Chapter 5 How Ecosystems work

HEE Chapter 1Chemistry of Life / Biochemistry

I. Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method is a logical problem solving system that scientists are expected to use as they conduct research. This same method also has very practical use in everyday life.

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2II. Biotic and Abiotic Factors__________ factors are environmental factors that are associated with or result from the activities of _________________ which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms.__________ factors are environmental factors that are ______ associated with the activities of living organisms which includes air, water, rocks, and temperature.Scientists can organize these living and nonliving things into various levels.II. What does it mean to be alive?________________ all living things are made of cells.________________ all organisms take natural materials and organize them in a complex way.________________ all living things use energy = Metabolism.________________ - all living things maintain stable internal conditions.________________ all living things grow from cell division and cell enlargement.________________ essential for the continuation of the species.

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Matter, Energy, Organization:- A constant supply of energy is needed to maintain the highly organized structure of organisms.

- __________________ supplies almost all of the energy for life on earth.

IV. Matter and Organization?5

Matter anything that occupies _________ _________________.

Mass - the amount of __________________.Mass and weight are not the same. Gravity has an impact on weight.The same mass on the earth would weigh less on the moon because less gravity on moon.IV. Matter and Organization?

Elements __________________ cannot be broken down into simpler types of matter. Examples: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen these four make up more than 90% of the mass of all living things!Atom _____________________________that retains all of the elements properties.

Atomic Structure consists of:1. ______________ = _________________ consists of protons (+) and neutrons (0). NOTE: #of protons determines the atoms identity.2. ______________(-) orbit in energy levels or shells around the nucleus.

States of Matter ______, ______, _______ .depends on the motion of molecules. Ex.) Water temperature makes molecules move at different rates and turns water to solid, liquid, or gas.

Compound a _______________ made up of ____ _______________. Exs.) water H0, ammonia NH, glucose CHO.

Molecule the ____________________________ (compound) that retains ___________________ _____________ and can exist in a free state.Exs.) O, O3 HO, CO, DNA, protein.See page 33 in book for bonding info:

Organic Compounds made within living systems. A key feature is the presence of ___________ in organic compounds.

4 Main Classes ofOrganics Compounds ___________

____________ (DNA, RNA).

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Carbohydrates made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2 to 1 ratio. **There are 3 classes of Carbs.

MonosaccharidesDissacharidesPolysaccharidessugars Proteins organic compounds made mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Enzymes most are proteins. 1,000s act as ______________________ help many reactions take place.Ex.) Lactase is an enzyme that helps us digest Lactose (milk sugar). If a person lacks this enzyme, they are lactose intolerant and get sick when they consume dairy products.

Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme and the substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)

Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) Large, non-polar, do not dissolve in water. They have a higher ratio of carbon/hydrogen : oxygen than carbohydrates.

Lipids store more energy than Carbs (9 calories/gram vs. 4 calories/gram in Carbs)

Nucleic Acids store hereditary information also known as the genetic code. Exs.) DNA, RNA.

Nucleotides monomer building blocks of nucleic acids. Made up of a sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base. See page 59.

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Deoxyribose is the sugar). Contains the master set of instructions to direct the cells activities.

RNA Ribonucleic Acid (Ribose is the sugar). Stores the information needed for making proteins.Chemical Reaction _________________________ _________________________________________.

V. Chemical Reactions and Energy?

Energy ability to ____ _________________. Energy can change forms. Ex.) electrical can change to radiant and thermal (light bulb).Free Energy energy available to do work.

Activation Energy _________________________ _________________________.

Catalyst reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction. Ex.) ____________ act as catalysts. (see enzyme deficiency on page 37 in textbook.

Solution a mixture in which ________________ _________________________________________..can be liquids, solids, or gases. Ex.) Blood = iron, water, oxygen, sugar, wastesSolute a substance ______________ the solution.Solvent a substance ________________________ _________________________.

VI. Acids and BasesDissociation of Water : to break apart.

Pure water is neutral - # of OH and HO ions are equal.

Acid - # of HO ions is greater than OH ions.

Ex.) Hydrogen chloride gas in water:

Bases (Alkaline) - #of OH ions is greater than HO ions. Ex.) Sodium Hydroxide dissolved in water: NaOH Na + OH OH ions make the water basic or alkaline.pH Scale __________________________________ __________________________________.pH change in 1 pH unit = tenfold change in acidity/alkalinity. See figure 2-10, page 42 in book.