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Transcript of CHEMISTRY C1404 Spring 2003 Professors: FINE and VALENTINI Preceptor: Melissa MORLOK Webmaster:...
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CHEMISTRY C1404Spring 2003
• Professors: FINE and VALENTINI• Preceptor: Melissa MORLOK• Webmaster: Michael CLAYTON• Undergraduate Office:
– Socky LUGO– Daisy MELENDEZ
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Nota Bene
LECTURES are MW or TR, 11:00-12:15 P.M.
OFFICE HOURS are immediately after class and from 2-4 PM on most Friday afternoons.
RECITATION SECTIONS begin next week. There are 16 of them. Register for one.
LABORATORY COURSES begin next week. Note that C1500 is independent of the C1404 lecture.
SEMINARS IN RESEARCH begin on this Friday.
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Syllabus for the CourseProfessor FINE
• Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Chemistry• The Gaseous State • Condensed Phases and Phase Transitions• Chemical Equilibrium• Acid-Base Equilibria• Dissolution and Preciptiation Equilibria
• Structure and Bonding in Solids
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Syllabus for the CourseProfessor VALENTINI
• Thermochemistry• Spontaneous Change and Equilibrium • Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry• Electrochemistry and Cell Voltage• Chemical Kinetics
• Silicon and Solid State Materials
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Exam Schedule
• Three Term-time Exams:– EXAM 1 February 18 7:30 P.M.– EXAM 2 March 25 7:30 P.M.– EXAM 3 April 22 7:30 P.M.
• Comprehensive FINAL Exam:– EXAM 4 May 9 9:00 A.M.
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ChemWrite
• Philip BALL: Life’s Matrix• Rachel CARSON/Albert GORE: Silent Spring• Kenneth DEFFEYES: Hubbert’s Peak-The
Impending World Oil Shortage• Eric KLINENBERG: Heat Wave• Tom SCHACHTMAN: Absolute Zero• Vaclav SMAIL: Enriching the Earth - Fritz
Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food
• Kurt VONNEGUT: Cat’s Cradle
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Grading
• Three Term-time Exams (16% each)• Comprehensive Final Exam (26%)• CHEMWrite (16%)• QUIZZES (10%)• Total of 157 points=100%• Online evaluation (up to 3-point bonus)
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COURSE Policy
• MAKE-UP EXAMS. NONE! No Kidding! • EXCUSED ABSENCES. In advance and
for just cause, you may be excused from one of the three term-time exams.
• CONFLICT RESOLUTION with regard to the three Tuesday evening exams:– must be done in advance – with the UNDERGRADUTE OFFICE, – the week before the exam– for genuine, irreconcilable conflicts
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Chemistry is the Science of Molecules and Bonds
•Spectroscopy•Atmospheric Chemistry•Properties of Gases State
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GASESExtremely Important!
• The air that is our atmosphere supports life as we know it:– 80% Nitrogen (N2) and 20% Oxygen (O2)
• Other constituents, because they are present in trace quantities, cannot be ignored: – They establish a delicate balance:
• Ozone (and the real ultraviolet catastrophe)• Carbon dioxide (and global warming)
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Atmospheric Gases Control Earth’s Temperature
• Radiation from the Sun is converted to heat at the Earth’s surface.
• Earth reradiates a fraction of the heat at longer wavelengths which cannot penetrate the atmosphere and are retained.
• As a result, an ambient temperature is established that determines life on Earth.
• The balance is critical.
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GREENHOUSE GASES
• Naturally occurring Greenhouse Gases that have been on the increase, largely from anthropogenic sources:– Methane (CH4)– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)– Dinitrogen Oxide (N2O)
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GREENHOUSE GASES
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Spectroscopic Properties
E(nergy) =hν =hcλ
=hcν
Frequency(ν) =cλ
Wavenumber(ν )=1λ
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Spectroscopic Properties
• UV– 200 to 400 nm
• VIS– 400 to 800 nm
• IR– 2500 - 25,000 nm– 2.5 - 25 um– 4000 - 400 cm-1
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Spectroscopic Properties
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy is primarily used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of molecules in/as gases, liquids, solids, or solutions, based on the unique “fingerprint” provided by interaction with radiation in the range of 2.5-25 microns.
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy is primarily used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of molecules in/as gases, liquids, solids, or solutions, based on the unique “fingerprint” provided by interaction with radiation in the range of 2.5-25 microns.
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Spectroscopic Properties
• Plot fraction of incident energy passing through a sample versus some measure of wavelength or frequency:
• Hooke’s Law:
I(transmitted)I0(incident)
F = -kx
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Some Conclusions
• Frequency scales directly with bond strength (as measured by the force constant):– Triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds– 2150cm-1 > 1650cm-1 > 1200 cm-1
• Frequency scales inversely with masses atoms:– The heavier the atom,the lower the
frequency:– CO vs CS (1700cm-1 vs 1350cm-1)– CH vs CD (3000cm-1 vs 2200cm-1)
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Other Features
• Coupled frequencies: Antisymmetric stretching modes at higher frequencies (wave numbers) than symmetric stretching modes.
• Overtones: Excitations energies beyond first excited state.
• Bending, wagging, scissoring, rocking at typically at lower frequencies (than stretching modes).
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CO2 Vibrational Modes
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IR spectroscopy
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Pumping Oil
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Petroleum Distillation
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Natural Gases and Gasolines• Methane CH4
• Ethane CH3CH3
• Propane CH3CH2CH3
• Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
• Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
• Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
• Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
– n-octane 0-octane (straight-chain)– iso-octane 100-octane (branch-chain)
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Homework Problem
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You will need to know….
• Specific heat of the bath water– Joules (or calories) per gram per
degree• Heats of combustion of the fuel
– Joules (or calories) per mole• Conversion factors
– Ounces of methane– Gallons of water
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CO2 Crystals
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Mount ETNA emits CO2
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Lake NYOS Eruptionin the Cameroon
Iron deposits brought up from the bottom caused Lake Nyos to turn red after the gas explosion.
Animation of lake explosion
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ICEMAN
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4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Sol
ar f
lux,
cal
/cm
2/m
in/
m
wavelength, m
outside earth’s atmosphere
at earth’s surface
uv visible ir
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
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Sol
ar f
lux,
cal
/cm
2/m
in/
m
wavelength, m
radiation to space by a body at 2870K
radiation by a body at ~2550K
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Homework
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Homework Problem
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Chrysler Smart CarHybrid Vehicle
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Chlorine Destroys Ozonebut is not consumed in the process
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Crutzen Molina Rowland
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Paul CrutzenHolland (The Netherlands)
Max-Planck-Institute for ChemistryMainz, Germany
1933 -
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Mario Molina
USA (Mexico)
Department of Earth,Atmosphericand Planetary Sciences andDepartment of Chemistry,MITCambridge, MA, USA1943 -
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F. Sherwood Rowland
USA
Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
1927 -
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Nearly a third of U.S. bridges rated deficientBut the money to fix them justisn't there, state officials say.
By JONATHAN D. SALANTThe Associated Press
Monday, November 3, 1997
WASHINGTON -- Almost a third of the nation's bridges are dilapidated or toonarrow or too weak to carry the traffic crossing them, federal records show.