Chemistry 2100 Chapter 14. ALCOHOLSETHERSTHIOLS thiol / mercaptan (sulfhydryl) alcoholether.
Chemistry 2100
description
Transcript of Chemistry 2100
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Chemistry 2100
Lecture 6
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Carboxyl DerivativesIn this chapter, we study three classes of compounds derived from carboxylic acids; anhydrides, esters, and amides.– Each is related to a carboxyl group by loss of H2O.
RCOHO
RCOR'O
RCOCR'O O
RCNH2O
RC-OHO
H-OCR'O
RC-OHO
H-OR' RC-OHO
H-NH2
A carboxylic acid An esterAn anhydride An amide
-H2O -H2O -H2O
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acyl[ acetyl = Ac: R = CH3 ]
NR2
OR'
ClOH carboxylic acid
acid chlorideanhydrideesteramide
Y = O CO R'
O
CR Y
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EstersThe functional group of an esterester is a carbonyl group bonded to an -OR group. R may be alkyl or aryl.– Both IUPAC and common names of esters are
derived from the names of the parent carboxylic acids.
– Name the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen first, followed by the name of the acid; replace the suffix -icic acidacid by -ateate.
– A cyclic ester is called a lactonelactone.
Ethyl ethanoate(Ethyl acetate)
Diethyl pentanedioate(Diethyl glutarate)
CH3COCH2CH3 O OOO
OO
A five-memberedlactone
O
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H Z
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H Z
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H Z
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H Z
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H Z
OR'
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H ZOR'
OR'
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H ZOR'
OR'
OH
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O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H ZOR'
OR'
OH
OH
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Fischer esterification O
CR Y
+ YH
O
CR Z
+ H ZOR'
OR'
OH
OH
H+
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Hydrolysis of Esters
CH3COCH2CH3
OH2O
H+CH3COH
OCH3CH2OH+ +
Ethyl acetate Acetic acid Ethanol
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Saponification
CH3COCH2CH3
ONaOH
H2OCH3CO-Na+
OCH3CH2OH
Sodiumhydroxide
+ +
Ethyl acetate Sodiumacetate
Ethanolheat
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Properties of Esters
octyl acetate orangeethyl butyrate pineapple
methyl anthranilate grape coumarin clover methyl salicylate wintergreen
OHmethyl anthranilate grape
C OCH3
O
NH2 NH2
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O
O
C
C
C
O
O
O
CH2
CH
CH2
O(oleic)
(linoleic)
(myristic)
Triglycerides & Waxess
waxes
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Reaction with Amines• Esters react with ammonia and with
1° and 2° amines to form amides.
OCH2CH3
O
+ NH3 NH2
O+ CH3CH2OH
Ethyl 2-phenyl acetate 2-Phenylacetamide
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AmidesThe functional group of an amideamide is a
carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom.– To name an amide, drop the suffix -oic acidoic acid
from the IUPAC name of the parent acid, or -ic acidic acid from its common name, and add -amideamide.
– If the amide nitrogen is also bonded to an alkyl or aryl group, name the group and show its location on nitrogen by N- ; two alkyl or aryl groups by N,N-di-.CH3CNH2
OCH3CNHCH3
OHCN(CH3)2
O
N-Methylacetamide(a 2° amide)
Acetamide(a 1° amide)
N,N-Dimethylformamide(a 3° amide)
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•• ••
R'
R"C N
O
R• •
•• ••
• •
R'
R"C N
O
R
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•• ••
R'
R"C N
O
R• •
•• ••
• •
R'
R"C N
O
R
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•• ••
R'
R"C N
O
R• •
•• ••
• •
R'
R"C N
O
R
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•• ••
R'
R"C N
O
R• •
•• ••
• •
R'
R"C N
O
R
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•• ••
R'
R"C N
O
R• •
•• ••
• •
R'
R"C N
O
R
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AmidesA cyclic amide is called a lactamlactam.
– The penicillins are referred to as -lactam antibiotics.
O
NH
O
NHA four-membered lactam
(a -lactam)A seven-membered lactam
NCH3
NH2
OHO
NHO
SCH3
COOH
The penicillinsdiffer in the groupbonded to thecarbonyl carbon
The-lactam ring
Amoxicillin
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Preparation of Amides• In principle, we can form an amide by
treating a carboxylic acid with an amine and removing -OH from the acid and an -H from the amine.– In practice what occurs if the two are
mixed is an acid-base reaction to form an ammonium salt.
– If this salt is heated to a high enough temperature, water is eliminated and an amide forms.
H2OCH3C-NHCH2CH3
O
CH3C-O- H3NCH2CH3
OH2NCH2CH3CH3C-OH
O+
Aceticacid
Ethanamine(Ethylamine)
An ammonium salt
heat +An amide
+
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Preparation of Amides• It is much more common,
however, to prepare amides by treating an anhydride with an amine.
CH3C-O-CCH3
O OH2NCH2CH3 CH3C-NHCH2CH3
OCH3COH
O+ +
Acetic anhdyride An amide
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AnhydridesThe functional group of an anhydrideanhydride is two carbonyl groups bonded to the same oxygen.– The anhydride may be symmetrical (from
two identical acyl groups), or mixed (from two different acyl groups).
– To name an anhydride, drop the word "acidacid" from the name of the carboxylic acid from which the anhydride is derived and add the word "anhydrideanhydride”.
Acetic anhydrideCH3C-O-CCH3
O O
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Reaction with AlcoholsAnhydrides react with alcohols and phenols to give an ester and a carboxylic acid.
Aspirin is prepared by the reaction of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride.
CH3COCCH3
O OHOCH2CH3 CH3COCH2CH3 HOCCH3
O+ +
Acetic anhydride Ethyl acetate Acetic acidEthanol
O
COOH
OH CH3C-O-CCH3O COOH
OCCH3O
CH3C-OHAcetic anhydride
Acetylsalicylic acid(Aspirin)
Salicylic acid+
Acetic acid+
O O
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Phosphoric AnhydridesThe functional group of a phosphoric phosphoric
anhydrideanhydride is two phosphoryl (P=O) groups bonded to the same oxygen atom.
HO-P-O-P-OHOH OH
O O
O-
-O-P-O-P-O-O O
O-
OH OHHO-P-O-P-O-P-OH
OH
O O O-O-P-O-P-O-P-O-
O O O
O- O- O-
Triphosphoric acid
Diphosphate ion(Pyrophosphate ion)
Diphosphoric acid(Pyrophosphoric acid)
Triphosphate ion
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
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PolyamidesNylon-66Nylon-66 was the first purely synthetic fiber.– It is synthesized from two six-carbon
monomers.
-H2O+
Hexanedioic acid(Adipic acid)
1,6-Hexanediamine(Hexamethylenediamine)
heat
nNylon-66
(a polyamide)
OHO OH
ON N
ON
ON
H
HH
Hremove H2O
H
H
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PolyamidesThe polyaromatic amide known as KevlarKevlar is made from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and an aromatic diamine.
COHnHOCO O
N NH
HH
H
NHCNHCO O
-H2O1,4-Benzenediamine
(p-Phenylenediamine)1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic
acid(Terephthalic acid)
nKevlar
(a polyaromatic amide)
+ heat
remove H2O
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PolyestersThe first polyester involved polymerization of this diester and diol.
OCH3
OCH3O
O HO
OH
O
O
OO
-CH3OH
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)(Dacron, Mylar)
heat
n
1,2-Ethanediol(Ethylene glycol)
Dimethyl terephthalate
+
remove CH3OH
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PolycarbonatesLexan, the most familiar polycarbonatepolycarbonate, is formed by reaction between the disodium salt of bisphenol A and phosgene.
+Na-OCH3
CH3
O-Na+ Cl Cl
O
OCH3
CH3
O
O
-NaCl
Phosgene
+
Disodium salt of Bisphenol A
Lexan(a polycarbonate)
n
remove Na+Cl-