CHEMISTRY – CH1 · (iii) Kyran states that because diamond is an element, its enthalpy of...
Transcript of CHEMISTRY – CH1 · (iii) Kyran states that because diamond is an element, its enthalpy of...
1091
0100
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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
In addition to this examination paper, you will need a:• calculator;• copyofthePeriodic Table supplied by WJEC. Refertoitforanyrelative atomic masses you require.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Useblackinkorblackball-pointpen.Donotusegelpenorcorrectionfluid.Writeyourname,centrenumberandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Section A Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Section B Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Candidates are advised to allocate their time appropriately betweenSection A (10 marks) and Section B (70 marks).
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbracketsattheendofeachquestionorpart-question.Themaximummarkforthispaperis80.Youranswersmustberelevantandmustmakefulluseoftheinformationgiventobeawardedfullmarksforaquestion.The QWC labelalongsideparticularpart-questionsindicatesthosewheretheQualityofWrittenCommunicationisassessed.If you runout of space, use the additional page(s) at the backof the booklet, taking care tonumberthequestion(s)correctly.
SM*(S13-1091-01)
Surname
Other Names
CandidateNumber
2
CentreNumber
© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
GCE AS/A level
1091/01
CHEMISTRY – CH1
A.M. THURSDAY, 23 May 2013
1½ hours FOR EXAMINER’SUSE ONLY
Section Question Mark
A 1-6
B 7
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SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon.Give the numbers of protons, neutrons andelectronspresentinanatomofcarbon-14. [2]
Number of protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Circleallofthefollowingthatcarryanegativecharge. [2]
electron α-particle γ-ray proton neutron β-particle
3. Manyindustrialprocessesusecatalysts.
Explainhowacatalystincreasestherateofachemicalreaction. [2]
4. Sketchtheshapeofone p-orbital. [1]
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5. Nameanelementthathasahalf-filledsetofp-orbitals. [1]
6. Vinegarisadilutesolutionofaweakacid.
(a) State what is meant by an acid. [1]
(b) SuggestapHvalueforvinegar. [1]
Section A Total [10]
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SECTION B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
7. Jewelssuchasdiamonds,rubiesandemeraldsarehighlyvaluedbutareallcloselyrelatedtomuchlesspreciousmaterials.
(a) Emeraldsareaformofthemineralberyl,withtheirgreencolourduetotheimpuritiespresent.
Asampleofberylcontains10.04%aluminium,53.58%oxygenand31.35%siliconbymass,withberylliummakinguptheremainder.ItsmolecularformulaisAl2BexSi6O18. Find the percentage bymass of beryllium in the compound andhence calculate thevalueofxinthisformula. [3]
x = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Themostcommonformofcarbonisgraphite,howevertheelementalsoexists intheformofdiamond.
WecancalculatethestandardenthalpychangeofreactionformakingdiamondfromgraphiteusingHess’Law.
Reaction Standardenthalpychangeofreaction/kJmol–1
C(diamond)+O2(g)CO2(g) –395.4
C(graphite)+O2(g)CO2(g) –393.5
(i) StateHess’Law. [1]
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(ii) UseHess’Lawandthedatainthetableonpage4tocalculatetheenthalpychangeofthereactionbelow. [2]
C(graphite)C(diamond)
Enthalpy change of reaction = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1
(iii) Kyranstatesthatbecausediamondisanelement,itsenthalpyofformationunderstandardconditionsmustbezero.
StatewhetherKyraniscorrectandgiveareasontosupportyouranswer. [1]
(iv) Mostdiamondsusedinjewellerycomefromnaturalsources,butitispossibletoproducediamondsartificiallyalthoughthesearerarelyofgemstonequality.
I Oneproposeduseofartificialdiamondistoprotectmedicalimplants.Tocover a particular implant, a volume of 2.08cm3 of diamond is needed.Calculatethemassofdiamondrequired. [1]
[Densityofdiamondunderstandardconditions=3.51gcm–3]
Mass of diamond = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
II The process of producing diamond from graphite has a yield of 93%.Calculatethemassofgraphiteneededtomakethediamondrequired. [2]
Mass of graphite = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
Total[10]
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8. Thenoblegases(Group0)areagroupofveryunreactiveelements.Thefirstmembersofthegroup(helium,neonandargon)donotformanycompounds,howeveritispossibletoformafewcompoundsofkryptonandxenon.
(a) Neonhastenelectronsineachatom.Thesketchbelowshowsthefirsttwoandthefinaltwoionisationenergiesforaneonatom.
(i) Sketchthepatternyouwouldexpecttoseefortheremainingsixionisationenergiesofneon. [2]
Numberofelectronsremoved
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
log(ionisationenergy)
(ii) Explainanysignificantchangesinslopeonthegraphyouhavesketched. [2]
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(b) ThefirstcompoundofanoblegaswasformedfromXeatomsandPtF6.ItwastheioniccompoundXe+PtF–.
Explainwhyitisnotpossibletoformasimilarioniccompoundofargon,Ar+PtF–. [2]
(c) HeliumwasidentifiedintheSunbeforeitwasdiscoveredonEarth.WhenlightfromtheSunissplitintoitsdifferentcoloursbyaprism,darklinesareobservedagainstacolouredbackgroundwhichshowtheatomicabsorptionspectrumofhelium.Explainhowanatomicabsorptionspectrumforms. [2]
(d) Xenon trioxide, XeO3,isacompoundwhichdecomposesexplosivelyat25°Caccordingtothefollowingequation.
2XeO3(s)2Xe(g) + 3O2(g)
Calculatethevolumeofgas,indm3,releasedbythedecompositionof1molofXeO3 undertheseconditions. [2]
[1molofanygasat25°Coccupiesavolumeof24.0dm3]
Volume = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dm3
Total[10]
6
6
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9. Selenium isaGroup6element that isneeded in thehumanbody in traceamounts for thecorrect functioning of some enzymes.Only small amounts are required as large doses areharmful.
(a) Amassspectrometercanbeusedtofindtherelativeatomicmassofasampleofselenium.Thefollowingdiagramshowsatypicalmassspectrometer.
(i) LabelpartsA and B. [1]
(ii) Describewhathappenstoasampleintroducedintothemassspectrometer. [4] QWC[2]
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Some selenium is found amongst the decay products in a nuclear reactor.Themassspectrumfoundforthissampleofseleniumhadtheisotopiccompositionbelow.
Isotope Abundance
78Se 12.2%
79Se 26.4%
80Se 61.4%
Calculatetherelativeatomicmassofthissampleofselenium. Giveyouranswerto3 significant figures. [3]
Relative atomic mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) 81Seisaradioactiveisotopeoftheelementselenium,whichdecaysbyβ-emissionwithahalflifeof18.75minutes.
(i) Thedecayof81Se is shown by the equation below.
81Se aX+0 β
IdentifyaandXinthisequation. [1]
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) 2.72g of 81Se is used by a scientist for an experiment. Calculate the mass of 81Sethatwouldremainafter75minutes. [2]
Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
Total[13]
–1
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10. Hydratedsodiumcarbonate,Na2CO3.xH2O,isacrystallinesolidthatcanbeusedtoprepareastandardsolutionfortitration.
(a) Therelativemolecularmassofthishydratedsodiumcarbonateis286.2.Calculatethevalueofxinthisformula. [1]
x = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Emilywants to prepare 250cm3 of a solution of sodium carbonate of concentration0.200 mol dm–3usingthishydratedsodiumcarbonate.
(i) Calculate the mass of hydrated sodium carbonate needed to prepare thissolution. [2]
Mass of hydrated sodium carbonate = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(ii) Emilyproposestomakethesolutionbythefollowingmethod.
• Weightherequiredmassofhydratedsodiumcarbonate.
• Place the hydrated sodium carbonate in a beaker and add 250cm3of distilledwater.
• Stirthemixtureuntilallthesodiumcarbonatedissolves.
• Transferthesolutiontothevolumetricflaskandshake.
Herteachersaidthatthemethodwasnotcorrect.SuggesttwochangesthatEmilyshouldmaketohermethod. [2]
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) Emily then prepared 250cm3 of sodium carbonate solution of concentration 0.200 mol dm–3 using a correct method. She took 25.0cm3 samples of the sodiumcarbonate solution and titrated these using a solution of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, ofunknownconcentration.Theacidwasplacedintheburette.
DescribehowEmilyshouldperformonetitrationtofindthevolumeofsulfuricacidneededforcompletereaction. [4]
QWC[1]
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11. Thecombustionoffossilfuelsprovidesmuchoftheenergyweusetoday.Nonane,C9H20, is oneofthecompoundspresentinthefuelkerosene.
(a) (i) Theequationforthecombustionofnonaneisgivenbelow.
C9H20(l) + 14O2(g) 9CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
Usethevaluesgiveninthetabletocalculatethestandardenthalpyofcombustionofnonane. [3]
Standard enthalpy of combustion = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1
(ii) Standard enthalpy changes aremeasured under standard conditions.Give thestandardconditionsoftemperatureandpressure,includingunitsforeach. [2]
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SubstanceStandardenthalpyofformation,
∆Hf/kJmol–1
C9H20(l) –275
O2(g) 0
CO2(g) –394
H2O(l) –286
φ
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(b) Iwanwishedtoconfirmthevaluehehadcalculatedfortheenthalpyofcombustionofnonane, and he used the apparatus below.
(i) Iwanmeasuredthemassofthespiritburneratthestartandendoftheexperimentandfoundthat0.20gofnonanehadbeenburned.Calculatethenumberofmolesofnonanepresentin0.20g. [2]
Number of moles = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
(ii) Duringthisexperiment,thetemperatureofthewater increasedby42.0°C.Usetheformulabelowtocalculatetheenthalpychangeofcombustionofnonane,inkJmol–1. [2]
∆H =
misthemassofwater cisthespecificheatcapacityofwaterwhichis4.18J°C–1g–1 ∆T isthetemperaturechangein°C nisthenumberofmolesofnonane
∆H = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJmol–1
QUESTION 11 CONTINUES ON PAgE 14
thermometer
metalcalorimeter
draughtshield
nonane
clamp
50cm3ofwater
spirit burner
–mc∆Tn
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(iii) GiveonereasonwhytheexperimentalvaluethatIwanobtaineddiffersfromthetheoreticalvaluecalculatedinpart(a). [1]
Total[10]
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12. (a) Thecombustionoffossilfuelscontainingsulfurimpuritiesisknowntocauseacidrain.Thisacidraincancausetheerosionofmarblestatuesasthecalciumcarbonateinthemreactswiththeacidintherain.
Giveoneotherproblemcausedbyacidrain. [1]
(b) Achemistisdevelopingcoatingsformarblethatwillslowdowntherateoftheirerosionbyacidrain.Tocomparedifferentcoatingsheusessmallmodelstatues,allofwhicharethesamesizeandshapeaseachother.Heproposestomeasuretherateofreactionbyaddingacidandmeasuringthevolumeofgasgivenoffatsettimeintervals.
(i) Completethediagramtoshowtheapparatusthatcouldbeusedtoperformthisexperiment. [1]
(ii) Explainwhyitisimportantthatthemodelstatuesarethesamesizeandshapeaseachother. [1]
(iii) Statetwootherfactorshewillneedtokeepconstantifheistocollectvaliddata. [2]
model statue
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(c) Onegasthatcausesacidrainissulfurdioxide.ThisgasisusedtoproducesulfurtrioxideintheContactProcess.Thereactionoccurringisshowninthefollowingequation.
2SO2(g) + O2(g)a 2SO3(g)
(i) State and explain the effect of increasing pressure on the equilibrium yield ofsulfurtrioxide. [2]
(ii) When the temperature is increased the rate atwhich equilibrium is reached isincreasedandtheyieldofsulfurtrioxideisdecreased.
I Statewhetherthisreactionisendothermic,exothermicorneither,givingareasonforyouranswer. [2]
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only II Explainwhyincreasingthetemperatureleadstoanincreaseintherateof
reaction. [3]
III Toincreasetherateofareaction,acatalystcanbeused.Giveadifferent catalysedreactionandnamethecatalystforthisreaction. [1]
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(d) Ethanoicacid,CH3COOH,isoneofthemostfamiliarcompoundsusedasaflavouringandpreservativeforfood.Originallyethanoicacidwasproducedbyoxidationofethanolbybacteriainthepresenceofair(routeAbelow).TodaytherearemanyotherpossibleroutesandthreeoftheseareshownasroutesB, C and D below.
RouteCarbon-containing
startingmaterialsConditions Overallequation Atom
economy
A ethanol C2H5OH+O2CH3COOH+H2O 76.9%
B methanol,carbonmonoxide 150°C,30atm CH3OH+COaCH3COOH 100.0%
C butane 150°C,55atm 2C4H10+5O24CH3COOH+2H2O 87.0%
D sugars C6H12O63CH3COOH
(i) StatetheatomeconomyofrouteDforproductionofethanoicacid. [1]
(ii) RouteB is the route most commonly used for producing ethanoic acid todayfor both financial and Green Chemistry reasons. Apply the principles of Green Chemistry to the information above to give two reasons why route B is favouredoverrouteC. [2]
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) RouteBusesahomogeneouscatalyst.Statewhateffectthecatalystwillhaveonthepositionofthisequilibrium. [1]
Total[17]
Section B Total [70]
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CJ*(S13-1091-01A)
GCE AS/A level
1091/01-A
CHEMISTRY – PERIODIC TABLEFOR USE WITH CH1
A.M. THURSDAY, 23 May 2013
© WJEC CBAC Ltd.
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TH
E P
ER
IOD
IC T
AB
LE
12
Gro
up3
45
67
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6.94 Li
Lith
ium
3
9.01 Be
Bery
llium
4
10.8 B
Bor
on 5
12.0 C
Car
bon
6
14.0 N
Nitr
ogen
7
16.0 O
Oxy
gen
8
19.0 F
Fluo
rine
9
20.2
Ne
Neo
n10
23.0
Na
Sodi
um11
24.3
Mg
Magn
esium
12
27.0 Al
Alum
inium
13
28.1 Si
Silic
on14
31.0 P
Phosp
horus
15
32.1 S
Sulfu
r16
35.5 Cl
Chlo
rine
17
40.0
Ar
Arg
on18
39.1 K
Pota
ssium
19
40.1
Ca
Cal
cium
20
45.0 Sc
Scan
dium
21
47.9 Ti
Tita
nium
22
50.9 V
Vana
dium
23
52.0 Cr
Chro
mium
24
54.9
Mn
Man
gane
se25
55.8 Fe Iron 26
58.9
Co
Cob
alt
27
58.7 Ni
Nic
kel
28
63.5
Cu
Cop
per
29
65.4
Zn
Zin
c30
69.7
Ga
Gal
lium
31
72.6
Ge
Germ
anium
32
74.9 As
Ars
enic
33
79.0 Se
Selen
ium
34
79.9 Br
Brom
ine
35
83.8
Kr
Kry
pton
36
85.5
Rb
Rubid
ium37
87.6 Sr
Stro
ntium
38
88.9 Y
Ytt
rium
39
91.2 Zr
Zirco
nium
40
92.9
Nb
Nio
bium
41
95.9
Mo
Molyb
denum
42
98.9 Tc
Tech
netiu
m43
101
Ru
Ruthe
nium
44
103
Rh
Rhod
ium
45
106
PdPa
lladiu
m46
108
Ag
Silv
er47
112
Cd
Cadm
ium48
115 In
Indi
um49
119
Sn Tin 50
122
SbAn
timon
y51
128
TeTe
lluriu
m52
127 I
Iodi
ne53
131
Xe
Xen
on54
133
Cs
Caes
ium
55
137
Ba
Bar
ium
56
139
La
Lanth
anum
57
179
Hf
Haf
nium
72
181
TaTa
ntalu
m73
184 W
Tung
sten
74
186
Re
Rhen
ium
75
190
Os
Osm
ium
76
192 Ir
Irid
ium
77
195 Pt
Plat
inum
78
197
Au
Gol
d79
201
Hg
Mer
cury
80
204
Tl
Thal
lium
81
207
Pb Lea
d82
209 Bi
Bism
uth
83
(210
)Po
Polo
nium
84
(210
)A
tA
stat
ine
85
(222
)R
nR
adon
86
(223
)Fr
Fran
cium
87
(226
)R
aR
adiu
m88
(227
)A
cAc
tiniu
m89
‣ ‣‣
1.01 H
Hydr
ogen
1
4.00 He
Heliu
m2
d Bl
ock
s Blo
ckPe
riod
p Bl
ock
140
Ce
Cer
ium
58
141 Pr
Pras
eody
mium
59
144
Nd
Neo
dym
ium
60
(147
)Pm
Prom
ethi
um61
150
SmSa
mar
ium
62
(153
)Eu
Euro
pium
63
157
Gd
Gad
oliniu
m64
159
Tb
Terb
ium
65
163
Dy
Dys
pros
ium66
165
Ho
Hol
miu
m67
167
ErEr
bium
68
169
TmTh
uliu
m69
173
Yb
Ytter
bium
70
175
LuLu
tetiu
m71
232
Th
Thor
ium
90
(231
)Pa
Prot
actin
ium91
238 U
Ura
nium
92
(237
)N
pN
eptu
nium
93
(242
)Pu
Plut
oniu
m94
(243
)A
mA
mer
icium
95
(247
)C
mC
uriu
m96
(245
)Bk
Berk
elium
97
(251
)C
fCa
liforn
ium98
(254
)E
sEi
nstei
nium
99
(253
)Fm
Ferm
ium
100
(256
)M
dM
ende
leviu
m10
1
(254
)N
oN
obeli
um10
2
(257
)Lr
Lawr
enciu
m10
3
f Blo
ck
‣ Lan
than
oid
e
lem
ents
‣‣ A
ctin
oid
e
lem
ents
Ar
Sym
bol
Name Z
rela
tive
atom
icm
ass
atom
icnu
mbe
r
Key
PMT