Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig

8/17/2019 Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig

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CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

Name-Debjani Das

Class-XII

roll no-

Hem Seela Mo!el S"ool


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TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE

This to certify that “Debjani Das” of class XII bearing

roll no- who is going to appear for AISSCE-2!"

has s#ccessf#lly co$plete% all the practicals an% projects in

Che$istry %#ring the session 2!&-2!" as per the prescribe%

syllab#s of C'('S'E') *ew Delhi'

'ignature of (xaminer)*****************

ate)*****************


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TO ANALYSE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CATIONS,

ANIONS AND FOOD STUFFS PRESENT IN

COCONUT WATER


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Contents


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INTRODUCTION

COCONUT PLANT

The coconut tree +Cocos n#cifera. is a member of the family

-recaceae +palm family.It is the only accepted species in the

genus Cocos. he term coconut can refer to the entire coconut

palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a

nut. he spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word.

/

heterm is derived from the #&th%century Portuguese and 'panish

word coco meaning 0head0 or 0skull0, from the three

indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.

he coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the

many uses of its different parts and found throughout the tropics

and subtropics.1$/ Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many

people. Coconuts are different from any other fruits because

they contain a large 2uantity of 0water0 and when immature they

are known as tender%nuts or jelly%nuts and may be harvested for

drinking. 3hen mature, they still contain some water and can be

used as seednuts or processed to give oil from the kernel,

charcoal from the hard shell and coir from the fibrous husk . he

endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within thecoconut water. -s development continues, cellular layers of

endosperm deposit along the walls of the coconut, becoming the

edible coconut 0flesh0.1&/ 3hen dried, the coconut flesh is called

copra. he oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-COD-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-endosperm-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-COD-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#cite_note-endosperm-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)


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cooking and frying4 coconut oil is also widely used in soaps and

cosmetics. he clear li2uid coconut water within is potable. he

husks and leaves can be used as material to make a variety of

products for furnishing and decorating. he coconut also hascultural and religious significance in many societies that use it.1cita

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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Coconut water

Coconut water is the clear li2uid inside young green

coconuts +fruits of the coconut palm. In early development, itserves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during

the nuclear phase of development. -s growth continues, the

endosperm matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the

rind of the coconut meat. Coconut water has long been a popular

drink in the tropical countries where it is available fresh, canned,

or bottled. Coconuts for drinking are served fresh, chilled or

packaged in many places. hey are often sold by street vendors

who cut them open with machetes or similar implements in front

of customers. Processed coconut water for retail can be found in

ordinary cans, etra Paks5, or plastic bottles, sometimes with

coconut pulp or coconut jelly included. Coconut water can be

fermented to produce coconut vinegar . It is also used to make

nata %e coco, a jelly%like food. 6ottled coconut water has a shelllife of !7 months. In recent years, coconut water has been

marketed as a natural energy or sports drink having low levels of

fat, carbohydrates, and calories, and significant electrolyte

content. Marketers have also promoted coconut water for having

low levels of fat, carbohydrates, and calories. 8owever,

marketing claims attributing tremendous health benefits tococonut water are largely unfounded. 9nless the coconut has

been damaged, it is likely sterile. here is a single documented

case where coconut water has been used as an intravenous

hydration fluid when medical saline was unavailable. -lthough

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_vendorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospermhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_vendorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_vinegarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata_de_cocohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloriehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte


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this is not generally recommended by most physicians today, it

was a common practice during the :hmer ;ouge regime in

Cambodia from #


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8-;A('IB

Dresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while they

are green. - hole may be bored into the coconut to provideaccess to the li2uid and meat. In young coconuts, the li2uid and

air may be under some pressure and may spray slightly when the

inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts which have fallen to the

ground are susceptible to rot and damage from insects or

animals.

M(IC-E 9'(

It is said , albeit 2uite incorrectly , that coconut water is identical

to human plasma and can be injected directly into the human

bloodstream. he story has its origin from 3orld 3ar II where

6ritish and Fapanese patients were given coconut water

intravenously in an emergency because saline was unavailable.

1 'ince then, this rehydration techni2ue has been used only forshort%term emergency situations in remote locations where

plasma is not available.

-lthough substituting coconut water for saline is not

recommended by physicians today, it was a common practice

during the :hmer ;ouge regime in Cambodia from #


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• Coconut water is a very refreshing drink to beat

tropical summer thirst. Its li2uid is packed with simple

sugars, electrolytes , and minerals to replenish

dehydration within the human body.

• ;esearch studies suggest that cytokinins +e.g., kinetin

and trans>eatin in coconut water found to have

significant anti%ageing ,anti%carcinogenic, and anti%

thrombotic+anti%clot formationeffects.

• Coconut water is composed of many naturally

occurring bioactive en>ymes such as acid

phosphatase , catalase,

dehydrogenase,diastase,peroxidase,rna%polymerases

etc. In effect, these en>ymes help in the digestion and

metabolism.

• espite being very light in consistency, its water has

proportionately better composition of minerals like

calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium and >inc than

some of the fruit juices like oranges.

• Its li2uid is also a very good source of 6%complex

vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin,thiamin,pyridoxine,and folates,these vitamins are essential in the sense

that the human body re2uires them from external

sources to replenish.


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• Coconut water contains very good amount of

electrolyte potassium.#""ml of water has !$"mg of

potassium and #"$mg of sodium. ogether, these

electrolytes help replenish electrolyte deficiency in the

body due to diarrhea +loose stools.

• Durther, fresh coconut water has a small amount of

vitamin%C+-scorbic -cid4It provides about !.7mg or

7G of ;-. Aitamin C is a water%soluble anti%

oxidant.


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Requrements

Coconut Water

Ferrous sulphate solution

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Lead acetate solution

Silver nitrate solution

Ammonium molybdate

Concentrated nitric acid

Potassium dichromate

Sodium hydroxide solution

Methylene blue

Benedict’s solution

Copper sulphate solution

Sodium cobaltinate solution

Disodium hydroen phosphate


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Ammonium chloride

Ammonium carbonate

Potassium pyro antimonite

!niversal indicator


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#ET TEST $OR %ASIC RADICA&S

(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(Sodium

Po'assi(m

)*roal(mina'e is

a!!e! 'o "o"on('

+a'er,

#i'e miliness

is obser.e!,

Na/ is "on0rme!,

Potassium

$resl* )re)are!

so!i(m sal'

Yello+ )re"i)i'a'e

is obser.e!,

1 / is "on0rme!,

Magnesium

A!! a )in" o2

ma3nesi(m

"lori!e4 a 2e+!ro)s o2

ammoni(m

)os)a'e

sol('ion 'o

"o"on(' +a'er,

#i'e )re"i)i'a'e

is 2orme!,

M35/ is )resen',

Calcium

A!! soli!

ammoni(m

"lori!e4

ammoni(m

*!ro6i!e an!

ammoni(m

A +i'e

)re"i)i'a'e is

2orme!,

Ca5/ is )resen',


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"arbona'e 'o

"o"on(' +a'er

an! ammoni(m

o6ala'e sol('ion,

#e' 'es' 2or a"i! ra!i"als

(HP(;IM(B 6'(;A-IB IBD(;(BC(ChlorideSil.er ni'ra'e 'es'7

A!! "on",Ni'ri"

a"i! an! sil.er

ni'ra'e sol('ion,

Crom*l "lori!e

'es'7 Mi6 a small

8(an'i'* o2 'e

sal' +i' a small

amo(n' o2

)o+!ere!

)o'assi(m

!i"roma'e, Tae

a mi6'(re in 'es'

'(be an! a!!

"on", S(l)(ri"

a"i!

A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e

is 2orme!,

A Yello+

)re"i)i'a'e is

2orme!,

Cl ma* be

)resen'

Cl is )resen' -

"on0rme!,


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Hea' 'e '(be an!

)ass 'e re!

.a)o(rs e.ol.e!

in'o a 3as!e'e"'or

"on'ainin3

so!i(m *!ro6i!e

sol('ion, To 'e

*ello+ '(s

ob'aine! a!! !il,

A"e'i" a"i! lea!

a"e'a'e sol('ion,Oxalate ion

A!! "al"i(m

"lori!e an!

a"e'i" a"i! 'o 'e

"o"on(' +a'er,

A +i'e )re"i)i'a'e

is ob'aine!,

O6ala'e ion is

)resen',

Nitrate

Co))er "i)s 'es'7

Hea' a small

8(an'i'* o2

"o"on(' +a'er

+i' "on",

S(l)(ri" a"i!

an! 2e+ "o))er"i)s,

%ro+n rin3 'es'7

A!! a small

Dar bro+n 2(mes

are e.ol.e!,

A !ar bro+n rin32orms,

NO9- ion ma* be

)resen',

NO9- is )resen',


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8(an'i'* o2 2resl*

)re)are! sol('ion

2erro(s s(l)a'e

'o a )ar' o2 'ea8(eo(s sol('ion

an! 'en )o(r

"on", S(l)(ri"

a"i! slo+l* alon3

'e si!es o2 'e

'es' '(be,Phosphate

-mmonium molybdate

test) -dd conc. Bitric acid

to coconut water and boil

then add ammonium

molybdate solution to it.

Jellow precipitate is

formed

Phosphate ion is present


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Tes' 2or 'e )resen"e o2 2oo! s'(:7

Sl"#o" $%P$&'M$#( )BS$&*A(')# '#F$&$#C$

#

!

K

%ene!i"';s

'es'-

%ene!i"';s

sol('ion is

a!!e! 'o -

5 !ro)s o2

me'*lene

bl(e is a!!e!

'o "o"on('

+a'er

C(SO?/NaO

H TEST-

Co))er

s(l)a'e an!

NaOH is

a!!e! 'o

No

)re"i)i'a'e is

Obser.e!

No

!e"olo(risa'i

on is

obser.e!

A bl(e

)re"i)i'a'e is

ob'aine!

Re!("in3

s(3ar is

absen'

Re!("in3

s(3ar is

absen',

Pro'eins an!

2a's are

)resen'


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"o"on('

+a'er


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$xperiment )bservation 'n+erence)H o2 2ermen'e!

"o"on(' +a'er is

'es'e! (sin3(ni.ersal

in!i"a'or

A oran3e 'in3e is

obser.e! on )H

)a)er

)H @<

)H o2 2ermen'e!

"o"on(' +a'er is

'es'e! (sin3

(ni.ersal

in!i"a'or

A 3reen 'in3e is

obser.e! on )H

)a)er,

)H@


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!RECAUTIONS

he chemicals should be handled carefully.

-ll apparatus should be handled carefully.

he experiments should be conducted at room

temperature.


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"I"#IO$RA!H%

(o complete this pro,ect ' have ta-en help +rom the +ollo.in boo-s and

.ebsites/0

1"..."oole"com2"...".i-ipedia"com3"Comprehensive Chemistry Class %''4"Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class %''

Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig

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Transcript of Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12_orig