXYL GROUP IN THE LEFTSIDE !

- MOST OF THE SUGARS IN LIVING ORGANISM BELONG TO

THE D SERIES

". PYRANOSE AND FURANOSE RING STRUCTURE

- HEXOSES, SUCH AS THE ALDOHEXOSE OR THE KETO-

HEXOSE FORM EITHER SIX-MEMBERED RING PYRANOSE!

OR FIVE-MEMBERED RING FURANOSE !


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#. ALPHA AND BETA ANOMERS

- IF THE SUGAR IS DEPICTED $ITH THE RING IN THE PLANE

OF THE PAPER, THE HYDROXYL GROUP COVALENTLY

ATTACHED TO THE ANOMERIC CARBON IS IN THE

ALPHA POSITION IF IT IS BELO$ THE PLANE OF THE RING,

BETA POSITION IF IT IS ABOVE THE PLANE OF THE RING

4. EPIMERS

- ISOMER DIFFERING AS A RESULT OF VARIATIONS IN THE %OH AND %H ON CARBON ATOMS

&. ALDOSE-KETOSE ISOMERISM

- ONE OF THE CARBON ATOM FORMS A CARBONYL GROUP

VIA A DOUBLE BOND $ITH OXYGEN

ALDOSE IF THE CARBONYL GROUP IS AN ALDEHYDE

OR KETOSE IF IT IS A KETONE GROUP


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THE STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE CAN BE REPRESENTED IN THREE

$AYS:STRAIGHT-CHAIN STRUCTURE, RING STRUCTURE, CYCLIC

STRUCTURE

HA$ORTH PROJECTION! AND THE CHAIR-BOAT FORM

II. DISACCHARIDES- CONTAINS " MONOSACCHARIDES JOINED BY AN O-GLYCOSIDIC

BOND

- EXAMPLES : MALTOSE GLUCOSE-GLUCOSE!

LACTOSE GLUCOSE-GALACTOSE!

SUCROSE GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE!


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III. OLIGOSACCHARIDES

- CONTAINS # % 1' MONOSACCHARIDES - COMPONENTS OF GLYCOPROTEINS ANDGLYCOLIPIDS

IV. POLYSACCHARIDES

- CONTAINS MORE THAN 1' MONOSACCHARIDES,JOINED BY

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

- EXAMPLES : STARCH GLYCOGEN INULIN GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN


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CLASSIFICATION:

I. SIMPLE LIPID:

- ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS $ITH VARIOUS ALCOHOLS

II. COMPLEX LIPIDS:- ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS CONTAINING GROUPS IN

ADDITION

TO AN ALCOHOL AND FATTY ACIDS

- EXAMPLES : FOSFOLIPID, GLYCOLIPID, LIPOPROTEIN

III.PRECURSOR AND DERIVED LIPID

- EXAMPLES : FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, STEROIDS, KETONE

BODIES

LIPIDS


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FATTY ACIDS

- STRAIGHT ALIPHATIC CHAINS $ITH METHYL GROUP ATONE END OMEGA-CARBON! AND A CARBOXYL GROUP AT

THE OTHER END

- MOST FATTY ACIDS IN THE HUMAN HAVE AN EVEN NUMBEROF CARBON ATOMS USUALLY BET$EEN 1( % "'

- FATTY ACIDS MAY BE SATURATED OR UNSATURATED

- THE DOUBLE BONDS IN MOST NATURALLY OCCURINGFATTY ACIDS ARE IN THE CIS CONFIGURATION THE ACYL

CHAINS ARE ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE DOUBLE BONDS!)TRANS MEANS THAT THE ACYL CHAINS ARE ON OPPOSITE

SIDES OF THE DOUBLE BOND


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ACYLGLYCEROLS

- FATTY ACIDS REACT $ITH ALCOHOL HYDROXYL!

GROUPS TO FORM ESTERS ---- TRIACYLGLYCEROLS

PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS

- PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS CONTAIN FATTY ACIDSESTERFIED TOPOSITIONS 1 AND " OF GLYCEROL AND A PHOSPHORYLGROUP AT POSITION #

IF ONLY A PHOSPHATE GROUP IS ATTACH TO POSITION #,THE COMPOUND IS KNO$N AS PHOSPHATIDIC ACID

- COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM PHOSPHATIDIC ACID THATCONTAIN SUBSTITUENTS ON THE PHOSPHATE GROUP AREKNO$N AS PHOSPHOLIPID PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES!.


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SPHINGOLIPIDS

- SPHINGOLIPIDS ARE DERIVATES OF CERAMIDE SYNTHESIZED

FROM SERINE , PALMITIC ACID! AND AN ADDITIONAL FATTY ACID- PHOSPHOCHOLINE IS ESTERIFIED TO CERAMIDE IN

SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHOLIPID!

- SUGARS ARE ATTACHED TO CERAMIDE IN CEREBROSIDES AND

GANGLIOSIDES

- SPHINGOLIPIDS ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF MYELIN AND OF

THE MEMBRANES OF BRAIN AND OTHER NERVOUS TISSUE

EICOSANOIDS

- EICOSANOIDS ARE PRODUCED BY MANY CELL IN THE BODY,

SYNTHESIZED FROM POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

CONTAINING "' CARBON ATOMS $ITH #, 4, OR & DOUBLE BONDS

- EXAMPLES : PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANS, LEUKOTRIENES


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STEROIDS

- THE STEROIDS ARE A GROUP OF COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN A

STRUCTURE KNO$N AS THE STEROID NUCLEUSCYCLOPENTANO

PERHYDRO PHENANTHRENE!

- CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIZED IN ANIMALS BUT NOT IN PLANTS!

IS THE PARENT COMPOUND FROM $HICH OTHER STEROIDS ARE

PRODUCED IN HUMANS

- CHOLESTEROL IS CONVERTED TO BILE SALTS, THE

ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE STEROID HORMONE! AND THE

SEX HORMONES

- THE #-HYDROXYL GROUP OF CHOLESTEROL CAN REACT $ITH

FATTY ACIDS, FORMING CHOLESTEROL ESTERS $HICH ARE LESS

SOLUBLE THAN FREE CHOLESTEROL AND THREFORE IS STOREDAS DROPLETS IN CELLS, AND ALSO ARE FOUND IN THE BLOOD

LIPOPROTEINS


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- THE BILE SALTS ARE AMPHIPATIC COMPOUNDS

CONTAIN BOTHHYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC REGIONS, SERVING

TO EMULSIFY THE LIPIDS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT


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PROTEIN.

PROTEIN ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM AMINOACIDS THAT ARE JOINEDBY PEPTIDE BONDS.AMINO ACIDS ARE THE BUILDING BLOKS

OF PROTEIN MOLECULES.

ALL OF AMINO ACIDS FOUND IN THE BODY

PROTEIN ARE OF THE

L- ALPHA- AMINO ACIDS. EXCEPTGLYCINE!.


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FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEINSTRUCTURE.

-PRIMARY STRUCTURE : THE LINEARSE*UENCE OF AMINO ACIDS THAT ARE LINKED TOGETHER BYPEPTIDE BONDS.

- SECONDARY STRUCTURE : REGIONS$ITHIN POLYPEPTIDE CHAINSCAN FORM REGULAR, RECURRING,LOCALIZED STRUCTURES THATRESULT FROM HYDROGEN BONDINGBET$EEN ATOMS OF THE PEPTIDE BONDS.


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- TERTIARY STRUCTURE : THE OVERALL

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMATION

OF PROTEIN. FACTORS THAT STABILIZED THE

TERTIARY STRUCTURE :

- NONCOVALENT INTERACTIONS BET$EEN

THE SIDE CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDSRESIDUES

- HYDROPHOBIC AND ELECTROSTATIC

INTERACTIONS AS $ELLAS HYDROGEN BONDS,


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COVALENT LINKAGES INVOLVING DISULFIDE

BOND FORMATION BET$EEN CYSTEINE

RESIDUES.

- VAN DER $AALS FORCES BET$EEN

THE ATOMS.

- *UATERNARY STRUCTURE : THE THREE-

DIMENSIONAL CONFORMATION OF AMULTISUBUNIT PROTEIN COMPOSED OF A

NUMBER OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS ORSUBUNITS! JOINED BY NONCOVALENT

INTERACTIONS


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NUCLEIC ACIDS.

- POLYMER OF NUCLEOTIDES. NUCLEOTIDES ARE COMPOSED OF :

- NITROGENOUS BASE " TYPES :

PURIN, PYRIMIDINES!

- SUGAR RIBOSE OR DEOXYRIBOSE!.

- PHOSPHATE.


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PHOSPHATE GROUPS ATTACHED TO

NUCLEOSIDES CONSIST OF

N-BASE AND SUGAR ) THE SUGAR ISJOINED TO THE BASE BY ANN-GLYCOSIDIC BOND ! BY AN ESTER

BOND TO THE SUGAR, USUALLY AT THE &+-CARBON !.


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- NUCLEOTIDES SERVE AS THE

MONOMERIC UNITS OF THE

NUCLEIC ACIDS, DNA AND RNA. BASE

PAIRING, $HICH INVOLVES

HYDROGEN BONDS, IS ESSENTIAL

FOR THE FUNCTION OF THE

NUCLEIC ACIDS.


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CHEMISTRY OF MAJOR COMPOUNDS IN THE BODY.ppt

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