CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS B. 2.0

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CARBON COMPOUND

Carbon compound

AlkaneAlkenes

Isomerism

Alcohol

Carboxylic acidEster

2.1

2.22.3

2.4

2.5

2.62.7

Fat

Natural rubber

2.8

2.9

1. Define the carbon compound.2. What is an organic compound?3. List 3 examples of organic compound and 3 examples of non-organic compound.

1. Write the formula of alkane.2. Explain why boiling point of alkanes increase descending the homologous series 3. Write the equation of combustion of pentane

1. Write the general formula of alkenes.2. Explain why boiling point of alkenes increase descending the homologous series 3. Write the equation of combustion of pentene

1. Define isomerism 2. Draw structural formula of pentane isomers 3. Draw structural formula of pentene isomers

1. Define the homologous series of alcohol 2. Write the chemical equation of combustion of propanol.3. Describe a laboratory experiment to produce alcohol

1. Define carboxylic acid. 2. Write the equation involved in the production of carboxylic acid from propanol. 3. Explain why methanoic acid cannot conduct an electric

1. Define an ester.2. Write the general formula of ester.3. Describe an experiment to produce etil methanoic.

1. Define saturated fat and unsaturated fat.2. Stated the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat. 3. What is the type of reaction that changes unsaturated fat to saturated fat?

1. Define polymer.2. Explain the coagulation process of latex when it is added with formic acid. 2. Explain why vulcanized rubber is stronger than natural rubber.

B. 2.1

11

ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUND

Definition of carbon compound

Examples:Glucose,Protein,Fat, etc

Type of compound

Organic carbon compound

Inorganic carbon compound

Compound consists of carbon element.

Compounds contain carbon and come from

organism (living thing). Animal or plants

Compound consists of carbon and did not come

from the organism (animal or plant)

Examples:Carbonate of metal,Bicarbonate of metal, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc

Combustion of organic compounds

sebatian organik

Examples

Inorganic compound

Hydrocarbon

Examples;.

Saturated hydrocarbon

s

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

s

ALKANE

B. 2.2

12

General formula and group members

Physical properties and the changes

Chemical properties

General formula

CnH2n +2 n = 1,2,3,…

n Molecular formula

Name Structural formula

1

2

3

4

5

10

CH4

C2H6

……..

C4H10

………

methane

ethane

propane

butane

pentane

……..

……….

………

Members Size of molecule

Melting point

Density State

Methane EthanePropaneButanePentaneHexane

Small

Increase

Low

Increase

Low

Increase

GasGasGasGasLiquidLiquid

Explanation to the physical properties change.

Combustion

Substitution reactions

Non complete combustion

CH4 + O2 C + 2H2O

C2H6 + O2 …. + …..

…… + ….. …. + …

Complete combustion.

CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O

C2H6 + O2 …… + ……

C4H10 + O2 …….. + …….

Sun lightCH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2 …….. + ……

…….. + ……. ……… + …….

1. Non soluble in water2. Non conductor of electricity

B. 2.3

13

ALKENE

General formula and group members

Physical properties and the changes

Chemical properties

n Molecular Formula

Name Structural Formula

1

2

3

4

5

10

C2H4

C3H6

……..

C5H10

………

ethene

propene

butene

pentene

hexene

Members Molecular size

Melting point

Density State

EthenePropeneButenePenteneHexeneHeptene Increase

Low

Increase

Low

increase

GasGasGasGasLiquidLiquid

General formula

CnH2n

n = 2.3,4, …

Explanation to the changes

Reaction Examples

1. Addition reaction

(a) Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation)

(b) Addition of bromine

(c) Addition of steam

(d) Oxidation

C2H4 + H2 C2H6

C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2 H3PO4, 300oC, 60 atm. C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH acidic KMnO4 C2H4 + H2O + [O] C2H6O2

2. CombustionCombustion in the air (oxygen) C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O

C4H8 + …… ……. + ……

Test to differentiate alkenes using bromine water /Acidic potassium magnate (VII). Experiment.

1. Non soluble in water2. Non conductor of electricity

Polymerization of alkene

Homologous Series

B.2.4

14

ISOMERISM

Definition of isomerism

IUPAC namingExample of isomer

Isomers of pentane Isomers of butene

Compound with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Instruction:1. Specify the number of carbon

atom in the longest continuous carbon chain.

2. Numbering carbon atoms with 1,2,3,… starting near functional group /and branch..

3. Branch names -CH3 , methyl -CH2CH3, ethyl

IUPAC name of isomer

Isomer of alkane (hexane)Isomer of an alkene (pentene)

B.2.5

15

ALCOHOL

Definition of alcohol

Usage of alcohol

Homologous series of alcohol

Ethanol

Preparation of ethanolThe physical properties

of the ethanol

Chemical properties of the ethanol

Fuel, solvent,Medical aspect,

Cosmetic aspect..

Carbon compound contained hydroxyl functional group, OH

Naming

Physical properties and the changes downward series.

Formula Am:CnH2n+ 1OH n = 1,2,3,…

CH3OH methanolC2H5OH ethanolC3H7OH propanolC4H9OH butanol

In industry:Steam + ethene

In laboratory: Fermentation Process. Experiment

Dissolve in waterDissolve in organic solvent, Neutral,Non-conductor of electricity

1. Combustion C2H5OH + O2 CO2 + H2O2. Oxidation

2[O] C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2O

3. Dehydration Alumina

C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

Heat

Cotton + Ethanol

Alumina

Ethene

Water

Isomerism in the alcoholChemical properties of alcohol

Misuse of the alcohol and the effect

Diagram

B. 2.6

16

Dehydration of ethanol

CARBOXYLIC ACID

Definition

Homologous Series

General formula

Naming

Preparation of ethanoic acid

Physical properties of the carboxylic acid

karboksilik

Chemical properties of ethanoic acid

HCOOH methanoic acid OCH3COOH ethanoic acid C2H5 COOH propanoic acid R -C - OHC3H7COOH butanoic acid where RC4H9COOH pentanoic acid is an alkyl group …………..

Acid that contain the functional group carboxyl, -COOH

CnH2n+1COOHn = 0,1,2,…

Oxidation of ethanolAcidic KMnO4

C2H5OH CH3COOH + H2OConc. H2SO4

1. Ethanoic acid + base salt + waterCH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

2. Ethanoic acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide 2CH3COOH + K2CO3 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2

3. Ethanoic acid + metal salt + hydrogen 2CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

4. Ethanoic acid + alcohol esther + water Ethanoic + ethanol ethyl ethanoat + water

Ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid( after boiling)

CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

The usage of carboxylic acid

Ketertiban dalam siri homolog

n m Molecular formula Name of ester

0

1

2

2

1

3

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ESTER

General formula of ester

Homologous series of ester

Molecular formula and the name of ester

Preparation

To predict the formation of the ester

Natural source of the ester

The ester daily life usage

DefinitionA group of

homologous series with functional

group of carboxyl, -COO-

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1

n = 0,1,2,…m = 1,2,3,…

Diagram?

Ethyl ethanoate etanoat

Physical properties

B. 5.3

18

FAT AND OIL

? fat and oil.

Type of fat

The effect of fat on health

Conversion of the unsaturated fat to the

saturated fat.

Saturated fat

Unsaturated fat

DefinitiondefinitionExamples:

Chicken’s fat,Cow’s fat,Etc. Contoh:

The fat molecules that built of multiple bond between carbon atom in molecules.

The fat molecule that built of only singular covalent bond between carbon atom in the molecules.

…is an ester formed from glycerol (alcohol) and carboxylic acid.

Definition

Comparison

Fat OilHigher melting point (more than 20oC)

Lower melting point (less than 20oC)

Solid at room temperature

Liquid at room temperature

Found in animals & human

Found in plants & fish

Taken too much saturated fat may cause:1. Obesity2. Hardness of an artery3. High blood pressure4. Heart disease5. Stroke

Production of margerine:Hydrogenation process of unsaturated fat (palm oil)

Ni - C = C - + H2 -C – C –

H H Double bond single bond

Palm oil

Extraction process of palm oil in industry

The needed to use palm oil

B. 5.4

19

NATURAL RUBBERDefinition of

natural polymer

Several polymer and it’s monomer

Protein

Carbohydrate

Natural rubber

Coagulating of the latex

Vulcanization of rubber.

Usage of natural rubber

Giant molecule with long chain (macromolecule) consist of repeated sequence small molecules (micro molecule) called monomer found in an animal & plant

R O R O R O R O

n H2N - CH - C - OH + H - N - CH – C - OH N - CH – C - N - CH – C - + nH2O

H H H n

Amino acid amino acid protein(monomer) (monomer) (polymer)

nC6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n + nH2O glucose starch(monomer) (polymer)

nC5H8 (C5H8)nIsoprene natural rubber(monomer) (polymer)

Experiment

Latex is a colloid. It is a mixture of rubber particles and water. A rubber particle is made up of negatively charged protein membrane surrounds many rubber molecules. The negative charges are preventing the collision between molecules. When an acid is added to the latex, H+ from an acid is neutralized the negative charge at protein membrane to allow the collision between the rubber particles. The protein membrane breaks, and then the rubber molecules are free to clump together. Latex has coagulated

Preventing coagulation of

latex

Comparing the properties of the natural and vulcanized rubber-- Explain

Experiment:1. Vulcanization of natural

rubber.2. Comparison of properties

between natural and vulcanized rubber

Definition

A. Analysing Alkanes

1. The general formula of alkanes are : ______________________________

2.. Complete the table by writing the name , molecular formula and structural formula of alkanes.

Number of Carbon atom per

molecule

Molecular formula Name Structural formula

1

2

3

4

5

3. All alkanes _______________________ in water because they are _____________________ compounds.

4. As the number of carbon atoms increases,

a) the size of the molecule _____________________________

b) the boiling and melting point ___________________ because _____________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) the amount of soot produced ______________________ because ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

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Diagram

5. Complete combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water only.

a) C2H6 + O2

b) C5H12 + O2

6. Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogrns in the presence of ultra violet light.

CH4 + Cl2

B. Analysing Alkenes

1. The general formula for alkenes is __________________________________________

2 Complete the table below by writing the names, molecular formula and structural formula .

Number of

Carbon atom per molecule

Molecular formula Name Structural formula

2

3

4

3. Alkenes undergo addition reaction due to the presence of the double bonds.

a) Hydrogenation : C3H6 + H2

Condition of reaction : _________________________________

b) Halogenation : C3H6 + Br2 - C – C = C - + Br-Br

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d) Hydration :

Condition of reaction : ____________________________________

e) Oxidation :

4 . Polimerization : The process whereby small molecules are joined together to form large molecules.

5. Compare and contrast between alkanes and alkenes.

Alkanes Alkenes

General Formula

Bonding

Combustion

Physical properties

Chemical properties

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Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX

V X

Poliethene

Carbon dioxide and water

Ethane-1,2-diolC2H4(OH)2

EthaneaC2H6

C2H5Cl

1,2 dibromoethaneC2H4Br2

EtheneC2H4

EthanolC2H5OH

Ethanoic acidCH3COOH

Ethyl ethanoateCH3COOC2H5

III

III

IV

V

VI

VIIVIII

IX

X

10

Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX

V X

Polibutene

Carbon dioxide and water

Butane-1,2-diolC4H8(OH)2

ButaneC4H10

C4H9Cl

1,2 dibromobutaneC4H8Br2

ButeneC4H8

ButanolC4H9OH

Butanoic AcidC3H7COOH

Butyl butanoateC3H7COOC4H9

III

III

IV

V

VI

VIIVIII

IX

X

11

Flowchart for the reaction of propene

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I VI

II VII

III VIII

IV IX

V X

Polipropene

Carbon dioxide and water

propane-1,2-diolC3H6(OH)2

PropaneC3H8

C3H7Cl

1,2 dibromopropaneC3H6Br2

PropenaC3H6

PropanolC3H7OH

Propanoic acidC2H5COOH

Propyl propanoateC2H5COOC3H7

III

III

IV

V

VI

VIIVIII

IX

X

12

13

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Objective Questions

1. What is the functional group for alcohol?A. Carboxylate B. DiolC. Hydroxide D. Hydroxyl

2. Which process is involved in changing propene into propanol ?A. Oxidation B. HydrationC. Fermentation D. Combustion

3. The equation below representsthe reaction in the industrial preparation of ethanol.X + H2O CH3CH2OH

What is X ?

A. Ethene B. EthaneC. Glucose D. Maltose

4. What are the products of the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide ?A. water and carbon dioxideB. Ethyl ethanoate and sodium ethanoateC. Water and ethyl ethanoateD. Sodium ethanoate and water.

5. Which of the following is not true about the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Characteristic Saturated Fats Unsaturated fatsA Melting Point Low HighB Source Animals PlantsC Cholesterol content High LowD Physical state at room temperature Solid Liquid

6. Coagulation of latex takes place by adding ….I formic acidII nitric acidIII aqueous ammoniaIV hydrochloric acid

A. I and II only B. II and III onlyC. I , II and III only D. I , II , III and IV.

7. Vulcanised rubber is harder because…..A. the polymers of rubber are arranged orderlyB. the polymers of rubber combine to form longer chainsC. the polymers are held by sulphur linkageD. the polymers became neutral.

Structural Questions

1. The figure below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from the reaction of etanol with ethanoic acid.

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a) On the Liebig condenser above, mark ‘X’ to indicate where water flows in and ‘Y’ where water flows out. [ 1 mark]

b) Why is the mixture heated using a water bath ?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]

c) (i) Name the reaction for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate.

___________________________________________________________[1

mark]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in c (i)

___________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

Liebig condenser

Water bath Mixture of ethanol ethanoic acid , and concentrated sulphuric acid

Heat

11

d) The experiment is reapeated by replacing ethanol with propanol.(i) Name the ester formed .

_____________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) State one physical property of the ester.

_____________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

.e) The flow chart below shows the conversión of etanol to ethene and etanol to ethanoic acid.

Based on the flow chart below shows the conversión of etanol of ethene and etanol to ethanoic acid.

(i) Process I

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Process II

[ 1 mark ]

(f) An alkane has a structural formula as shown below.

H H H H Ι ι ι ι

H — C — C — C — C — H

Process I

Process II

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Ι ι ι ιH H H H

What is the name of the alkane?

[ 1 mark ]

2. Propanol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to produce an organic compound X.

Acidified potassiumManganate (VII)Solution

a) (i) Name the reaction for changing propanol to the organic compound X.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the organic compound X.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]b) (i) Name a reagent which can be used to derive oranic compound Y when propanol

and X react with one another.

______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the homologous series to which compound Y belongs to.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]

(iii) Draw the structural formula of compound Y.

Propanol

Organic Compound X

Organic Compound X

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Figure 2.1 shows changes of a carbon compound involving a series of reactions.

Figure 2.1

(a) Draw the structural formulae of two propanol isomers.Name both isomers. [ 4 marks ]

(b) The information below is regarding alkene Y:

Based on the information of the alkene Y:

(i) Determine the molecular formula(ii) Draw the structural formula(iii) Name the alkene(iv) Write the general formula for its homologous series [ 8 marks ]

(c ) (i) Table 2.2 shows the results of a test to differentiate between alkene Y and propane.

Procedure Observations

Propane Alkene Propanol

Propanoic acid

+ H 2

HeatHeat

Alumina

Potassium dichromate(IV) in acid

Carbon 85.7% Hydrogen 14.3% Relative molecular mass = 42 Relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12

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Bromine water is added to alkene Y Brown colour is decolourizedBromine water is added to propane Brown colour remains

Table 2.2

Explain why there is difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]

(ii) Table 2.3 shows results of latex coagulation.

Procedure ObservationsPropanoic acid is added to latex Latex coagulates immediatelyLatex is left under natural conditions

Latex coagulates slowly

Table 2.3

Explain why there is a difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]

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