Chemistry of Life, Part 2 (.ppsx)

Chapter 2, Part 2: The Chemistry of Life

Todays TopicsOrganic MoleculesCarbon & Biological SystemsMonomers & PolymersSugars/CarbohydratesFatty Acids/LipidsAmino Acids/ProteinsNucleic Acids/DNA & RNAWhen Things Go SouthChemistry of Life, Part 2

Part 2Chapter 2

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#

13/5/2017Paradise Valley Community CollegeThe Chemistry of Life, Part 2

Modeling an Organic Molecule

CyclohexaneBenzeneMethaneCCCCCCHHHHHHHHHHHH

Source: http://www.google.com/. 2013.

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#2

The Chemistry of Life, Part 2Paradise Valley Community College3/5/2017

Building Organic MoleculesCarbon atoms bond with up to four other atoms...

methanemethanolethaneethanol



Carbon atoms bond with up to four other atomsoften forming long chains or rings. Building Organic Molecules

MethaneCH4

Linoleic acid (cis isomer)Linolelaidic acid (trans isomer)

Source: Starr, C., Evers, C. A., & Starr, L. 2014.

C18H32O2



Anabolism:Enzymes also create polymers from component monomers.Metabolism

Catabolism:Enzymes break apart polymers into component monomers.

biopolymer

enzymeMetabolism:A complex of physical and chemical processeswithin a living cell or organism, necessary for the maintenance of life



simple sugarsfatty acidsamino acidsnucleotidesMonomersubunit of a polymersimple sugarsfatty acidsamino acidsnucleotidesPolymerconsists of multiple monomerscarbohydrateslipidsproteinsnucleic acids

Monomers and Polymers GlucoseSucroseFructose

HCCCCCCHHHHHOOOOOOHHHHHHHCCCCCCHHHHHOOOOOHHHHHOH............



GlucoseGlucose, Fructose, and GalactoseSix-carbon sugars (hexoses)Dietary monosaccharidesC6H12O6 Ribose and DeoxyriboseFive-carbon sugars (pentoses)Backbone sugars for RNA and DNAC5H10O5

6 Oxygens12 Hydrogens6 CarbonsLets count them

Glucose

Five Common Sugars

FructoseGalactose

Ribose

Deoxyribose




Common Sugars

NutraSweet(aspartame)

Splenda(sucralose)

Stevia(steviol)200-600 timessweeter thansucrose

SucroseSource: commons.wikimedia.org. 2015



OHOHDehydration Reaction

GlucoseGlucose

Water removedenzymaticallyMaltose

Dehydration



Hydrolysis ReactionGlucoseSucroseFructosePolysaccharide(Disaccharide)(Monosaccharides)

HOH

H

Bond splitenzymaticallyby adding waterHydrolysis



Sugars Why We Love Them

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Cells use carbohydrates for energy and structural materials.

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMolecules that consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atomsGlucoseC6H12O6SucroseC12H22O11Amylose(C6H10O5)n

Credit: gymflow100.com. 2015.



Complex CarbohydratesEnzymes assemble complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) from simple carbohydrate (monosaccharide) subunits.Glucose monomers can bond in different patterns to form different complex carbohydrates.Starch (main energy reserve in plants)Cellulose (structural component of plants)Glycogen (energy reserve in animals)

Source: bakerpedia.com. 2015.

Source: galleryhip.com. 2015.

Source: www.livestrong.com. 2015.



Complex Carbohydrates: Starch

Source: Modified from courses.bio.indiana.edu. 2013.



Complex Carbohydrates: CelluloseFound only in plants.H-Bonding createsstraight chains.

Source: modified from cegep-ste-foy.qc.ca. 2015.

Source: Modified from courses.bio.indiana.edu. 2013.



Complex Carbohydrates: Glycogen

Branched-chainCarbohydrateCross-section of glycogengranule with protein in center

Source: Modified from courses.bio.indiana.edu2013.

10-40 m10-40 x 10-6 mDiam. Human Hair100 x 10-6mGlycogen granuleSource: commons.wikimedia.org. 2015.

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Todays TopicsOrganic MoleculesCarbon, Metabolism, and Biological SystemsMonomers & PolymersSugars/CarbohydratesFatty Acids/LipidsAmino Acids/ProteinsNucleic Acids/DNA & RNAWhen Things Go SouthChemistry of Life, Part 2


173/5/2017Paradise Valley Community CollegeThe Chemistry of Life, Part 2

LipidsLipids are greasy or oily nonpolar organic molecules, often with one or more fatty acid tails.Lipid:oily or waxy compoundscomposed of:long chain of carbon atoms (fatty acids)hydrophobicwith an acidic carboxyl group at one endhydrophilicSource: Modified from Koeppen & Stanton. 2015.Steroid

Glycolipid

Phospholipid



TriglyceridesFatty AcidsGlycerolTriglyceride

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Fats (e.g., triglycerides, lipids) most abundant source of energy in vertebratesstored in adipose tissue that insulates the bodyFat:Lipid with one, two, orthree fatty acid tailsTriglyceride:Lipid with three fattyacid tails attachedto a glycerol backboneFats

Source: modified from ww.medicinenet.com. 2015.Credit: Sanju Varghese. slideshare.net. 2015.

Source: dani-fabulous.com. 2015.adipose tissue




WaxesWaxes are a category of water-repellent and lubricating secretions in plants and animals.Wax (Cerumen)Water-repellent lipid with long fatty-acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

Source: Modified from bessergesundleben.com. 2015.




Saturated and Unsaturated FatsSaturated fats pack more tightly than unsaturated fats, and tend to be more solid.Saturated fat:Fatty acid with no doublebonds in its carbon tailUnsaturated fat:Lipid with one or moredouble bonds in a fattyacid tail

Source: Modified from online.science.psu.edu. 2015.Saturated fats

Source: Modified from online.science.psu.edu. 2015.Unsaturated fats

Source: www.cobrinhabjj.com. 2015

mono-unsaturated

poly-unsaturated

saturated



Fatty AcidsStearicacidLinolenicacidOleicacidElaidicacidCarboxyl group17-Carbon chainsPolarRegionNonpolarRegion

Cocoa ButterCanolaOilOliveOilTransFat

LiquidSolidSolidLiquid

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Omega Fatty AcidsSource: iherb.com/DHA. 2017.

Source: en.Wikipedia..com. 2016.

Source: Modified from eufic.org. 2016.

OmegaEndOmega-3FattyAcidsOmegaEndOmega-6FattyAcids

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Source: Modified hammiverse.com 2017.

PhospholipidsPhospholipids are the main structural component of cell membranes.Phospholipid:A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, andtwo nonpolar fatty acid tails

The Dancing Baker




Source: teebioscience.blogspot.com. 2015.

Lipid BilayerOne layer of phospholipidsOne layer of phospholipidsThe Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#26Figure 2.15Phospholipids. (A) Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. (B) A double layer of phospholipids is the structural foundation of all cell membranes.The Chemistry of Life, Part 2Paradise Valley Community College3/5/2017

Source: en.wikipedia.com. 2015.SteroidsSteroids such as cholesterol occur in cell membranes or are remodeled into other molecules (such as steroidal hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D).Steroid:17 Carbon atoms but in a ringstructure with a carbon tailA type of lipid with fourcarbon rings and nofatty acid tails

Source: en.wikipedia.com. 2015.

1234




Cholesterol & Steroidal HormonesEstrogenTestosterone

To make this happen, one needs enzymes.ProgesteroneCholesterol

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#ProteinsThe function of a protein depends on its structure, which consists of chains of amino acids that twist and fold into functional domains.Protein:Organic compoundthat consists of achain or chains ofamino acids

Source: www.dailyhealthtips24.com. 2015.



Amino AcidsAmino acidSmall organic compound with a carboxyl group,amino group, and a characteristic side group (R).

Amino groupCarboxyl group



Definitions: Peptide BondsAmino acids are joined by chains of peptide bonds into a structure called a polypeptide.Peptide bond:Bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of anotherPolypeptide:Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds



20 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids

NucleophilicHydrophilicAromaticAcidicAmideBasicSmallSource: Modified from nptel.ac.in. 2017.

PhenylalanineValineTryptophanTyrosineIsoleucineMethionineHistidinealanineLeucineLysineEssentialAmino Acids

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Source: Modified from study.com. 2014.

Peptide FormationDipeptideWaterAmino Acid 1Amino Acid 2

R represents the side chain which defines the amino acid.

Peptide Bond



Protein structure1. Primary structure (polypeptide formation) Simply, a linear sequence of amino acids




Source: www.biomoleculeobjects.com. 2015.Protein structure2. Secondary structureHydrogen bonds twist the polypeptide into a coil or sheet.-helix-sheets -helix

Credit: modified from commons.wikimedia.org. 2015.-helix-sheets




Protein structure3. Tertiary structureSecondary structure folds into a functional shape.

Source: www.biomoleculeobjects.com. 2015.

Heme

Hemoglobin




Protein structure4. Quaternary structure (Optional) Two or more distinct polypeptide chains associate and function as one molecule (e.g., hemoglobin).

Credit: Modified from Lietuvos Sveikatos. Slideshar.net. 2015




1. Primary structure (polypeptide formation) Simply, a linear sequence of amino acids2. Secondary structureHydrogen bonds twist the polypeptide into a coil or sheet.3. Tertiary structureSecondary structure folds into a functional shape.4. Quaternary structure (Optional) Two or more distinct polypeptide chains associate and function as one molecule.Protein Structure A Review



What is a Protein?


Source: modified from SofiaPazM. Slideshare.net. 2015.Protein irreversibly denaturesImportance of Protein StructureChanges in a proteins structure at any level may also alter its function.

Albumenwater-solubleinsolubleDenaturing Albumin

Source: Modified from mpibpc.mpg.de. 2017.irreversible denaturation




HOH

HOH

Nucleotide:Monomer of nucleic acidsHas a five-carbon sugar,a nitrogen-containing base,and phosphate groups

NucleosideNucleic AcidsRiboseNitrogenousBase

HOHHOH

Nucleotide diphosphateNucleotide monophosphateNucleotide triphosphate

High energy bonds



ATPThe nucleotide, ATP, cantransfer energy to other molecules,andis important in metabolism.Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Nucleotide that consists of anadenine base,five-carbon ribose sugar,and three phosphate groupsFunctions as an energy carrier

Source: commons.wikimedia.org. 2015.




Nucleic AcidsNucleic acidsNucleotide monomers joined by sugar-phosphate bonds

DNARNAC

O- O P O CH2OG

O- O P O CH2OTO- O P O CH2O

A

O- O P O CH2OA

O- O P O CH2OU

O- O P O CH2OC

O- O P O CH2OG

O- O P O CH2O

TOCH2 O P O-O

AOCH2 O P O-O

COCH2 O P O-O

GOCH2 O P O-O


BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Nucleic acid polymer that carries hereditary materialTwo nucleotide chains twisted in a double -helixThe function of DNA is to encode inherited information about a cells proteins and RNAs.



Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)Ribonucleic acid (RNA)Typically single-stranded nucleic acid polymerFunctions in protein synthesisThe function of RNA is to interact with DNA and with other RNAs to carry out protein synthesis.

DNATranscribed RNA



Disorders of Carbohydrate MetabolismObesityNon-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)Cardiovascular diseaseCancerGastrointestinal diseases other than cancerDental cariesHypoglycemiaKetosisWhen Things go southWhat Can Happen From a Lack of Carbohydrates?http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-happen-lack-carbohydrates-5999.html

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Disorders of Lipid MetabolismGaucher's disease (inherited)Tay-Sachs disease (inherited, Ashkenazi Jews)MCAD Deficiency (inherited, only males affected)Fabrys disease (glycolipid build-up)Niemann-Pick Disease (cholesterol build-up)Refsums disease (nerve & retinal damage)When Things go southDiseases Caused by Lipidshttp://www.livestrong.com/article/198747-diseases-caused-by-lipids/

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Disorders of Protein MetabolismCachexia (depletion of skeletal muscle)Marasmus (infants, weight loss, dehydration)Kwashiorkor (older children, starvation)Protein C and Protein C (poor clotting)Proteopathy (major aggregating protein)Alzheimer's disease (amyloid peptide)Cerebral -amyloid angiopathyRetinal ganglion cell degenerationPrion diseases (multiple)When Things go southA List of Protein Deficiency Diseaseshttp://www.livestrong.com/article/269901-a-list-of-protein-deficiency-diseases/

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#Disorders of Nucleic Acid MetabolismLesch-Nyhan Syndrome (inherited, neuropathy)Xanthinuria (inherited, low blood uric acid)Orotic Aciduria (inherited, retardation)Hypouricemia (inherited, sever liver damage)Von Gierkes Disease (inherited, lactic acidosis)Reyes Syndrome (inherited, damaged mitochondria When Things go southDiseases Due to Errors in Nucleic Acid Metabolismhttp://www.biologydiscussion.com/acids/nucleic-acid/diseases-due-to-errors-in-nucleic-acid-metabolism/43915

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#When Things Go SouthPrion (partially denatured protein)A mis-folded protein (PrP)that becomes infectiousExample:Mad Cow Disease (BSE)in cattleExample:CJD in humansBSE: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (cattle)CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (humans)

Normal

MisfoldedSource: modified from case.ntu.edu.tw. 2015.




LDLFTEKMQKTPLEKASIFSQIFFSWTKPILWKGYRQRLELSDIYQIHPGDSADNLSERLEREWDREVATSKKNPKLINALKRCFFWKFLFYGILLYLGEVTKAVQPLLLGRIIASYDRDNEHERSIAYYLAIGLCLLFVVRMLLLHPAIFGLHHIGMQMRIAMFSLIYKKTLKLSSKVLDKISTGQLVSLLSNNLNKFDEGLALAHFVWIAPLQVLLLMGLLWDLLQASAFCGLGFLIILALFQAWLGRMMMKYRDKRAGKINERLVITSQIIENIQSVKAYCWENAMEKIIETIRETELKLTRKAAYVRYFNSSAFFFSGFFVVFLSIVPHLLLDGISLRKIFTTISFSIVLRMAVTRQFPWAVQTWYDSLGVINKIQEFLQKEEYKSLEYNLTTTEVAMENVSASWDEGIGEFFEKAKLEVNGGNISNEDPSAFFSNFSLHVAPVLRNINFKIEKGQLLAIAGSTGAGKTSLLMMIMGELEPSAGKIKHSGRISFSPQVSWIMPGTIKENIVFGVSYDQYRYLSVIKACQLEEDISKFPEKDNTVLGEGGITLSGGQRARISLARAVYKDADLYLLDSPFSYLDLFTEKEIFESCVCKLMANKTRILVTSKVEQLKKADKVLILHEGSCYFYGTFSELQDQRPEFSSHLIGFDHFNAERRNSIITETLRRCSIDSDPTGVRNEVKNKSFKQVGDFSEKRKSSIINPRKSSRKFSVMQKSQPQMSGIEEEDVPAVQGERKLSLVPESDQGEASLPRSNIFNTGPTFQARRRQSVLNLMTRTSISQGSNAFATRKTSVRKMSVSSYSNSSFEVDIYNRRLSQDSILEVSEDINEEDLKECFLDDTDSPSTTTTWNTYLRFLTAHKNFIFILVFCIVIFLAEVVASSAGLWVLKSNAPVINTTSNGNGSEISDTLSVIVTHTSFYYVFYIYVGVVDSLLALGIFRGLPLVHSLISVSKVLHKKMLHAILHAPMSTFNTMRAGRILNRFSKDTAILDDILPLSIFDLTQLVLIVIGAITVVSLLEPYIFLATVPVIVAFILLRSYFLHTSQQLKQLESEARSPIFAHLITSLKGLWTLRAFGRQPYFETLFHKALNLHTANWFLYLSTLRWFQMTIEMIFVIFFIAVSFISIATSGAGEEKVGIVLTLAMNIMNTLQWAVNASIDVDSLMRSVSRIFRFIDLPVEELINENKNKEEQLSEVLIYENDYIKKTQVWPSGGQMTVKNLSANYIDGGNTVLENISFSLSPGQRVGLLGRTGSGKSTLLSAFLRLLSTQGDIQIDGVSWQTIPLQKWRKAFGVIPQKVFIFSGSIRKNLDPYGKWSDEELLKVTEEVGLKLIIDQFPGQLDFVLLDGGCVLSHGHKQLVCLARSVLSKAKILLLDEPSAHLDPITFQIIRKTLKHAFADCTVILSEHRLEAMLECQRFLVIEDNTVRQYDSIQKLVNEKSFFKQAISHSDRLKLFPLHRRNSSKRKSRPQISALQEETEEEVQDTRLWhen Things Go South

LDL TEKPrice M P et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1996;271:25184-25191Cystic Fibrosis1,485 amino acids508

BIO156Paradise Valley Community College#MonomersSugarsFatty AcidsAmino AcidsNucleic Acids

Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins DNA & RNAChemistry of Life - MacromoleculesSource: Modified from online.science.psu.edu. 2017.

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

Carbohydrate

Triglyceride

Protein

DNA



Chemistry of Life, Part 2 (.ppsx)

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Transcript of Chemistry of Life, Part 2 (.ppsx)