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Chemistry Basics Element- made of only one kind of atom.
The number of protons determines what the element is called. In an atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal. The same element will always have a set
number of protons. The number of neutrons may vary. These are
called isotopes. Electrons may also vary. These are called
ions.
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Chemistry Basics
The ion is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell or orbit. These are called valence electrons.
If an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.
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Chemistry Basics
Bonds- joining two or more atoms together
Ionic bond- formed by joining two ions together
Covalent bond-formed by the sharing of electrons
Example: NaCl
Example: C6H12O6
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Ionic Bond
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Covalent Bond
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates: Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(CHO) Covalent bonds For every 1 oxygen atom, there are 2
hydrogen atoms 4 types of Carbohydrates:
Sugar Starch/Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
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Carbohydrates: Sugar
M on osacch arid esM on o = on e
sacch arid e = su g ar
D isacch arid eD i = tw o
P o lysacch arid eP o ly = m an y
S u g ar
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Carbohydrates: Sugars
• Sugar• 1) Monosaccharides: simple sugars
that may contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
• These simple sugars are made in plant cells. They have the same empirical or molecular formula: C6 H12 O6.
• Their structural formulas are different.
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Monosaccharide: Examples
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
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Monosaccharides
Structural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule.
Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different.
Holt, Modern Biology
pentagon
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Sugar: Type 2) Disaccharides Disaccharides Di = two saccharide
=sugar
Two simple sugars form one molecule of a double sugar. One molecule of water is given off. This is called a dehydration synthesis reaction or a condensation reaction.
De = take away hydro = water (from mono’s) for synthesis = putting together (building or making something)
Condensation: the formation of water
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Sugar: Disaccharides
Disaccharides
MaltoseSucrose Lactose
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Glucose + glucose maltose + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together
Holt, Modern Biology
Disaccharides
Maltose is found in germinating seeds like barley.
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Disaccharides
Glucose + fructose sucrose + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Sucrose is common table sugar. It is found in sugar cane and sugar beets.
Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together
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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)
Prentice Hall, Biology
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Sugar: Disaccharides
Lactose is milk sugar, found in the milk of mammals.
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Glucose + galactose lactose + water
Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together
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Nutrition: Digestion When we eat carbohydrates, the
molecules are broken apart to form simple sugars.
Where does the digestion of carb’s begin? What is the name of the enzyme?
In addition to enzymes, what else is needed for this process to occur?
The process is called hydrolysis: hydro=water, lysis=break down or apart
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Hydrolysis of Maltose
Prentice Hall, Biology
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Hydrolysis of Sucrose
Prentice Hall, Biology
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are large molecules formed by joining monosaccharides. Poly = many
Starch/Glycogen
Cellulose
Chiten
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How to Make a Polysaccharide
Slap together three or more mono’s
/ Dehydration Synthesis
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Polysaccharide: Starch Starch is a polysaccharide made up of
glucose connected in branched chains. Each time a glucose molecule is added, one
water molecule is removed (dehydration synthesis).
There may be 500 to many thousands of glucose molecules joined to form a starch molecule.
Examples: potatoes,corn, rice, wheat, and other grains.
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Polysaccharide: Glycogen
Glycogen is animal starch. It is made of highly branched
chains of glucose molecules.
It is made in the liver and stored in the liver and muscles.
When extra energy is needed, the liver converts glycogen into glucose.
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Polysaccharide: Glycogen
(From an animal)
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Polysaccharide: Cellulose
Cellulose is a large polysaccharide made of chains of glucose molecules. It may contain as many as 3,000
glucose molecules.
Cellulose forms a strong fibrous structure in plant cell walls. It gives the walls support.
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Polysaccharide: Cellulose
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Polysaccharide: Cellulose
We do not break down cellulose. For us, it is fiber.
Cows use intestinal bacteria to break it down for them. This is an example of a mutualistic relationship.
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Polysaccharide: Chitin
Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton (outer skeleton) of insects, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters and in the internal structures of other invertebrates and in the cell walls of fungi. It has a nitrogen group added to the glucose.
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REVIEW
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Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Network Tree
N
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Carbohydrates
Starch Cellulose
SugarMonosaccharide
Glucose
FructoseGalactose Disaccharide
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Polysaccharide
Glycogen
1
2
3+
(C,H,O) Chitin
N
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MonosaccharidesStructural formulas allow you to visualize the molecule.
Notice, even though these molecules all have the same number of each atom, they look different.
Holt, Modern Biology
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Disaccharides: How are they put together?
Glucose + glucose maltose + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration synthesis- take away water to put a molecule together
Glucose + fructose sucrose + water
Glucose + galactose lactose + water
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Dehydration Synthesis: What does it look like?
Prentice Hall, Biology
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Disaccharides: How do we digest them?
Hydrolysis. Water is added to maltose in order to break it down into two glucose molecules. Of course, enzymes would control this process.
Holt, Modern Biology
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Review
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Starch Glycogen
Branched chains of glucose
Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration..
Big
Plants Animals
Compare and Contrast
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Starch Cellulose
glucose
Polysaccharides
CarbohydratesBranched chains
Stored for later, converted into glucose for respiration.
Big
Straight Chains
Found in plant cell walls
Used for support
Compare and Contrast